NIMH Data Archive - Data

Genomics

Neuroimaging

Phenotype¹

New Trial
Clinical Trial

¹ Numbers reported are subjects by age

New Project
Grant/Project Number

Format should be in the following format: Activity Code, Institute Abbreviation, and Serial Number. Grant Type, Support Year, and Suffix should be excluded. For example, grant 1R01MH123456-01A1 should be entered R01MH123456

Collection - Use Existing Experiment

To associate an experiment to the current collection, just select an axperiment from the table below then click the associate experiment button to persist your changes (saving the collection is not required). Note that once an experiment has been associated to two or more collections, the experiment will not longer be editable.

The table search feature is case insensitive and targets the experiment id, experiment name and experiment type columns. The experiment id is searched only when the search term entered is a number, and filtered using a startsWith comparison. When the search term is not numeric the experiment name is used to filter the results.

Select	Experiment Id	Experiment Name	Experiment Type	Created On

24	HI-NGS_R1	Omics	02/16/2011
475	MB1-10 (CHOP)	Omics	06/07/2016
490	Illumina Infinium PsychArray BeadChip Assay	Omics	07/07/2016
501	PharmacoBOLD Resting State	fMRI	07/27/2016
506	PVPREF	Omics	08/05/2016
509	ABC-CT Resting v2	EEG	08/18/2016
13	Comparison of FI expression in Autistic and Neurotypical Homo Sapiens	Omics	12/28/2010
18	AGRE/Broad Affymetrix 5.0 Genotype Experiment	Omics	01/06/2011
22	Stitching PCR Sequencing	Omics	02/14/2011
26	ASD_Methylation	Omics	03/01/2011
29	Microarray family 03 (father, mother, sibling)	Omics	03/24/2011
37	Standard paired-end sequencing of BCRs	Omics	04/19/2011
38	Illumina Mate-Pair BCR sequencing	Omics	04/19/2011
39	Custom Jumping Libraries	Omics	04/19/2011
40	Custom CapBP	Omics	04/19/2011
41	Immunofluorescence	Omics	05/11/2011
43	Autism brain sample genotyping, Illumina	Omics	05/16/2011
47	ARRA Autism Sequencing Collaboration at Baylor. SOLiD 4 System	Omics	08/01/2011
53	AGRE Omni1-quad	Omics	10/11/2011
59	AGP genotyping	Omics	04/03/2012
60	Ultradeep 454 sequencing of synaptic genes from postmortem cerebella of individuals with ASD and neurotypical controls	Omics	06/23/2012
63	Microemulsion PCR and Targeted Resequencing for Variant Detection in ASD	Omics	07/20/2012
76	Whole Genome Sequencing in Autism Families	Omics	01/03/2013
519	Resting	fMRI	11/08/2016
90	Genotyped IAN Samples	Omics	07/09/2013
91	NJLAGS Axiom Genotyping Array	Omics	07/16/2013
93	AGP genotyping (CNV)	Omics	09/06/2013
106	Longitudinal Sleep Study. H20 200. Channel set 2	EEG	11/07/2013
107	Longitudinal Sleep Study. H20 200. Channel set 3	EEG	11/07/2013
108	Longitudinal Sleep Study. AURA 200	EEG	11/07/2013
105	Longitudinal Sleep Study. H20 200. Channel set 1	EEG	11/07/2013
109	Longitudinal Sleep Study. AURA 400	EEG	11/07/2013
116	Gene Expression Analysis WG-6	Omics	01/07/2014
131	Jeste Lab UCLA ACEii: Charlie Brown and Sesame Street - Project 1	Eye Tracking	02/27/2014
132	Jeste Lab UCLA ACEii: Animacy - Project 1	Eye Tracking	02/27/2014
133	Jeste Lab UCLA ACEii: Mom Stranger - Project 2	Eye Tracking	02/27/2014
134	Jeste Lab UCLA ACEii: Face Emotion - Project 3	Eye Tracking	02/27/2014
145	AGRE/FMR1_Illumina.JHU	Omics	04/14/2014
146	AGRE/MECP2_Sanger.JHU	Omics	04/14/2014
147	AGRE/MECP2_Junior.JHU	Omics	04/14/2014
151	Candidate Gene Identification in familial Autism	Omics	06/09/2014
152	NJLAGS Whole Genome Sequencing	Omics	07/01/2014
154	Math Autism Study - Vinod Menon	fMRI	07/15/2014
155	Resting	fMRI	07/25/2014
156	Speech	fMRI	07/25/2014
159	Emotion	fMRI	07/25/2014
160	syllable contrast	EEG	07/29/2014
167	School-age naturalistic stimuli	Eye Tracking	09/19/2014
44	AGRE/Broad Affymetrix 5.0 Genotype Experiment	Omics	06/27/2011
45	Exome Sequencing of 20 Sporadic Cases of Autism Spectrum Disorder	Omics	07/15/2011

Collection - Add Experiment

Add Supporting Documentation

Funding Source:
URL:

To add an existing Data Structure, enter its title in the search bar. If you need to request changes, select the indicator "No, it requires changes to meet research needs" after selecting the Structure, and upload the file with the request changes specific to the selected Data Structure. Your file should follow the Request Changes Procedure. If the Data Structure does not exist, select "Request New Data Structure" and upload the appropriate zip file.

Use/Modify Existing Data Structure

Request New Data Structure

Targeted Enrollment:

Initial Submission Date:

Initial Share Date:

Data Structure Search:

Data Structures:

Submit

Request Submission Exemption

Not Eligible

The Data Expected list for this Collection shows some raw data as missing. Contact the NDA Help Desk with any questions.

Please confirm that you will not be enrolling any more subjects and that all raw data has been collected and submitted.

Collection Updated

Your Collection is now in Data Analysis phase and exempt from biannual submissions. Analyzed data is still expected prior to publication or no later than the project end date.

[CMS] Error

[CMS]

Unable to change collection phase where targeted enrollment is less than 90%

You have requested to move the sharing dates for the following assessments:

Data Expected Item	Original Sharing Date	New Sharing Date

Please provide a reason for this change, which will be sent to the Program Officers listed within this collection:

Explanation must be between 20 and 200 characters in length.

Please press Save or Cancel

Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) #2573

General
Experiments (5)
Shared Data
Publications (918)
Data Expected (27)
Associated Studies (430)

Collection Title	Collection Investigators	Collection Description
Collection Title:	Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD)
Collection Investigators:	Terry L. Jernigan
Collection Description:	The ABCD Study is designed to permit the scientific community to answer important questions about the relationships among physical and mental health, cognition, substance use (SU), culture and environment, genetics, environmental exposures and brain development of adolescents. The ABCD Study is a nationwide study of more than 10,000 9-10 year-olds conducted at 21 sites (29% of the US population lives within 50 miles of our geographically spread sites), that, uniquely, can provide a representative sample and a large twin sample that together can help distinguish environmental, sociocultural, and genetic factors relevant to adolescent health and brain development. We ensure cohesion and standardization with a recruitment strategy designed by a professional survey company (experience with Monitoring the Future), standardized environmental, neurocognitive and mental health assessments, MRI assessments with scanners using modified harmonized Human Connectome Project procedures, and computerized data collection with real-time quality control. Developmentally tailored assessments will have stable sensitivity and construct validity across childhood and adolescence, capture even subtle changes in SU, mental health, neurocognition, development, and environment, and employ novel bioassays and passive data collection from mobile devices. The retention plan builds on the experience of our investigators to ensure success.
Data Repository:	Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development
Permission Group:
Collection Creation Date:	01/25/2017
NIH Research Initiative:	Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)
Collection Phase:	Enrolling
Blinded Clinical Trial:	No
Total Funded Amount:	$163,050,160.00
Subjects Shared:	11,892

{"values":[]}

Loading Chart...

Funding Sources:

Funding Source Name	Funding Source URL
NIH - Extramural	None

Supporting Documentation:

File Name	File Type	Description	Audience
3a. NDA 2.0.1 Changes and Known Issues Fix Release 2.0.1.pdf	Background	3a. NDA 2.0.1 Changes and Known Issues Fix Release 2.0.1	Qualified Researchers
ABCD_Diffusion_Tables.zip	Background	Diffusion tables for Fast Track dMRI	Qualified Researchers
22. ABCD_Release_2.0_mapping_r.csv	Background	Mapping of ABCD instruments to NDA structures for Release 2.0	Qualified Researchers
ABCD Release 3.0 release notes_public.zip	Background	Please Read - Release Notes: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Release 3.0	General Public
ABCD Release 3.0 release notes_non-public.zip	Background	Please Read - Release Notes: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Release 3.0	Qualified Researchers
111.incorrect.genetic.subjectid.csv	Background	111.incorrect.genetic.subjectid	Qualified Researchers
ABCD_dMRI_fMRI_Slicetiming.pdf	Background	MRI image acquisition parameters for dMRI and fMRI slice timing	Qualified Researchers
ABCD Release 2.0 Release Notes_Non_public.zip	Background	Please Read - Updated Release 2.0 Notes (June 2019 Update)	Qualified Researchers
ABCD Release 2.0 Release Notes_public.zip	Background	Please Read - Updated Release 2.0 Notes (June 2019 Update)	General Public
Fix Release Notes 2.0.1_Not_Public.zip	Background	Please Read - Release Notes: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Fix Release 2.0.1	Qualified Researchers
Fix Release Notes 2.0.1_Public.zip	Background	Please Read - Release Notes: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Fix Release 2.0.1	General Public
3a. NDA 2.0 Changes between Release 1.1 and 2.0_Known Issues Release 2.0.pdf	Background	Release 2.0 Known Issues and changes between Releases 1.1 and 2.0 (June 2019 Update)	Qualified Researchers
3b. ABCD Release 2.0 Family History_issues.pdf	Background	Release 2.0 Family History Issues	Qualified Researchers
ABCD Fast Track DICOM Sharing.pdf	Background	ABCD Fast Track DICOM Sharing (Jan 2020)	Qualified Researchers
ABCD NDA 4.0 - Release Notes - public.zip	Background	ABCD 4.0 Release Notes - public	General Public
ABCD NDA 4.0 - Release Notes - non-public.zip	Background	ABCD 4.0 Release Notes - private	Qualified Researchers

Grant Information:

Project Number	Project Title	Start Date	End Date	Planned Enrollment	Actual Enrollment	Organization	Funds Obligated
U01DA041089-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	0	13696	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO	$12,358,765.00
U24DA041123-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Data Analysis Center	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	0	0	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO	$4,468,619.00
U01DA041117-01	Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Prospective Research in Studies of Maturation (PRISM) Consortium	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	1535	1210	UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND BALTIMORE	$5,434,585.00
U01DA041022-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project	09/30/2015	03/31/2027	350	356	SRI INTERNATIONAL	$5,211,982.00
U01DA041148-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	2362	1160	OREGON HEALTH & SCIENCE UNIVERSITY	$8,316,307.00
U01DA041106-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	2150	2352	UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN AT ANN ARBOR	$7,896,592.00
U01DA041028-01	ABCD-USA Consortium:Research Project	09/30/2015	03/31/2027	450	455	UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH AT PITTSBURGH	$5,908,888.00
U01DA041048-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	11961	5365	CHILDRENS HOSPITAL OF LOS ANGELES	$6,767,468.00
U24DA041147-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Coordinating Center	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	0	0	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, SAN DIEGO	$5,753,586.00
U01DA041156-01	FIU-ABCD: Pathways and Mechanisms to Addiction in the Latino Youth of South Florida	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	600	631	FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY	$6,991,660.00
U01DA041134-01	Prospective Research Studies of Maturation (PRISM)- Research Project	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	950	1000	UNIVERSITY OF UTAH	$7,859,943.00
U01DA041174-01	ABCD-USA: NYC Research Project	09/30/2015	03/31/2027	1725	635	YALE UNIVERSITY	$9,301,963.00
U01DA041120-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: Twin Research Project	09/30/2015	05/31/2020	2380	2429	UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA	$17,094,329.00
U01DA041093-01	13/13 ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project	07/01/2017	05/31/2020	340	383	MEDICAL UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA	$1,736,945.00
U01DA041025-01	ABCD-USA Consortium: UWM SIte	07/15/2017	03/31/2027	508	387	UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN MILWAUKEE	$4,100,427.00
U01DA050989-01	15/21 ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project Site at LIBR	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	743	695	LAUREATE INSTITUTE FOR BRAIN RESEARCH	$10,435,898.00
U01DA051039-01	19/21 ABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECT SITE AT UVM	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	2300	2222	UNIVERSITY OF VERMONT & ST AGRIC COLLEGE	$3,696,938.00
U01DA051016-01	18/21 ABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECT SITE AT THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	452	429	UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA	$6,697,121.00
U01DA051037-01	20/21 ABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECT SITE AT VCU	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	554	545	VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY	$3,323,433.00
U01DA050987-01	17/21 ABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECT SITE AT UCLA	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	435	418	UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LOS ANGELES	$6,454,358.00
U01DA051018-01	14/21 ABCD-USA Consortium: Research Project Site at CU Boulder	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	565	559	UNIVERSITY OF COLORADO	$8,109,139.00
U01DA051038-01	21/21 ABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECT SITE AT WUSTL	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	704	702	WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY	$9,790,105.00
U01DA050988-01	16/21 ABCD-USA CONSORTIUM: RESEARCH PROJECT SITE AT UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER	04/15/2020	03/31/2027	340	332	UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER	$5,341,109.00

Clinical Trials:

helpcenter.collection.general-tab

Collection - General Tab

Fields available for edit on the top portion of the page include:

Collection Title
Investigators
Collection Description
Collection Phase
Funding Source
Clinical Trials

Collection Phase: The current status of a research project submitting data to an NDA Collection, based on the timing of the award and/or the data that have been submitted.

Pre-Enrollment: The default entry made when the NDA Collection is created.
Enrolling: Data have been submitted to the NDA Collection or the NDA Data Expected initial submission date has been reached for at least one data structure category in the NDA Collection.
Data Analysis: Subject level data collection for the research project is completed and has been submitted to the NDA Collection. The NDA Collection owner or the NDA Help Desk may set this phase when they’ve confirmed data submission is complete and submitted subject counts match at least 90% of the target enrollment numbers in the NDA Data Expected. Data submission reminders will be turned off for the NDA Collection.
Funding Completed: The NIH grant award (or awards) associated with the NDA Collection has reached its end date. NDA Collections in Funding Completed phase are assigned a subphase to indicate the status of data submission.
- The Data Expected Subphase indicates that NDA expects more data will be submitted
- The Closeout Subphase indicates the data submission is complete.
- The Sharing Not Met Subphase indicates that data submission was not completed as expected.

Blinded Clinical Trial Status:

This status is set by a Collection Owner and indicates the research project is a double blinded clinical trial. When selected, the public view of Data Expected will show the Data Expected items and the Submission Dates, but the targeted enrollment and subjects submitted counts will not be displayed.
Targeted enrollment and subjects submitted counts are visible only to NDA Administrators and to the NDA Collection or as the NDA Collection Owner.
When an NDA Collection that is flagged Blinded Clinical Trial reaches the maximum data sharing date for that Data Repository (see https://nda.nih.gov/nda/sharing-regimen.html), the embargo on Data Expected information is released.

Funding Source

The organization(s) responsible for providing the funding is listed here.

Supporting Documentation

Users with Submission privileges, as well as Collection Owners, Program Officers, and those with Administrator privileges, may upload and attach supporting documentation. By default, supporting documentation is shared to the general public, however, the option is also available to limit this information to qualified researchers only.

Grant Information

Identifiable details are displayed about the Project of which the Collection was derived from. You may click in the Project Number to view a full report of the Project captured by the NIH.

Clinical Trials

Any data that is collected to support or further the research of clinical studies will be available here. Collection Owners and those with Administrator privileges may add new clinical trials.

Frequently Asked Questions

How does the NIMH Data Archive (NDA) determine which Permission Group data are submitted into?

During Collection creation, NDA staff determine the appropriate Permission Group based on the type of data to be submitted, the type of access that will be available to data access users, and the information provided by the Program Officer during grant award.
How do I know when a NDA Collection has been created?

When a Collection is created by NDA staff, an email notification will automatically be sent to the PI(s) of the grant(s) associated with the Collection to notify them.
Is a single grant number ever associated with more than one Collection?

The NDA system does not allow for a single grant to be associated with more than one Collection; therefore, a single grant will not be listed in the Grant Information section of a Collection for more than one Collection.
Why is there sometimes more than one grant included in a Collection?

In general, each Collection is associated with only one grant; however, multiple grants may be associated if the grant has multiple competing segments for the same grant number or if multiple different grants are all working on the same project and it makes sense to hold the data in one Collection (e.g., Cooperative Agreements).

Glossary

Administrator Privilege

A privilege provided to a user associated with an NDA Collection or NDA Study whereby that user can perform a full range of actions including providing privileges to other users.
Collection Owner

Generally, the Collection Owner is the contact PI listed on a grant. Only one NDA user is listed as the Collection owner. Most automated emails are primarily sent to the Collection Owner.
Collection Phase
The Collection Phase provides information on data submission as opposed to grant/project completion so while the Collection phase and grant/project phase may be closely related they are often different. Collection users with Administrative Privileges are encouraged to edit the Collection Phase. The Program Officer as listed in eRA (for NIH funded grants) may also edit this field. Changes must be saved by clicking the Save button at the bottom of the page. This field is sortable alphabetically in ascending or descending order. Collection Phase options include:
- Pre-Enrollment: A grant/project has started, but has not yet enrolled subjects.
- Enrolling: A grant/project has begun enrolling subjects. Data submission is likely ongoing at this point.
- Data Analysis: A grant/project has completed enrolling subjects and has completed all data submissions.
- Funding Completed: A grant/project has reached the project end date.
Collection Title

An editable field with the title of the Collection, which is often the title of the grant associated with the Collection.
Grant

Provides the grant number(s) for the grant(s) associated with the Collection. The field is a hyperlink so clicking on the Grant number will direct the user to the grant information in the NIH Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools (RePORT) page.
Supporting Documentation

Various documents and materials to enable efficient use of the data by investigators unfamiliar with the project and may include the research protocol, questionnaires, and study manuals.
NIH Research Initiative

NDA Collections may be organized by scientific similarity into NIH Research Initiatives, to facilitate query tool user experience. NIH Research Initiatives map to one or multiple Funding Opportunity Announcements.
Permission Group

Access to shared record-level data in NDA is provisioned at the level of a Permission Group. NDA Permission Groups consist of one or multiple NDA Collections that contain data with the same subject consents.
Planned Enrollment

Number of human subject participants to be enrolled in an NIH-funded clinical research study. The data is provided in competing applications and annual progress reports.
Actual Enrollment

Number of human subjects enrolled in an NIH-funded clinical research study. The data is provided in annual progress reports.
NDA Collection

A virtual container and organization structure for data and associated documentation from one grant or one large project/consortium. It contains tools for tracking data submission and allows investigators to define a wide array of other elements that provide context for the data, including all general information regarding the data and source project, experimental parameters used to collect any event-based data contained in the Collection, methods, and other supporting documentation. They also allow investigators to link underlying data to an NDA Study, defining populations and subpopulations specific to research aims.
Data Use Limitations

Data Use Limitations (DULs) describe the appropriate secondary use of a dataset and are based on the original informed consent of a research participant. NDA only accepts consent-based data use limitations defined by the NIH Office of Science Policy.
Total Subjects Shared

The total number of unique subjects for whom data have been shared and are available for users with permission to access data.

Contact NDA Help Desk

ID	Name	Created Date	Status	Type
648	ABCD MID	04/17/2017	Approved	fMRI
649	ABCD REST	04/18/2017	Approved	fMRI
650	ABCD SST	04/18/2017	Approved	fMRI
651	ABCD NBACK	04/18/2017	Approved	fMRI
1194	ABCD Smokescreen genotyping	01/17/2019	Approved	Omics

helpcenter.collection.experiments-tab

Collection - Experiments

The number of Experiments included is displayed in parentheses next to the tab name. You may download all experiments associated with the Collection via the Download button. You may view individual experiments by clicking the Experiment Name and add them to the Filter Cart via the Add to Cart button.

Collection Owners, Program Officers, and users with Submission or Administrative Privileges for the Collection may create or edit an Experiment.

Please note: The creation of an NDA Experiment does not necessarily mean that data collected, according to the defined Experiment, has been submitted or shared.

Frequently Asked Questions

Can an Experiment be associated with more than one Collection?
Yes -see the “Copy” button in the bottom left when viewing an experiment. There are two actions that can be performed via this button:
1. Copy the experiment with intent for modifications.
2. Associate the experiment to the collection. No modifications can be made to the experiment.

Glossary

Experiment Status

An Experiment must be Approved before data using the associated Experiment_ID may be uploaded.
Experiment ID

The ID number automatically generated by NDA which must be included in the appropriate file when uploading data to link the Experiment Definition to the subject record.

Contact NDA Help Desk

Shared Data:

Title	Type	Number of Subjects
ABCD dMRI Post Processing QC	Imaging	11610
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 3	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 4	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 7	Imaging	11811
ABCD sMRI Destrieux Parcellation Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD sMRI Destrieux Parcellation Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD sMRI Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD sMRI Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD BIRD task Trial Level Behavior Data	Clinical Assessments	3670
ABCD Delay Discounting Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	10493
ABCD Emotional Stroop Task Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	10486
ABCD Fasttrack QC Instrument	Imaging	11849
ABCD Flanker Millisecond task Trial Level Behavior Data	Clinical Assessments	3224
ABCD FreeSurfer QC	Imaging	11816
ABCD Game of Dice Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	10314
ABCD Little Man Task Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	11827
ABCD MRI Info	Imaging	11832
ABCD Mobil Tech from EARS Company	Clinical Assessments	67
ABCD Mobil Tech from EARS Raw Data	Imaging	1534
ABCD Mobil Tech from Vibrent Company	Clinical Assessments	59
ABCD NIH Toolbox Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	11867
ABCD RECMEM Task Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	10952
ABCD Recommended Imaging Inclusion	Imaging	11834
ABCD SMARTE Task Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	5193
ABCD Social Influence Task Trial Level Behavior	Clinical Assessments	9953
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average Beta Weights Part 1	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average Beta Weights Part 2	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average Standard Error of the Mean Part 1	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Average Standard Error of the Mean Part 2	Imaging	10982
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 Beta Weights Part 1	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 Beta Weights Part 2	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 Standard Error of the Mean Part 1	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 1 Standard Error of the Mean Part 2	Imaging	10979
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 Beta Weights Part 1	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 Beta Weights Part 2	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 Standard Error of the Mean Part 1	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Run 2 Standard Error of the Mean Part 2	Imaging	10736
ABCD Task fMRI MID Trial Level Behavior	Imaging	11194
ABCD Task fMRI SST Average Beta Weights	Imaging	10898
ABCD Task fMRI SST Average Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10898
ABCD Task fMRI SST Average Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10898
ABCD Task fMRI SST Average SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10898
ABCD Task fMRI SST Average SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10898
ABCD Task fMRI SST Average Standard Error of the Mean	Imaging	10898
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 1 Beta Weights	Imaging	10897
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 1 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10897
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 1 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10897
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 1 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10897
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 1 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10897
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 1 Standard Error of the Mean	Imaging	10897
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 2 Beta Weights	Imaging	10646
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 2 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10646
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 2 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10646
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 2 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10646
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 2 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10646
ABCD Task fMRI SST Run 2 Standard Error of the Mean	Imaging	10646
ABCD Task fMRI SST Trial Level Behavior	Imaging	11148
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Average Beta Weights	Imaging	10830
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Average Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10830
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Average Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10830
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Average SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10830
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Average SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10830
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Average Standard Error of the Mean	Imaging	10830
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 1 Beta Weights	Imaging	10826
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 1 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10826
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 1 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10826
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 1 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10826
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 1 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10826
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 1 Standard Error of the Mean	Imaging	10826
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 2 Beta Weights	Imaging	10629
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 2 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10629
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 2 Beta Weights Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10629
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 2 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	10629
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 2 SEM Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	10629
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Run 2 Standard Error of the Mean	Imaging	10629
ABCD Task fMRI nBack Trial Level Behavior	Imaging	11044
ABCD dMRI DTI Destrieux Parcellations Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Destrieux Parcellations Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Full Destrieux Parcellation Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Full Destrieux Parcellation Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Full Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Full Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Part 1	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI DTI Part 2	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 5	Imaging	11811
ABCD dMRI RSI Part 6	Imaging	11811
ABCD rsfMRI Destrieux	Imaging	11614
ABCD rsfMRI Gordon Network Correlations	Imaging	11614
ABCD rsfMRI Network to Subcortical ROI Correlations	Imaging	11614
ABCD rsfMRI Temporal Variance	Imaging	11614
ABCD sMRI Destrieux Parcellation Part 3	Imaging	11811
ABCD sMRI Part 3	Imaging	11811
ABCD sMRI T2w Post Processing QC	Imaging	11488
Automated Post-Processing QC Metrics	Imaging	11811
Genomics Sample	Genomics	11674
Image	Imaging	11855
MRI QC Raw Part 1	Imaging	11841
MRI QC Raw Part 2	Imaging	11841
MRI QC Raw Part 3	Imaging	11841
Manual fMRI Post-Processing QC	Imaging	11738
Mobile Data	Imaging	8368
Processed MRI Data	Imaging	11826

helpcenter.collection.shared-data-tab

Collection - Shared Data

This tab provides a quick overview of the Data Structure title, Data Type, and Number of Subjects that are currently Shared for the Collection. The information presented in this tab is automatically generated by NDA and cannot be edited. If no information is visible on this tab, this would indicate the Collection does not have shared data or the data is private.

The shared data is available to other researchers who have permission to access data in the Collection's designated Permission Group(s). Use the Download button to get all shared data from the Collection to the Filter Cart.

Frequently Asked Questions

How will I know if another researcher uses data that I shared through the NIMH Data Archive (NDA)?

To see what data your project have submitted are being used by a study, simply go the Associated Studies tab of your collection. Alternatively, you may review an NDA Study Attribution Report available on the General tab.
Can I get a supplement to share data from a completed research project?

Often it becomes more difficult to organize and format data electronically after the project has been completed and the information needed to create a GUID may not be available; however, you may still contact a program staff member at the appropriate funding institution for more information.
Can I get a supplement to share data from a research project that is still ongoing?

Unlike completed projects where researchers may not have the information needed to create a GUID and/or where the effort needed to organize and format data becomes prohibitive, ongoing projects have more of an opportunity to overcome these challenges. Please contact a program staff member at the appropriate funding institution for more information.

Glossary

Data Structure

A defined organization and group of Data Elements to represent an electronic definition of a measure, assessment, questionnaire, or collection of data points. Data structures that have been defined in the NDA Data Dictionary are available at https://nda.nih.gov/general-query.html?q=query=data-structure
Data Type

A grouping of data by similar characteristics such as Clinical Assessments, Omics, or Neurosignal data.
Shared

The term 'Shared' generally means available to others; however, there are some slightly different meanings based on what is Shared. A Shared NDA Study is viewable and searchable publicly regardless of the user's role or whether the user has an NDA account. A Shared NDA Study does not necessarily mean that data used in the NDA Study have been shared as this is independently determined. Data are shared according the schedule defined in a Collection's Data Expected Tab and/or in accordance with data sharing expectations in the NDA Data Sharing Terms and Conditions. Additionally, Supporting Documentation uploaded to a Collection may be shared independent of whether data are shared.

Contact NDA Help Desk

Collection Owners and those with Collection Administrator permission, may edit a collection. The following is currently available for Edit on this page:

Publications

Publications relevant to NDA data are listed below. Most displayed publications have been associated with the grant within Pubmed. Use the "+ New Publication" button to add new publications. Publications relevant/not relevant to data expected are categorized. Relevant publications are then linked to the underlying data by selecting the Create Study link. Study provides the ability to define cohorts, assign subjects, define outcome measures and lists the study type, data analysis and results. Analyzed data and results are expected in this way.

PubMed ID	Study	Title	Journal	Authors	Date	Status
38623304	Create Study	Lifetime residential data collection protocol for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	MethodsX	Badilla, Paola; Abad, Shermaine; Smith, Calen; Tsui, Brandon; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Herting, Megan M	June 1, 2024	Not Determined
38603863	Create Study	Predicting depression risk in early adolescence via multimodal brain imaging.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Gracia-Tabuenca, Zeus; Barbeau, Elise B; Xia, Yu; Chai, Xiaoqian	April 8, 2024	Not Determined
38602745	Create Study	Fetal influence on the human brain through the lifespan.	eLife	Walhovd, Kristine B; Krogsrud, Stine K; Amlien, Inge K; Sørensen, Øystein; Wang, Yunpeng; Bråthen, Anne Cecilie S; Overbye, Knut; Kransberg, Jonas; Mowinckel, Athanasia M; Magnussen, Fredrik; Herud, Martine; Håberg, Asta K; Fjell, Anders Martin; Vidal-Pineiro, Didac	April 11, 2024	Not Determined
38586312	Create Study	What is Common Becomes Normal; Black-White Variation in the Effects of Adversities on Subsequent Initiation of Tobacco and Marijuana During Transitioning into Adolescence.	Journal of mental health & clinical psychology	Assari, Shervin; Najand, Babak; Sheikhattari, Payam	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
38585944	Create Study	Unraveling the shared genetics of common epilepsies and general cognitive ability.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Karadag, Naz; Hagen, Espen; Shadrin, Alexey A; van der Meer, Dennis; O'Connell, Kevin S; Rahman, Zillur; Kutrolli, Gleda; Parker, Nadine; Bahrami, Shahram; Fominykh, Vera; Heuser, Kjell; Taubøll, Erik; Ueland, Torill; Steen, Nils Eiel; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders M; Frei, Oleksandr; Andreassen, Ole A; Smeland, Olav B	March 26, 2024	Not Determined
38584801	Create Study	Image response regression via deep neural networks.	Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series B, Statistical methodology	Zhang, Daiwei; Li, Lexin; Sripada, Chandra; Kang, Jian	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
38562879	Create Study	Changes in rest-activity rhythms in adolescents as they age: associations with brain changes and behavior in the ABCD study.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Zhang, Rui; Schwandt, Melanie; Vines, Leah; Volkow, Nora D	March 19, 2024	Not Determined
38562804	Create Study	Impact of analytic decisions on test-retest reliability of individual and group estimates in functional magnetic resonance imaging: a multiverse analysis using the monetary incentive delay task.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Demidenko, Michael I; Mumford, Jeanette A; Poldrack, Russell A	March 20, 2024	Not Determined
38559171	Create Study	Neurodevelopmental Subtypes of Functional Brain Organization in the ABCD Study Using a Rigorous Analytic Framework.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	DeRosa, Jacob; Friedman, Naomi P; Calhoun, Vince; Banich, Marie T	March 17, 2024	Not Determined
38540534	Create Study	Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) of Brain Microstructure in Adolescent Cannabis and Nicotine Use.	Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland)	Wallace, Alexander L; Courtney, Kelly E; Wade, Natasha E; Hatz, Laura E; Baca, Rachel; Jacobson, Aaron; Liu, Thomas T; Jacobus, Joanna	March 13, 2024	Not Determined
38539584	Create Study	The Combined Effects of Nicotine and Cannabis on Cortical Thickness Estimates in Adolescents and Emerging Adults.	Brain sciences	Hernandez Mejia, Margie; Courtney, Kelly E; Wade, Natasha E; Wallace, Alexander; Baca, Rachel E; Shen, Qian; Happer, Joseph Patrick; Jacobus, Joanna	February 21, 2024	Not Determined
38503761	Create Study	Post-traumatic stress disorder in a national sample of preadolescent children 9 to 10 years old: Prevalence, correlates, clinical sequelae, and treatment utilization.	Translational psychiatry	Levin, Rachel Y; Liu, Richard T	March 19, 2024	Not Determined
38496476	Create Study	Manifold learning uncovers nonlinear interactions between the adolescent brain and social environment that predict psychopathology.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Busch, Erica L; Conley, May I; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle	April 4, 2024	Not Determined
38496425	Create Study	Neuroanatomical variability associated with early substance use initiation: Results from the ABCD Study.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Miller, Alex P; Baranger, David A A; Paul, Sarah E; Garavan, Hugh; Mackey, Scott; Tapert, Susan F; LeBlanc, Kimberly H; Agrawal, Arpana; Bogdan, Ryan	March 8, 2024	Not Determined
38467686	Create Study	Interplay of socioeconomic status, cognition, and school performance in the ABCD sample.	NPJ science of learning	Langensee, Lara; Rumetshofer, Theodor; Mårtensson, Johan	March 11, 2024	Not Determined
38464132	Create Study	Dissecting the genetic overlap between three complex phenotypes with trivariate MiXeR.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Shadrin, Alexey A; Hindley, Guy; Hagen, Espen; Parker, Nadine; Tesfaye, Markos; Jaholkowski, Piotr; Rahman, Zillur; Kutrolli, Gleda; Fominykh, Vera; Djurovic, Srdjan; Smeland, Olav B; O'Connell, Kevin S; van der Meer, Dennis; Frei, Oleksandr; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M	February 27, 2024	Not Determined
38463962	Create Study	Lifespan reference curves for harmonizing multi-site regional brain white matter metrics from diffusion MRI.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Zhu, Alyssa H; Nir, Talia M; Javid, Shayan; Villalon-Reina, Julio E; Rodrigue, Amanda L; Strike, Lachlan T; de Zubicaray, Greig I; McMahon, Katie L; Wright, Margaret J; Medland, Sarah E; Blangero, John; Glahn, David C; Kochunov, Peter; Håberg, Asta K; Thompson, Paul M; Jahanshad, Neda; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38455256	Create Study	Exposure to Adverse Life Events among Children Transitioning into Adolescence: Intersections of Socioeconomic Position and Race.	Journal of mental health & clinical psychology	Assari, Shervin; Najand, Babak; Donovan, Alexandra	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
38444906	Create Study	Impact of prenatal marijuana exposure on adolescent brain structural and functional connectivity and behavioural outcomes.	Brain communications	Vishnubhotla, Ramana V; Ahmad, Sidra T; Zhao, Yi; Radhakrishnan, Rupa	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
38425566	Create Study	Household Income and Subsequent Youth Tobacco Initiation: Minorities'' Diminished Returns.	Journal of medicine, surgery, and public health	Assari, Shervin; Najand, Babak; Sheikhattari, Payam	April 1, 2024	Not Determined
38425212	Create Study	The p factor outweighs the specific internalizing factor in predicting recurrences of adolescent depression.	European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists	Shu, Yinuo; Ao, Na; Wen, Xue; Cui, Zaixu; Qu, Diyang; Chen, Runsen	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38423255	Create Study	Genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling: Anxiety, depression, and threat- and reward-related brain functioning during the transition into adolescence.	Behavioural brain research	Desai, Shreya; Zundel, Clara G; Evanski, Julia M; Gowatch, Leah C; Bhogal, Amanpreet; Ely, Samantha; Carpenter, Carmen; Shampine, MacKenna; O'Mara, Emilie; Rabinak, Christine A; Marusak, Hilary A	April 12, 2024	Not Determined
38418819	Create Study	Data leakage inflates prediction performance in connectome-based machine learning models.	Nature communications	Rosenblatt, Matthew; Tejavibulya, Link; Jiang, Rongtao; Noble, Stephanie; Scheinost, Dustin	February 28, 2024	Not Determined
38413633	Create Study	Harmonized diffusion MRI data and white matter measures from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Scientific data	Cetin-Karayumak, Suheyla; Zhang, Fan; Zurrin, Ryan; Billah, Tashrif; Zekelman, Leo; Makris, Nikos; Pieper, Steve; O'Donnell, Lauren J; Rathi, Yogesh	February 27, 2024	Not Determined
38405815	Create Study	MRI economics: Balancing sample size and scan duration in brain wide association studies.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Orban, Csaba; Nichols, Thomas E; Zhang, Shaoshi; Tan, Trevor Wei Kiat; Kong, Ru; Marek, Scott; Dosenbach, Nico U F; Laumann, Timothy; Gordon, Evan M; Zhou, Juan Helen; Bzdok, Danilo; Eickhoff, Simon B; Holmes, Avram J; Yeo, B T Thomas	February 18, 2024	Not Determined
38405128	Create Study	Psychiatric Diagnoses and Treatment in Nine- to Ten-Year-Old Participants in the ABCD Study.	JAACAP open	Duffy, Kelly A; Gandhi, Raghu; Falke, Chloe; Wiglesworth, Andrea; Mueller, Bryon A; Fiecas, Mark B; Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie; Luciana, Monica; Cullen, Kathryn R	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
38401329	Create Study	Sex and pubertal variation in reward-related behavior and neural activation in early adolescents.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Barendse, M E A; Swartz, J R; Taylor, S L; Fine, J R; Shirtcliff, E A; Yoon, L; McMillan, S J; Tully, L M; Guyer, A E	February 14, 2024	Not Determined
38375614	Create Study	Disentangling differing relationships between internalizing disorders and alcohol use.	American journal of medical genetics. Part B, Neuropsychiatric genetics : the official publication of the International Society of Psychiatric Genetics	Brasher, Maizy S; Grotzinger, Andrew D; Friedman, Naomi P; Smolker, Harry R; Evans, Luke M	February 20, 2024	Not Determined
38367454	Create Study	Functional connectivity and complexity analyses of resting-state fMRI in pre-adolescents demonstrating the behavioral symptoms of ADHD.	Psychiatry research	Zhang, Ru; Murray, Stuart B; Duval, Christina J; Wang, Danny J J; Jann, Kay	April 1, 2024	Not Determined
38339910	Create Study	FEMA: Fast and efficient mixed-effects algorithm for large sample whole-brain imaging data.	Human brain mapping	Parekh, Pravesh; Fan, Chun Chieh; Frei, Oleksandr; Palmer, Clare E; Smith, Diana M; Makowski, Carolina; Iversen, John R; Pecheva, Diliana; Holland, Dominic; Loughnan, Robert; Nedelec, Pierre; Thompson, Wesley K; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Andreassen, Ole A; Jernigan, Terry L; Nichols, Thomas E; Dale, Anders M	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38312852	Create Study	Associations Between Family History of Alcohol and/or Substance Use Problems and Frontal Cortical Development From 9 to 13 Years of Age: A Longitudinal Analysis of the ABCD Study.	Biological psychiatry global open science	Gonçalves, Priscila Dib; Martins, Silvia S; Gebru, Nioud Mulugeta; Ryan-Pettes, Stacy R; Allgaier, Nicholas; Potter, Alexandra; Thompson, Wesley K; Johnson, Micah E; Garavan, Hugh; Talati, Ardesheer; Albaugh, Matthew D	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38286629	Create Study	Cumulative Effects of Resting-State Connectivity Across All Brain Networks Significantly Correlate with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms.	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience	Mooney, Michael A; Hermosillo, Robert J M; Feczko, Eric; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Moore, Lucille A; Perrone, Anders; Byington, Nora; Grimsrud, Gracie; Rueter, Amanda; Nousen, Elizabeth; Antovich, Dylan; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Nagel, Bonnie J; Nigg, Joel T; Fair, Damien A	March 6, 2024	Not Determined
38286089	Create Study	The role of neural reward sensitivity in the longitudinal relations between parents'' familism values and Latinx American youth''s prosocial behaviors.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Yang, Beiming; Zhou, Zexi; Devakonda, Varun; Qu, Yang	January 15, 2024	Not Determined
38260662	Create Study	The brainstem''s red nucleus was evolutionarily upgraded to support goal-directed action.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Krimmel, Samuel R; Laumann, Timothy O; Chauvin, Roselyne J; Hershey, Tamara; Roland, Jarod L; Shimony, Joshua S; Willie, Jon T; Norris, Scott A; Marek, Scott; Van, Andrew N; Monk, Julia; Scheidter, Kristen M; Whiting, Forrest; Ramirez-Perez, Nadeshka; Metoki, Athanasia; Wang, Anxu; Kay, Benjamin P; Nahman-Averbuch, Hadas; Fair, Damien A; Lynch, Charles J; Raichle, Marcus E; Gordon, Evan M; Dosenbach, Nico U F	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
38248230	Create Study	Auditory Cortex Asymmetry Associations with Individual Differences in Language and Cognition.	Brain sciences	Eckert, Mark A; Vaden Jr, Kenneth I; Paracchini, Silvia	December 23, 2023	Not Determined
38236488	Create Study	Out of control: computational dynamic control dysfunction in stress- and anxiety-related disorders.	Discover mental health	Howlett, Jonathon R; Paulus, Martin P	January 18, 2024	Not Determined
38234740	Create Study	The effects of data leakage on connectome-based machine learning models.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Rosenblatt, Matthew; Tejavibulya, Link; Jiang, Rongtao; Noble, Stephanie; Scheinost, Dustin	December 28, 2023	Not Determined
38219709	Create Study	White matter and literacy: A dynamic system in flux.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Roy, Ethan; Richie-Halford, Adam; Kruper, John; Narayan, Manjari; Bloom, David; Nedelec, Pierre; Rauschecker, Andreas M; Sugrue, Leo P; Brown, Timothy T; Jernigan, Terry L; McCandliss, Bruce D; Rokem, Ariel; Yeatman, Jason D	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38212861	Create Study	Effects of APOE2 and APOE4 on brain microstructure in older adults: modification by age, sex, and cognitive status.	Alzheimer''s research & therapy	Reas, Emilie T; Triebswetter, Curtis; Banks, Sarah J; McEvoy, Linda K	January 11, 2024	Not Determined
38196622	Create Study	Characterization of parent and youth-reported eating disorder symptoms and premorbid factors in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Makowski, Carolina; Westwater, Margaret L; Rhee, Kyung E; Bischoff-Grethe, Amanda; Wierenga, Christina E	December 19, 2023	Not Determined
38195369	Create Study	Building towards an adolescent neural urbanome: Expanding environmental measures using linked external data (LED) in the ABCD study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Schachner, Jared N; Ip, Ka I; Schertz, Kathryn E; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Abad, Shermaine; Herting, Megan M	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38192094	Create Study	Limitations of BMI z scores for assessing weight change: A clinical tool versus individual risk.	Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)	Adise, Shana; Rhee, Kyung E; Laurent, Jennifer; Holzhausen, Elizabeth A; Hayati Rezvan, Panteha; Alderete, Tanya L; Vidmar, Alaina P	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38190638	Create Study	Identification and validation of supervariants reveal novel loci associated with human white matter microstructure.	Genome research	Wang, Shiying; Li, Ting; Zhao, Bingxin; Dai, Wei; Yao, Yisha; Li, Cai; Li, Tengfei; Zhu, Hongtu; Zhang, Heping	February 7, 2024	Not Determined
38190059	Create Study	Revisiting Associations Among Parent and Adolescent Religiosity and Early Adolescent Suicide Risk in the United States.	Journal of religion and health	Mirza, Salahudeen; Wiglesworth, Andrea; Fiecas, Mark B; Cullen, Kathryn R; Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie	April 1, 2024	Not Determined
38184855	Create Study	Genetic and brain similarity independently predict childhood anthropometrics and neighborhood socioeconomic conditions.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Dahl, Andreas; Eilertsen, Espen M; Rodriguez-Cabello, Sara F; Norbom, Linn B; Tandberg, Anneli D; Leonardsen, Esten; Lee, Sang Hong; Ystrom, Eivind; Tamnes, Christian K; Alnæs, Dag; Westlye, Lars T	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38170177	Create Study	First Used Nicotine/Cannabis Product and Associated Outcomes in Late Adolescents.	Substance use & misuse	Hatz, Laura E; Courtney, Kelly E; Wade, Natasha E; Thompson, Courtney; Baca, Rachel; Andrade, Gianna; Doran, Neal; Jacobus, Joanna	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
38168295	Create Study	Longitudinal associations between weight indices, cognition, and mental health from childhood to early adolescence.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Li, Zhaolong Adrian; Ray, Mary Katherine; Gu, Yueping; Barch, Deanna M; Hershey, Tamara	December 15, 2023	Not Determined
38165022	Create Study	Causal Relationships Between Screen Use, Reading, and Brain Development in Early Adolescents.	Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)	Li, Mingyang; Zhao, Ruoke; Dang, Xixi; Xu, Xinyi; Chen, Ruike; Chen, Yiwei; Zhang, Yuqi; Zhao, Zhiyong; Wu, Dan	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38160517	Create Study	A multi-sample evaluation of the measurement structure and function of the modified monetary incentive delay task in adolescents.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Demidenko, Michael I; Mumford, Jeanette A; Ram, Nilam; Poldrack, Russell A	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38149098	Create Study	The role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in depression across the female reproductive lifecycle: current knowledge and future directions.	Frontiers in endocrinology	Hantsoo, Liisa; Jagodnik, Kathleen M; Novick, Andrew M; Baweja, Ritika; di Scalea, Teresa Lanza; Ozerdem, Aysegul; McGlade, Erin C; Simeonova, Diana I; Dekel, Sharon; Kornfield, Sara L; Nazareth, Michelle; Weiss, Sandra J	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
38144472	Create Study	Selectively predicting the onset of ADHD, oppositional defiant disorder, and conduct disorder in early adolescence with high accuracy.	Frontiers in psychiatry	de Lacy, Nina; Ramshaw, Michael J	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
38110396	Create Study	Personalized functional brain network topography is associated with individual differences in youth cognition.	Nature communications	Keller, Arielle S; Pines, Adam R; Shanmugan, Sheila; Sydnor, Valerie J; Cui, Zaixu; Bertolero, Maxwell A; Barzilay, Ran; Alexander-Bloch, Aaron F; Byington, Nora; Chen, Andrew; Conan, Gregory M; Davatzikos, Christos; Feczko, Eric; Hendrickson, Timothy J; Houghton, Audrey; Larsen, Bart; Li, Hongming; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Roalf, David R; Perrone, Anders; Shetty, Alisha; Shinohara, Russell T; Fan, Yong; Fair, Damien A; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	December 18, 2023	Not Determined
38106188	Create Study	Syndrome-informed phenotyping identifies a polygenic background for achondroplasia-like facial variation in the general population.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Vanneste, Michiel; Hoskens, Hanne; Goovaerts, Seppe; Matthews, Harold; Aponte, Jose D; Cole, Joanne; Shriver, Mark; Marazita, Mary L; Weinberg, Seth M; Walsh, Susan; Richmond, Stephen; Klein, Ophir D; Spritz, Richard A; Peeters, Hilde; Hallgrímsson, Benedikt; Claes, Peter	December 8, 2023	Not Determined
38106085	Create Study	Multilayer meta-matching: translating phenotypic prediction models from multiple datasets to small data.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Chen, Pansheng; An, Lijun; Wulan, Naren; Zhang, Chen; Zhang, Shaoshi; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Kong, Ru; Chen, Jianzhong; Wu, Jianxiao; Chopra, Sidhant; Bzdok, Danilo; Eickhoff, Simon B; Holmes, Avram J; Yeo, B T Thomas	December 7, 2023	Not Determined
38093235	Create Study	Social epidemiology of early adolescent alcohol expectancies.	BMC public health	Nagata, Jason M; Zamora, Gabriel; Smith, Natalia; Sajjad, Omar M; Shim, Joan; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B	December 13, 2023	Not Determined
38091780	Create Study	Cannabis use and neurocognitive performance at 13-14 Years-Old: Optimizing assessment with hair toxicology in the Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study.	Addictive behaviors	Wade, Natasha E; Wallace, Alexander L; Huestis, Marilyn A; Lisdahl, Krista M; Sullivan, Ryan M; Tapert, Susan F	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38081908	Create Study	Delay discounting and family history of psychopathology in children ages 9-11.	Scientific reports	Sloan, Matthew E; Sanches, Marcos; Tanabe, Jody; Gowin, Joshua L	December 11, 2023	Not Determined
38077010	Create Study	Framewise multi-echo distortion correction for superior functional MRI.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Van, Andrew N; Montez, David F; Laumann, Timothy O; Suljic, Vahdeta; Madison, Thomas; Baden, Noah J; Ramirez-Perez, Nadeshka; Scheidter, Kristen M; Monk, Julia S; Whiting, Forrest I; Adeyemo, Babatunde; Chauvin, Roselyne J; Krimmel, Samuel R; Metoki, Athanasia; Rajesh, Aishwarya; Roland, Jarod L; Salo, Taylor; Wang, Anxu; Weldon, Kimberly B; Sotiras, Aristeidis; Shimony, Joshua S; Kay, Benjamin P; Nelson, Steven M; Tervo-Clemmens, Brenden; Marek, Scott A; Vizioli, Luca; Yacoub, Essa; Satterthwaite, Theodore D; Gordon, Evan M; Fair, Damien A; Tisdall, M Dylan; Dosenbach, Nico U F	November 29, 2023	Not Determined
38076938	Create Study	Normative Modeling of Brain Morphometry Across the Lifespan Using CentileBrain: Algorithm Benchmarking and Model Optimization.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Ge, Ruiyang; Yu, Yuetong; Qi, Yi Xuan; Fan, Yunan Vera; Chen, Shiyu; Gao, Chuntong; Haas, Shalaila S; Modabbernia, Amirhossein; New, Faye; Agartz, Ingrid; Asherson, Philip; Ayesa-Arriola, Rosa; Banaj, Nerisa; Banaschewski, Tobias; Baumeister, Sarah; Bertolino, Alessandro; Boomsma, Dorret I; Borgwardt, Stefan; Bourque, Josiane; Brandeis, Daniel; Breier, Alan; Brodaty, Henry; Brouwer, Rachel M; Buckner, Randy; Buitelaar, Jan K; Cannon, Dara M; Caseras, Xavier; Cervenka, Simon; Conrod, Patricia J; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Crivello, Fabrice; Crone, Eveline A; de Haan, Liewe; de Zubicaray, Greig I; Di Giorgio, Annabella; Erk, Susanne; Fisher, Simon E; Franke, Barbara; Frodl, Thomas; Glahn, David C; Grotegerd, Dominik; Gruber, Oliver; Gruner, Patricia; Gur, Raquel E; Gur, Ruben C; Harrison, Ben J; Hatton, Sean N; Hickie, Ian; Howells, Fleur M; Pol, Hilleke E Hulshoff; Huyser, Chaim; Jernigan, Terry L; Jiang, Jiyang; Joska, John A; Kahn, René S; Kalnin, Andrew J; Kochan, Nicole A; Koops, Sanne; Kuntsi, Jonna; Lagopoulos, Jim; Lazaro, Luisa; Lebedeva, Irina S; Lochner, Christine; Martin, Nicholas G; Mazoyer, Bernard; McDonald, Brenna C; McDonald, Colm; McMahon, Katie L; Nakao, Tomohiro; Nyberg, Lars; Piras, Fabrizio; Portella, Maria J; Qiu, Jiang; Roffman, Joshua L; Sachdev, Perminder S; Sanford, Nicole; Satterthwaite, Theodore D; Saykin, Andrew J; Schumann, Gunter; Sellgren, Carl M; Sim, Kang; Smoller, Jordan W; Soares, Jair; Sommer, Iris E; Spalletta, Gianfranco; Stein, Dan J; Tamnes, Christian K; Thomopolous, Sophia I; Tomyshev, Alexander S; Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana; Trollor, Julian N; van 't Ent, Dennis; van den Heuvel, Odile A; van Erp, Theo Gm; van Haren, Neeltje Em; Vecchio, Daniela; Veltman, Dick J; Walter, Henrik; Wang, Yang; Weber, Bernd; Wei, Dongtao; Wen, Wei; Westlye, Lars T; Wierenga, Lara M; Williams, Steven Cr; Wright, Margaret J; Medland, Sarah; Wu, Mon-Ju; Yu, Kevin; Jahanshad, Neda; Thompson, Paul M; Frangou, Sophia	December 2, 2023	Not Determined
38066316	Create Study	The Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), Bullying Victimization, and Internalizing and Externalizing Problems Among Early Adolescents: Examining Cumulative and Interactive Associations.	Journal of youth and adolescence	Trompeter, Nora; Testa, Alexander; Raney, Julia H; Jackson, Dylan B; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A A; Ganson, Kyle T; Shao, Iris Yuefan; Nagata, Jason M	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38060253	Create Study	Representational Dissimilarity of Faces and Places during a Working Memory Task is Associated with Subsequent Recognition Memory during Development.	Journal of cognitive neuroscience	Skalaban, Lena J; Chan, Ivan; Rapuano, Kristina M; Lin, Qi; Conley, May I; Watts, Richard R; Busch, Erica L; Murty, Vishnu P; Casey, B J	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
38058999	Create Study	Prenatal tobacco exposure on brain morphometry partially mediated poor cognitive performance in preadolescent children.	NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics	Rodriguez Rivera, Pedro J; Liang, Huajun; Isaiah, Amal; Cloak, Christine C; Menken, Miriam S; Ryan, Meghann C; Ernst, Thomas; Chang, Linda	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
38046931	Create Study	Examining Gender Differences in the Relationship Between School Bonding and Opioid Misuse Among Justice-Involved Adolescents.	Journal of drug issues	Vroom, Enya B; Johnson, Micah E; Akbari, Zahra; Frederick, Zachary; Bristol, Skye C	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
38045258	Create Study	XCP-D: A Robust Pipeline for the post-processing of fMRI data.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Mehta, Kahini; Salo, Taylor; Madison, Thomas; Adebimpe, Azeez; Bassett, Danielle S; Bertolero, Max; Cieslak, Matthew; Covitz, Sydney; Houghton, Audrey; Keller, Arielle S; Luo, Audrey; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Nelson, Steve M; Shafiei, Golia; Shanmugan, Sheila; Shinohara, Russell T; Sydnor, Valerie J; Feczko, Eric; Fair, Damien A; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	November 21, 2023	Not Determined
38044723	Create Study	Glutamate measurements using edited MRS.	Magnetic resonance in medicine	Saleh, Muhammad G; Prescot, Andrew; Chang, Linda; Cloak, Christine; Cunningham, Eric; Subramaniam, Punitha; Renshaw, Perry F; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah; Zöllner, Helge J; Roberts, Timothy P L; Edden, Richard A E; Ernst, Thomas	April 1, 2024	Not Determined
38036780	Create Study	Polygenic profiles define aspects of clinical heterogeneity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.	Nature genetics	LaBianca, Sonja; Brikell, Isabell; Helenius, Dorte; Loughnan, Robert; Mefford, Joel; Palmer, Clare E; Walker, Rebecca; Gådin, Jesper R; Krebs, Morten; Appadurai, Vivek; Vaez, Morteza; Agerbo, Esben; Pedersen, Marianne Giørtz; Børglum, Anders D; Hougaard, David M; Mors, Ole; Nordentoft, Merete; Mortensen, Preben Bo; Kendler, Kenneth S; Jernigan, Terry L; Geschwind, Daniel H; Ingason, Andrés; Dahl, Andrew W; Zaitlen, Noah; Dalsgaard, Søren; Werge, Thomas M; Schork, Andrew J	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38032600	Create Study	The adolescent brain cognitive development study.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Brown, Sandra A; Jernigan, Terry L; Dowling, Gayathri J	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
38021250	Create Study	The First "Hit" to the Endocannabinoid System? Associations Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Frontolimbic White Matter Pathways in Children.	Biological psychiatry global open science	Evanski, Julia M; Zundel, Clara G; Baglot, Samantha L; Desai, Shreya; Gowatch, Leah C; Ely, Samantha L; Sadik, Nareen; Lundahl, Leslie H; Hill, Matthew N; Marusak, Hilary A	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
38015355	Create Study	Skin-deep Resilience and Early Adolescence: Neighborhood Disadvantage, Executive Functioning, and Pubertal Development in Minority Youth.	Journal of youth and adolescence	Barton, Allen W; Yu, Tianyi; Gong, Qiujie; Chen, Edith; Miller, Gregory E; Brody, Gene H	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
38014302	Create Study	Socioeconomic resources in youth are linked to divergent patterns of network integration and segregation across the brain''s transmodal axis.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Michael, Cleanthis; Taxali, Aman; Angstadt, Mike; Kardan, Omid; Weigard, Alexander; Molloy, M Fiona; McCurry, Katherine L; Hyde, Luke W; Heitzeg, Mary M; Sripada, Chandra	November 13, 2023	Not Determined
38014240	Create Study	Post-traumatic stress disorder in a national sample of preadolescent children: Prevalence, correlates, clinical sequelae, and treatment utilization.	Research square	Levin, Rachel; Liu, Richard	November 15, 2023	Not Determined
38014064	Create Study	The bidirectional effects between cognitive ability and brain morphology: A life course Mendelian randomization analysis.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Korologou-Linden, Roxanna; Schuurmans, Isabel K; Cecil, Charlotte A M; White, Tonya; Banaschewski, Tobias; Bokde, Arun L W; Desrivières, Sylvane; Grigis, Antoine; Garavan, Hugh; Gowland, Penny; Heinz, Andreas; Brühl, Rüdiger; Martinot, Jean-Luc; Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure; Artiges, Eric; Nees, Frauke; Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos; Paus, Tomáš; Poustka, Luise; Holz, Nathalie; Fröhner, Juliane H; Smolka, M; Walter, Henrik; Winterer, Jeanne; Whelan, Robert; Schumann, Gunter; Howe, Laura D; Ben-Shlomo, Yoav; Davies, Neil M; Anderson, Emma L	November 17, 2023	Not Determined
37986844	Create Study	"Urban-Satellite" estimates in the ABCD Study: Linking Neuroimaging and Mental Health to Satellite Imagery Measurements of Macro Environmental Factors.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Goldblatt, Ran; Holz, Nathalie; Tate, Garrett; Sherman, Kari; Ghebremicael, Selamawit; Bhuyan, Soumitra S; Al-Ajlouni, Yazan; Santillanes, Sara; Araya, Ghermay; Abad, Shermaine; Herting, Megan M; Thompson, Wesley; Thapaliya, Bishal; Sapkota, Ram; Xu, Jiayuan; Liu, Jingyu; environMENTAL consortium; Schumann, Gunter; Calhoun, Vince D	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
37986729	Create Study	Brain Networks and Intelligence: A Graph Neural Network Based Approach to Resting State fMRI Data.	ArXiv	Thapaliya, Bishal; Akbas, Esra; Chen, Jiayu; Sapkota, Raam; Ray, Bhaskar; Suresh, Pranav; Calhoun, Vince; Liu, Jingyu	March 26, 2024	Not Determined
37973980	Create Study	Joint multi-ancestry and admixed GWAS reveals the complex genetics behind human cranial vault shape.	Nature communications	Goovaerts, Seppe; Hoskens, Hanne; Eller, Ryan J; Herrick, Noah; Musolf, Anthony M; Justice, Cristina M; Yuan, Meng; Naqvi, Sahin; Lee, Myoung Keun; Vandermeulen, Dirk; Szabo-Rogers, Heather L; Romitti, Paul A; Boyadjiev, Simeon A; Marazita, Mary L; Shaffer, John R; Shriver, Mark D; Wysocka, Joanna; Walsh, Susan; Weinberg, Seth M; Claes, Peter	November 16, 2023	Not Determined
37972450	Create Study	Motor networks, but also non-motor networks predict motor signs in Parkinson''s disease.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Ragothaman, Anjanibhargavi; Mancini, Martina; Nutt, John G; Wang, Junping; Fair, Damien A; Horak, Fay B; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37961716	Create Study	Associations Between Polygenic Scores for Cognitive and Non-cognitive Factors of Educational Attainment and Measures of Behavior, Psychopathology, and Neuroimaging in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Gorelik, Aaron J; Paul, Sarah E; Miller, Alex P; Baranger, David A A; Lin, Shuyu; Zhang, Wei; Elsayed, Nourhan M; Modi, Hailey; Addala, Pooja; Bijsterbosch, Janine; Barch, Deanna M; Karcher, Nicole R; Hatoum, Alexander S; Agrawal, Arpana; Bogdan, Ryan; Johnson, Emma C	October 28, 2023	Not Determined
37961654	Create Study	Power and reproducibility in the external validation of brain-phenotype predictions.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Rosenblatt, Matthew; Tejavibulya, Link; Camp, Chris C; Jiang, Rongtao; Westwater, Margaret L; Noble, Stephanie; Scheinost, Dustin	October 30, 2023	Not Determined
37961085	Create Study	Predicting new onset thought disorder in early adolescence with optimized deep learning implicates environmental-putamen interactions.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	de Lacy, Nina; Ramshaw, Michael J	October 24, 2023	Not Determined
37944709	Create Study	Sleep, brain systems, and persistent stress in early adolescents during COVID-19: Insights from the ABCD study.	Journal of affective disorders	Kiss, Orsolya; Qu, Zihan; Müller-Oehring, Eva M; Baker, Fiona C; Mirzasoleiman, Baharan	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
37942273	Create Study	Effects of parental mental health and family environment on impulsivity in preadolescents: a longitudinal ABCD study®.	Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience	Gebru, Nioud Mulugeta; Goncalves, Priscila Dib; Cruz, Rick A; Thompson, Wesley K; Allegair, Nicholas; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh; Dumas, Julie; Leeman, Robert F; Johnson, Micah	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37928910	Create Study	Differences in parent and youth perceived neighborhood threat on nucleus accumbens-frontoparietal network resting state connectivity and alcohol sipping in children enrolled in the ABCD study.	Frontiers in psychiatry	Harris, Julia C; Liuzzi, Michael T; Malames, Bo A; Larson, Christine L; Lisdahl, Krista M	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37927536	Create Study	Screen media activity in youth: A critical review of mental health and neuroscience findings.	Journal of mood and anxiety disorders	Paulus, Martin P; Zhao, Yihong; Potenza, Marc N; Aupperle, Robin L; Bagot, Kara S; Tapert, Susan F	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37916784	Create Study	Functional brain connectivity predicts sleep duration in youth and adults.	Human brain mapping	Mummaneni, Anurima; Kardan, Omid; Stier, Andrew J; Chamberlain, Taylor A; Chao, Alfred F; Berman, Marc G; Rosenberg, Monica D	December 15, 2023	Not Determined
37916739	Create Study	Neural correlates of negative life events and their relationships with alcohol and cannabis use initiation.	Dialogues in clinical neuroscience	Zhao, Yihong; Potenza, Marc N; Tapert, Susan F; Paulus, Martin P	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37905149	Create Study	The unique face of anxious depression: Increased sustained threat circuitry response during fear acquisition.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Poplin, Tate; Ironside, Maria; Kuplicki, Rayus; Aupperle, Robin L; Guinjoan, Salvador M; Khalsa, Sahib S; Stewart, Jennifer L; Victor, Teresa A; Paulus, Martin P; Kirlic, Namik	October 17, 2023	Not Determined
37902502	Create Study	Sex Differences in Velopharyngeal Anatomy of 9- and 10-Year-Old Children.	Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR	Perry, Jamie L; Lee, Myoung Keun; Tahmasebifard, Neda; Gilbert, Imani R; Snodgrass, Taylor D; Shaffer, John R; Schleif, Eshan Pua; Weinberg, Seth M	December 11, 2023	Not Determined
37898357	Create Study	Resting state network connectivity is associated with cognitive flexibility performance in youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Neuropsychologia	Thomas, Sarah A; Ryan, Sarah K; Gilman, Jodi	December 15, 2023	Not Determined
37891836	Create Study	Working Memory-Related Neurofunctional Correlates Associated with the Frontal Lobe in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.	Brain sciences	Li, Xiaobo; Motwani, Chirag; Cao, Meng; Martin, Elizabeth; Halperin, Jeffrey M	October 18, 2023	Not Determined
37881576	Create Study	Acculturative Orientations Among Hispanic/Latinx Caregivers in the ABCD Study: Associations With Caregiver and Youth Mental Health and Youth Brain Function.	Biological psychiatry global open science	Meca, Alan; Peraza, Julio A; Riedel, Michael C; Hale, Willie; Pettit, Jeremy W; Musser, Erica D; Salo, Taylor; Flannery, Jessica S; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Dick, Anthony S; Pintos Lobo, Rosario; Ucros, Laura M; Greaves, Chelsea A; Hawes, Samuel W; Sanchez, Mariana; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Sutherland, Matthew T; Gonzalez, Raul; Laird, Angela R	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37881561	Create Study	Variability in Cognitive Task Performance in Early Adolescence Is Associated With Stronger Between-Network Anticorrelation and Future Attention Problems.	Biological psychiatry global open science	Chang, Sarah E; Lenartowicz, Agatha; Hellemann, Gerhard S; Uddin, Lucina Q; Bearden, Carrie E	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37879831	Create Study	The Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Psychosocial Functioning: A Critical Review of the Evidence.	The Psychiatric clinics of North America	Schaefer, Jonathan D; Nelson, Kayla M; Wilson, Sylia	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37872174	Create Study	Domain adapted brain network fusion captures variance related to pubertal brain development and mental health.	Nature communications	Kraft, Dominik; Alnæs, Dag; Kaufmann, Tobias	October 23, 2023	Not Determined
37867762	Create Study	Hispanic/Latinx ethnic differences in the relationships between behavioral inhibition, anxiety, and substance use in youth from the ABCD cohort.	Frontiers in psychiatry	Correa, Kelly A; Delfel, Everett L; Wallace, Alexander L; Iii, William E Pelham; Jacobus, Joanna	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37866541	Create Study	Air pollution and age-dependent changes in emotional behavior across early adolescence in the U.S.	Environmental research	Campbell, Claire E; Cotter, Devyn L; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Burnor, Elisabeth; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Gauderman, W James; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Hackman, Daniel; McConnell, Rob; Berhane, Kiros; Schwartz, Joel; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan; Herting, Megan M	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
37855753	Create Study	Examining the Bidirectional Associations Between Sleep Duration, Screen Time, and Internalizing Symptoms in the ABCD Study.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Zink, Jennifer; O'Connor, Sydney G; Blachman-Demner, Dara R; Wolff-Hughes, Dana L; Berrigan, David	March 1, 2024	Not Determined
37851272	Create Study	The effects of nicotine use during adolescence and young adulthood on gray matter cerebral blood flow estimates.	Brain imaging and behavior	Courtney, Kelly E; Baca, Rachel; Thompson, Courtney; Andrade, Gianna; Doran, Neal; Jacobson, Aaron; Liu, Thomas T; Jacobus, Joanna	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
37839556	Create Study	Sex-specific impulsivity, but not other facets of executive function, predicts fat and sugar intake two-years later amongst adolescents with a healthy weight: Findings from the ABCD study.	Appetite	Adise, Shana; Boutelle, Kerri N; Rezvan, Panteha Hayati; Kan, Eric; Rhee, Kyung E; Goran, Michael I; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
37833810	Create Study	The social epidemiology of binge-eating disorder and behaviors in early adolescents.	Journal of eating disorders	Nagata, Jason M; Smith-Russack, Zacariah; Paul, Angel; Saldana, Geomarie Ashley; Shao, Iris Y; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A A; Chaphekar, Anita V; Downey, Amanda E; He, Jinbo; Murray, Stuart B; Baker, Fiona C; Ganson, Kyle T	October 13, 2023	Not Determined
37827934	Create Study	Adolescent brain cognitive development study: Longitudinal methods, developmental findings, and associations with environmental risk factors.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Luciana, Monica; Barch, Deanna; Herting, Megan M	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37815759	Create Study	Latent Profiles of Sleep Patterns in Early Adolescence: Associations With Behavioral Health Risk.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Zhang, Linhao; Sasser, Jeri; Doane, Leah D; Peltz, Jack; Oshri, Assaf	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
37791924	Create Study	Applying Life History Theory to Understand Earlier Onset of Puberty: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Cohort Analysis.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Senger-Carpenter, Thea; Seng, Julia; Herrenkohl, Todd I; Marriott, Deanna; Chen, Bingxin; Voepel-Lewis, Terri	April 1, 2024	Not Determined
37790406	Create Study	Prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with localized brain differences that partially mediate associations with increased adolescent psychopathology.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Baranger, David Aa; Miller, Alex P; Gorelik, Aaron J; Paul, Sarah E; Hatoum, Alexander S; Johnson, Emma C; Colbert, Sarah Mc; Smyser, Christopher D; Rogers, Cynthia E; Bijsterbosch, Janine D; Agrawal, Arpana; Bogdan, Ryan	October 17, 2023	Not Determined
37788383	Create Study	Effects of sleep-corrected social jetlag on measures of mental health, cognitive ability, and brain functional connectivity in early adolescence.	Sleep	Yang, Fan Nils; Picchioni, Dante; Duyn, Jeff H	December 11, 2023	Not Determined
37787573	Create Study	Identifying canonical and replicable multi-scale intrinsic connectivity networks in 100k+ resting-state fMRI datasets.	Human brain mapping	Iraji, A; Fu, Z; Faghiri, A; Duda, M; Chen, J; Rachakonda, S; DeRamus, T; Kochunov, P; Adhikari, B M; Belger, A; Ford, J M; Mathalon, D H; Pearlson, G D; Potkin, S G; Preda, A; Turner, J A; van Erp, T G M; Bustillo, J R; Yang, K; Ishizuka, K; Faria, A; Sawa, A; Hutchison, K; Osuch, E A; Theberge, J; Abbott, C; Mueller, B A; Zhi, D; Zhuo, C; Liu, S; Xu, Y; Salman, M; Liu, J; Du, Y; Sui, J; Adali, T; Calhoun, V D	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37780352	Create Study	Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Behavior and Sleep Among 9- and 10-Year Old Children: Initial Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	The Journal of early adolescence	Sheth, Chandni; Huber, Rebekah S; Renshaw, Perry F; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A; McGlade, Erin C	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37777854	Create Study	Maternal Perinatal Stress Associated With Offspring Negative Emotionality, But the Underlying Mechanisms Remain Elusive.	The American journal of psychiatry	Shackman, Alexander J; Gee, Dylan G	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37769982	Create Study	Brain Functional Connectome Defines a Transdiagnostic Dimension Shared by Cognitive Function and Psychopathology in Preadolescents.	Biological psychiatry	Xiao, Xiang; Hammond, Christopher; Salmeron, Betty Jo; Wang, Danni; Gu, Hong; Zhai, Tianye; Nguyen, Hieu; Lu, Hanbing; Ross, Thomas J; Yang, Yihong	September 26, 2023	Not Determined
37756262	Create Study	Assessing the utility of a novel cortical marker of delay discounting (C-DD) in two independent samples of early adolescents: Links with externalizing pathology.	PloS one	Bounoua, Nadia; Church, Leah D; Matyi, Melanie A; Rudoler, Jeremy; Wieand, Kaleigh; Spielberg, Jeffrey M	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37745373	Create Study	Functional connectome through the human life span.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Sun, Lianglong; Zhao, Tengda; Liang, Xinyuan; Xia, Mingrui; Li, Qiongling; Liao, Xuhong; Gong, Gaolang; Wang, Qian; Pang, Chenxuan; Yu, Qian; Bi, Yanchao; Chen, Pindong; Chen, Rui; Chen, Yuan; Chen, Taolin; Cheng, Jingliang; Cheng, Yuqi; Cui, Zaixu; Dai, Zhengjia; Deng, Yao; Ding, Yuyin; Dong, Qi; Duan, Dingna; Gao, Jia-Hong; Gong, Qiyong; Han, Ying; Han, Zaizhu; Huang, Chu-Chung; Huang, Ruiwang; Huo, Ran; Li, Lingjiang; Lin, Ching-Po; Lin, Qixiang; Liu, Bangshan; Liu, Chao; Liu, Ningyu; Liu, Ying; Liu, Yong; Lu, Jing; Ma, Leilei; Men, Weiwei; Qin, Shaozheng; Qiu, Jiang; Qiu, Shijun; Si, Tianmei; Tan, Shuping; Tang, Yanqing; Tao, Sha; Wang, Dawei; Wang, Fei; Wang, Jiali; Wang, Pan; Wang, Xiaoqin; Wang, Yanpei; Wei, Dongtao; Wu, Yankun; Xie, Peng; Xu, Xiufeng; Xu, Yuehua; Xu, Zhilei; Yang, Liyuan; Yuan, Huishu; Zeng, Zilong; Zhang, Haibo; Zhang, Xi; Zhao, Gai; Zheng, Yanting; Zhong, Suyu; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Cam-CAN, Developing Human Connectome Project, DIDA-MDD Working Group, MCADI, NSPN; He, Yong	September 19, 2023	Not Determined
37731207	Create Study	Variation in executive function relates to BMI increases in youth who were initially of a healthy weight in the ABCD Study.	Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)	Adise, Shana; Ottino-Gonzalez, Jonatan; Goedde, Lauren; Marshall, Andrew T; Kan, Eric; Rhee, Kyung E; Goran, Michael I; Sowell, Elizabeth R	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
37702839	Create Study	The Heritability of Psychopathology Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Moderation by Family Cultural Values in the ABCD Study.	Behavior genetics	Rea-Sandin, Gianna; Del Toro, Juan; Wilson, Sylia	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
37690156	Create Study	Pubertal timing, neighborhood income, and mental health in boys and girls: Findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development study.	Social science & medicine (1982)	Niu, Li; Sheffield, Perry; Li, Yan	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37689430	Create Study	Task-based attentional and default mode connectivity associated with science and math anxiety profiles among university physics students.	Trends in neuroscience and education	Smith, Donisha D; Meca, Alan; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Bartley, Jessica E; Riedel, Michael C; Salo, Taylor; Peraza, Julio A; Laird, Robert W; Pruden, Shannon M; Sutherland, Matthew T; Brewe, Eric; Laird, Angela R	September 1, 2023	Not Determined
37671456	Create Study	Cyberbullying and eating disorder symptoms in US early adolescents.	The International journal of eating disorders	Cheng, Chloe M; Chu, Jonathan; Ganson, Kyle T; Trompeter, Nora; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; He, Jinbo; Glidden, David V; Baker, Fiona C; Nagata, Jason M	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37662367	Create Study	Functional Connectivity and Complexity Analyses of Resting-State fMRI in Pre-Adolescents with ADHD.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Zhang, Ru; Murray, Stuart B; Duval, Christina J; Wang, Danny J J; Jann, Kay	August 21, 2023	Not Determined
37645919	Create Study	Sex-specific effects in how childhood exposures to multiple ambient air pollutants affect white matter microstructure development across early adolescence.	Research square	Herting, Megan; Cotter, Devyn; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Bottenhorn, Katherine; Gauderman, W James; McConnell, Rob; Berhane, Kiros; Schwartz, Joel; Hackman, Daniel; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan	August 17, 2023	Not Determined
37616102	Create Study	Longitudinal relationships between lifestyle risk factors and neurodevelopment in early adolescence.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Mewton, Louise; Davies, Sarah; Sunderland, Matthew; Champion, Katrina; Hoy, Nicholas; Newton, Nicola; Teesson, Maree; Squeglia, Lindsay M	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37605752	Create Study	Homegrown: Parent and Sibling Substance Abuse Linked to Opioid Misuse Among Justice-Involved Children.	Journal of child and family studies	Johnson, Micah E; Alejandro, Alysse D; Vroom, Enya B	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37598455	Create Study	Association of cyberbullying victimization and substance initiation: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Shao, Iris Yuefan; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A A; Trompeter, Nora; Testa, Alexander; Ganson, Kyle T; Baker, Fiona C; Nagata, Jason M	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37592364	Create Study	Racial discrimination is associated with binge-eating disorder in early adolescents: a cross-sectional analysis.	Journal of eating disorders	Raney, Julia H; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A; Shao, Iris Y; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; He, Jinbo; Glidden, David V; Nagata, Jason M	August 17, 2023	Not Determined
37592024	Create Study	Genetic insights into human cortical organization and development through genome-wide analyses of 2,347 neuroimaging phenotypes.	Nature genetics	Warrier, Varun; Stauffer, Eva-Maria; Huang, Qin Qin; Wigdor, Emilie M; Slob, Eric A W; Seidlitz, Jakob; Ronan, Lisa; Valk, Sofie L; Mallard, Travis T; Grotzinger, Andrew D; Romero-Garcia, Rafael; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Geschwind, Daniel H; Lancaster, Madeline A; Murray, Graham K; Gandal, Michael J; Alexander-Bloch, Aaron; Won, Hyejung; Martin, Hilary C; Bullmore, Edward T; Bethlehem, Richard A I	September 1, 2023	Not Determined
37582922	Create Study	Closing the loop between brain and electrical stimulation: towards precision neuromodulation treatments.	Translational psychiatry	Soleimani, Ghazaleh; Nitsche, Michael A; Bergmann, Til Ole; Towhidkhah, Farzad; Violante, Ines R; Lorenz, Romy; Kuplicki, Rayus; Tsuchiyagaito, Aki; Mulyana, Beni; Mayeli, Ahmad; Ghobadi-Azbari, Peyman; Mosayebi-Samani, Mohsen; Zilverstand, Anna; Paulus, Martin P; Bikson, Marom; Ekhtiari, Hamed	August 14, 2023	Not Determined
37578771	Create Study	Socioeconomic Adversity and Weight Gain During the COVID-19 Pandemic.	JAMA pediatrics	Betts, Samantha S; Adise, Shana; Hayati Rezvan, Panteha; Marshall, Andrew T; Kan, Eric; Johnson, David L; Sowell, Elizabeth R	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37577598	Create Study	Methods for decoding cortical gradients of functional connectivity.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Peraza, Julio A; Salo, Taylor; Riedel, Michael C; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Poline, Jean-Baptiste; Dockès, Jérôme; Kent, James D; Bartley, Jessica E; Flannery, Jessica S; Hill-Bowen, Lauren D; Lobo, Rosario Pintos; Poudel, Ranjita; Ray, Kimberly L; Robinson, Jennifer L; Laird, Robert W; Sutherland, Matthew T; de la Vega, Alejandro; Laird, Angela R	December 15, 2023	Not Determined
37576741	Create Study	Real-time brain masking algorithm improves motion tracking accuracy in scans with volumetric navigators (vNavs).	Proceedings of the International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine ... Scientific Meeting and Exhibition. International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. Scientific Meeting and Exhibition	Hoffmann, Malte; Frost, Robert; Salat, David; Tisdall, M Dylan; Polimeni, Jonathan; van der Kouwe, André	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
37550530	Create Study	Genome-wide analysis of a model-derived binge eating disorder phenotype identifies risk loci and implicates iron metabolism.	Nature genetics	Burstein, David; Griffen, Trevor C; Therrien, Karen; Bendl, Jaroslav; Venkatesh, Sanan; Dong, Pengfei; Modabbernia, Amirhossein; Zeng, Biao; Mathur, Deepika; Hoffman, Gabriel; Sysko, Robyn; Hildebrandt, Tom; Voloudakis, Georgios; Roussos, Panos	September 1, 2023	Not Determined
37548898	Create Study	Developmental Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms in Youth and Associated Gender Differences: A Directed Network Perspective.	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Liu, Kevin; Thompson, Ryan C; Watson, Jessica; Montena, Alexandra L; Warren, Stacie L	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
37546960	Create Study	Sex, gender diversity, and brain structure in children ages 9 to 11 years old.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Torgerson, Carinna; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Choupan, Jeiran; Fan, Chun Chieh; Blosnich, John R; Herting, Megan M	July 29, 2023	Not Determined
37536527	Create Study	Profiling intra- and inter-individual differences in brain development across early adolescence.	NeuroImage	Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Mills, Kathryn L; Laird, Angela R; Herting, Megan M	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37531585	Create Study	The longitudinal role of family conflict and neural reward sensitivity in youth''s internalizing symptoms.	Social cognitive and affective neuroscience	Yang, Beiming; Anderson, Zachary; Zhou, Zexi; Liu, Sihong; Haase, Claudia M; Qu, Yang	August 2, 2023	Not Determined
37527347	Create Study	Changes in patterns of age-related network connectivity are associated with risk for schizophrenia.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Passiatore, Roberta; Antonucci, Linda A; DeRamus, Thomas P; Fazio, Leonardo; Stolfa, Giuseppe; Sportelli, Leonardo; Kikidis, Gianluca C; Blasi, Giuseppe; Chen, Qiang; Dukart, Juergen; Goldman, Aaron L; Mattay, Venkata S; Popolizio, Teresa; Rampino, Antonio; Sambataro, Fabio; Selvaggi, Pierluigi; Ulrich, William; Apulian Network on Risk for Psychosis; Weinberger, Daniel R; Bertolino, Alessandro; Calhoun, Vince D; Pergola, Giulio	August 8, 2023	Not Determined
37522299	Create Study	Associations between body mass index, sleep-disordered breathing, brain structure, and behavior in healthy children.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Cui, Jianqi; Li, Guanya; Zhang, Minmin; Xu, Jiayu; Qi, Haowen; Ji, Weibin; Wu, Feifei; Zhang, Yaqi; Jiang, Fukun; Hu, Yang; Zhang, Wenchao; Wei, Xiaorong; Manza, Peter; Volkow, Nora D; Gao, Xinbo; Wang, Gene-Jack; Zhang, Yi	September 9, 2023	Not Determined
37519468	Create Study	Sleep Health at the Genomic Level: Six Distinct Factors and Their Relationships With Psychopathology.	Biological psychiatry global open science	Morrison, Claire L; Winiger, Evan A; Rieselbach, Maya M; Vetter, Céline; Wright Jr, Kenneth P; LeBourgeois, Monique K; Friedman, Naomi P	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
37502864	Create Study	The effect of sleep-corrected social jetlag on crystalized intelligence, school performance, and functional connectome in early adolescence.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Yang, Fan Nils; Picchioni, Dante; Duyn, Jeff H	July 23, 2023	Not Determined
37500827	Create Study	Trans-ancestry meta-analysis of genome wide association studies of inhibitory control.	Molecular psychiatry	Arnatkeviciute, Aurina; Lemire, Mathieu; Morrison, Claire; Mooney, Michael; Ryabinin, Peter; Roslin, Nicole M; Nikolas, Molly; Coxon, James; Tiego, Jeggan; Hawi, Ziarih; Fornito, Alex; Henrik, Walter; Martinot, Jean-Luc; Martinot, Marie-Laure Paillère; Artiges, Eric; Garavan, Hugh; Nigg, Joel; Friedman, Naomi P; Burton, Christie; Schachar, Russell; Crosbie, Jennifer; Bellgrove, Mark A	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37499380	Create Study	Specificity of associations between parental psychopathology and offspring brain structure.	Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging	Mattoni, Matthew; Hopman, Helene J; Dadematthews, Adefunke; Chan, Sandra S M; Olino, Thomas M	September 1, 2023	Not Determined
37460809	Create Study	Robust estimation of cortical similarity networks from brain MRI.	Nature neuroscience	Sebenius, Isaac; Seidlitz, Jakob; Warrier, Varun; Bethlehem, Richard A I; Alexander-Bloch, Aaron; Mallard, Travis T; Garcia, Rafael Romero; Bullmore, Edward T; Morgan, Sarah E	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37440345	Create Study	Risk Factors for the Development of Multisite Pain in Children.	The Clinical journal of pain	Kaplan, Chelsea M; Schrepf, Andrew; Boehnke, Kevin F; He, Ying; Smith, Tristin; Williams, David A; Bergmans, Rachel; Voepel-Lewis, Terri; Hassett, Afton L; Harris, Richard E; Clauw, Daniel J; Beltz, Adriene M; Harte, Steven E	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
37438345	Create Study	Physical symptoms and brain morphology: a population neuroimaging study in 12,286 pre-adolescents.	Translational psychiatry	Estévez-López, Fernando; Kim, Hannah H; López-Vicente, Mónica; Legerstee, Jeroen S; Hillegers, Manon H J; Tiemeier, Henning; Muetzel, Ryan L	July 12, 2023	Not Determined
37437033	Create Study	Overweight/Obesity-related microstructural alterations of the fimbria-fornix in the ABCD study: The role of aerobic physical activity.	PloS one	Ma, Jiyoung; McGlade, Erin C; Huber, Rebekah S; Lyoo, In Kyoon; Renshaw, Perry F; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37432683	Create Study	Association of Racial Discrimination With Adiposity in Children and Adolescents.	JAMA network open	Cuevas, Adolfo G; Krobath, Danielle M; Rhodes-Bratton, Brennan; Xu, Shu; Omolade, Jesulagbarami J; Perry, Aniyah R; Slopen, Natalie	July 3, 2023	Not Determined
37427258	Create Study	The implications of socioeconomic factors on salivary bioscience methodological variables in a large pediatric multi-site study.	Frontiers in public health	Mariko, Hawa; Uban, Kristina A	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37422106	Create Study	The Role of Individual Discrimination and Structural Stigma in the Mental Health of Sexual Minority Youth.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Gordon, Joshua H; Tran, Kate T; Visoki, Elina; Argabright, Stirling T; DiDomenico, Grace E; Saiegh, Eugenia; Hoffman, Kevin W; Erez, Galit; Barzilay, Ran	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
37420169	Create Study	A data-driven approach to categorizing early life adversity exposure in the ABCD Study.	BMC medical research methodology	Orendain, Natalia; Anderson, Ariana; Galván, Adriana; Bookheimer, Susan; Chung, Paul J	July 7, 2023	Not Determined
37410001	Create Study	Longitudinal Investigation of Bidirectional Relations Between Childhood Trauma and Emotion-Driven Impulsivity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Weiss, Nicole H; Goncharenko, Svetlana; Forkus, Shannon R; Ferguson, Jewelia J; Yang, Manshu	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37400062	Create Study	Longitudinal Associations Between White Matter Microstructure and Psychiatric Symptoms in Youth.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Dall'Aglio, Lorenza; Xu, Bing; Tiemeier, Henning; Muetzel, Ryan L	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37399053	Create Study	Brain and molecular mechanisms underlying the nonlinear association between close friendships, mental health, and cognition in children.	eLife	Shen, Chun; Rolls, Edmund T; Xiang, Shitong; Langley, Christelle; Sahakian, Barbara J; Cheng, Wei; Feng, Jianfeng	July 3, 2023	Not Determined
37398195	Create Study	Leveraging the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study to improve behavioral prediction from neuroimaging in smaller replication samples.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Makowski, Carolina; Brown, Timothy T; Zhao, Weiqi; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Parekh, Pravesh; Garavan, Hugh; Nichols, Thomas E; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
37398122	Create Study	Racial Discrimination is Associated with Binge-Eating Disorder in Early Adolescents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis.	Research square	Raney, Julia H; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A; Shao, Iris Y; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; He, Jinbo; Glidden, David V; Nagata, Jason M	May 31, 2023	Not Determined
37393047	Create Study	Dentate Gyrus Microstructure Is Associated With Resilience After Exposure to Maternal Stress Across Two Human Cohorts.	Biological psychiatry	van Dijk, Milenna T; Talati, Ardesheer; Kashyap, Pratik; Desai, Karan; Kelsall, Nora C; Gameroff, Marc J; Aw, Natalie; Abraham, Eyal; Cullen, Breda; Cha, Jiook; Anacker, Christoph; Weissman, Myrna M; Posner, Jonathan	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
37368403	Create Study	Associations Between Socioeconomic Status, Obesity, Cognition, and White Matter Microstructure in Children.	JAMA network open	Li, Zhaolong Adrian; Cai, Yuqi; Taylor, Rita L; Eisenstein, Sarah A; Barch, Deanna M; Marek, Scott; Hershey, Tamara	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37358866	Create Study	Characteristics Associated With Cannabis Use Initiation by Late Childhood and Early Adolescence in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Miller, Alex P; Baranger, David A A; Paul, Sarah E; Hatoum, Alexander S; Rogers, Cynthia; Bogdan, Ryan; Agrawal, Arpana	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37355620	Create Study	Generalizable prediction of childhood ADHD symptoms from neurocognitive testing and youth characteristics.	Translational psychiatry	Weigard, Alexander; McCurry, Katherine L; Shapiro, Zvi; Martz, Meghan E; Angstadt, Mike; Heitzeg, Mary M; Dinov, Ivo D; Sripada, Chandra	June 24, 2023	Not Determined
37353663	Create Study	Social epidemiology of Fitbit daily steps in early adolescence.	Pediatric research	Nagata, Jason M; Alsamman, Sana; Smith, Natalia; Yu, Jiayue; Ganson, Kyle T; Dooley, Erin E; Wing, David; Baker, Fiona C; Pettee Gabriel, Kelley	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
37349707	Create Study	Associations between adverse childhood experiences and early adolescent problematic screen use in the United States.	BMC public health	Raney, Julia H; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Singh, Gurbinder; Sajjad, Omar M; Nagata, Jason M	June 22, 2023	Not Determined
37339753	Create Study	Stage 2 Registered Report: The Bidirectional Relationship Between Brain Features and the Dysregulation Profile: A Longitudinal, Multimodal Approach.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Blok, Elisabet; Lamballais, Sander; Benítez-Manzanas, Laia; White, Tonya	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37332566	Create Study	brainlife.io: A decentralized and open source cloud platform to support neuroscience research.	ArXiv	Hayashi, Soichi; Caron, Bradley A; Heinsfeld, Anibal Sólon; Vinci-Booher, Sophia; McPherson, Brent; Bullock, Daniel N; Bertò, Giulia; Niso, Guiomar; Hanekamp, Sandra; Levitas, Daniel; Ray, Kimberly; MacKenzie, Anne; Kitchell, Lindsey; Leong, Josiah K; Nascimento-Silva, Filipi; Koudoro, Serge; Willis, Hanna; Jolly, Jasleen K; Pisner, Derek; Zuidema, Taylor R; Kurzawski, Jan W; Mikellidou, Kyriaki; Bussalb, Aurore; Rorden, Christopher; Victory, Conner; Bhatia, Dheeraj; Baran Aydogan, Dogu; Yeh, Fang-Cheng F; Delogu, Franco; Guaje, Javier; Veraart, Jelle; Bollman, Steffen; Stewart, Ashley; Fischer, Jeremy; Faskowitz, Joshua; Chaumon, Maximilien; Fabrega, Ricardo; Hunt, David; McKee, Shawn; Brown, Shawn T; Heyman, Stephanie; Iacovella, Vittorio; Mejia, Amanda F; Marinazzo, Daniele; Craddock, R Cameron; Olivetti, Emanuale; Hanson, Jamie L; Avesani, Paolo; Garyfallidis, Eleftherios; Stanzione, Dan; Carson, James; Henschel, Robert; Hancock, David Y; Stewart, Craig A; Schnyer, David; Eke, Damian O; Poldrack, Russell A; George, Nathalie; Bridge, Holly; Sani, Ilaria; Freiwald, Winrich A; Puce, Aina; Port, Nicholas L; Pestilli, Franco	August 11, 2023	Not Determined
37323064	Create Study	Brain morphometry points to emerging patterns of psychosis, depression, and anxiety vulnerability over a 2-year period in childhood.	Psychological medicine	Vargas, Teresa G; Mittal, Vijay A	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37313357	Create Study	Higher blood pressure and weight observed among early adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.	American journal of preventive cardiology	Nagata, Jason M; Yang, Joanne; Alsamman, Sana; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A A; Ganson, Kyle T; Pettee Gabriel, Kelley; Baker, Fiona C	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37310327	Create Study	Brain signatures in children who contemplate suicide: learning from the large-scale ABCD study.	Psychological medicine	Wiglesworth, Andrea; Falke, Conner A; Fiecas, Mark; Luciana, Monica; Cullen, Kathryn R; Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
37310323	Create Study	General v. specific vulnerabilities: polygenic risk scores and higher-order psychopathology dimensions in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Psychological medicine	Waszczuk, Monika A; Miao, Jiaju; Docherty, Anna R; Shabalin, Andrey A; Jonas, Katherine G; Michelini, Giorgia; Kotov, Roman	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
37307604	Create Study	Effects of ambient fine particulates, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone on maturation of functional brain networks across early adolescence.	Environment international	Cotter, Devyn L; Campbell, Claire E; Sukumaran, Kirthana; McConnell, Rob; Berhane, Kiros; Schwartz, Joel; Hackman, Daniel A; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan; Herting, Megan M	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
37295068	Create Study	Puberty differentially predicts brain maturation in male and female youth: A longitudinal ABCD Study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Beck, Dani; Ferschmann, Lia; MacSweeney, Niamh; Norbom, Linn B; Wiker, Thea; Aksnes, Eira; Karl, Valerie; Dégeilh, Fanny; Holm, Madelene; Mills, Kathryn L; Andreassen, Ole A; Agartz, Ingrid; Westlye, Lars T; von Soest, Tilmann; Tamnes, Christian K	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37292775	Create Study	Distinct brain network features predict internalizing and externalizing traits in children and adults.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Lydia Qu, Yueyue; Chen, Jianzhong; Tam, Angela; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Dhamala, Elvisha; Cocuzza, Carrisa; Lawhead, Connor; Yeo, B T Thomas; Holmes, Avram J	June 24, 2023	Not Determined
37277504	Create Study	Impact and centrality of attention dysregulation on cognition, anxiety, and low mood in adolescents.	Scientific reports	Roberts, Clark; Sahakian, Barbara J; Chen, Shuquan; Sallie, Samantha N; Walker, Clare; White, Simon R; Weber, Jochen; Skandali, Nikolina; Robbins, Trevor W; Murray, Graham K	June 5, 2023	Not Determined
37270396	Create Study	Sleep mediates the effect of stressful environments on youth development of impulsivity: The moderating role of within default mode network resting-state functional connectivity.	Sleep health	Zhang, Linhao; Cui, Zehua; Huffman, Landry Goodgame; Oshri, Assaf	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37264939	Create Study	Corticolimbic connectivity mediates the relationship between pubertal timing and mental health problems.	Psychological medicine	Vijayakumar, Nandita; Whittle, Sarah; Silk, Timothy J	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
37252880	Create Study	Genome-wide analyses reveal novel opioid use disorder loci and genetic overlap with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression.	Addiction biology	Holen, Børge; Shadrin, Alexey A; Icick, Romain; Filiz, Tahir T; Hindley, Guy; Rødevand, Linn; O'Connell, Kevin S; Hagen, Espen; Frei, Oleksandr; Bahrami, Shahram; Cheng, Weiqiu; Parker, Nadine; Tesfaye, Markos; Jahołkowski, Piotr; Karadag, Naz; Dale, Anders M; Djurovic, Srdjan; Smeland, Olav B; Andreassen, Ole A	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37248201	Create Study	Corticostriatal connectivity mediates the reciprocal relationship between parent-reported sleep duration and impulsivity in early adolescents.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Yang, Fan Nils; Liu, Tina Tong; Wang, Ze	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
37214806	Create Study	Researching COVID to enhance recovery (RECOVER) pediatric study protocol: Rationale, objectives and design.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Gross, Rachel; Thaweethai, Tanayott; Rosenzweig, Erika B; Chan, James; Chibnik, Lori B; Cicek, Mine S; Elliott, Amy J; Flaherman, Valerie J; Foulkes, Andrea S; Witvliet, Margot Gage; Gallagher, Richard; Gennaro, Maria Laura; Jernigan, Terry L; Karlson, Elizabeth W; Katz, Stuart D; Kinser, Patricia A; Kleinman, Lawrence C; Lamendola-Essel, Michelle F; Milner, Joshua D; Mohandas, Sindhu; Mudumbi, Praveen C; Newburger, Jane W; Rhee, Kyung E; Salisbury, Amy L; Snowden, Jessica N; Stein, Cheryl R; Stockwell, Melissa S; Tantisira, Kelan G; Thomason, Moriah E; Truong, Dongngan T; Warburton, David; Wood, John C; Ahmed, Shifa; Akerlundh, Almary; Alshawabkeh, Akram N; Anderson, Brett R; Aschner, Judy L; Atz, Andrew M; Aupperle, Robin L; Baker, Fiona C; Balaraman, Venkataraman; Banerjee, Dithi; Barch, Deanna M; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Bhuiyan, Sultana; Bind, Marie-Abele C; Bogie, Amanda L; Buchbinder, Natalie C; Bueler, Elliott; Bükülmez, Hülya; Casey, B J; Chang, Linda; Clark, Duncan B; Clifton, Rebecca G; Clouser, Katharine N; Cottrell, Lesley; Cowan, Kelly; D'Sa, Viren; Dapretto, Mirella; Dasgupta, Soham; Dehority, Walter; Dummer, Kirsten B; Elias, Matthew D; Esquenazi-Karonika, Shari; Evans, Danielle N; Faustino, E Vincent S; Fiks, Alexander G; Forsha, Daniel; Foxe, John J; Friedman, Naomi P; Fry, Greta; Gaur, Sunanda; Gee, Dylan G; Gray, Kevin M; Harahsheh, Ashraf S; Heath, Andrew C; Heitzeg, Mary M; Hester, Christina M; Hill, Sophia; Hobart-Porter, Laura; Hong, Travis K F; Horowitz, Carol R; Hsia, Daniel S; Huentelman, Matthew; Hummel, Kathy D; Iacono, William G; Irby, Katherine; Jacobus, Joanna; Jacoby, Vanessa L; Jone, Pei-Ni; Kaelber, David C; Kasmarcak, Tyler J; Kluko, Matthew J; Kosut, Jessica S; Laird, Angela R; Landeo-Gutierrez, Jeremy; Lang, Sean M; Larson, Christine L; Lim, Peter Paul C; Lisdahl, Krista M; McCrindle, Brian W; McCulloh, Russell J; Mendelsohn, Alan L; Metz, Torri D; Morgan, Lerraughn M; Müller-Oehring, Eva M; Nahin, Erica R; Neale, Michael C; Ness-Cochinwala, Manette; Nolan, Sheila M; Oliveira, Carlos R; Oster, Matthew E; Payne, R Mark; Raissy, Hengameh; Randall, Isabelle G; Rao, Suchitra; Reeder, Harrison T; Rosas, Johana M; Russell, Mark W; Sabati, Arash A; Sanil, Yamuna; Sato, Alice I; Schechter, Michael S; Selvarangan, Rangaraj; Shakti, Divya; Sharma, Kavita; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Stevenson, Michelle D; Szmuszkovicz, Jacqueline; Talavera-Barber, Maria M; Teufel 2nd, Ronald J; Thacker, Deepika; Udosen, Mmekom M; Warner, Megan R; Watson, Sara E; Werzberger, Alan; Weyer, Jordan C; Wood, Marion J; Yin, H Shonna; Zempsky, William T; Zimmerman, Emily; Dreyer, Benard P	May 12, 2023	Not Determined
37210754	Create Study	Characterizing the dimensional structure of early-life adversity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Brieant, Alexis; Vannucci, Anna; Nakua, Hajer; Harris, Jenny; Lovell, Jack; Brundavanam, Divya; Tottenham, Nim; Gee, Dylan G	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37207193	Create Study	Childhood obesity is linked to putative neuroinflammation in brain white matter, hypothalamus, and striatum.	Cerebral cortex communications	Li, Zhaolong Adrian; Samara, Amjad; Ray, Mary Katherine; Rutlin, Jerrel; Raji, Cyrus A; Shimony, Joshua S; Sun, Peng; Song, Sheng-Kwei; Hershey, Tamara; Eisenstein, Sarah A	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37205539	Create Study	Human cortex development is shaped by molecular and cellular brain systems.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Lotter, Leon D; Saberi, Amin; Hansen, Justine Y; Misic, Bratislav; Paquola, Casey; Barker, Gareth J; Bokde, Arun L W; Desrivières, Sylvane; Flor, Herta; Grigis, Antoine; Garavan, Hugh; Gowland, Penny; Heinz, Andreas; Brühl, Rüdiger; Martinot, Jean-Luc; Paillère, Marie-Laure; Artiges, Eric; Orfanos, Dimitri Papadopoulos; Paus, Tomáš; Poustka, Luise; Hohmann, Sarah; Fröhner, Juliane H; Smolka, Michael N; Vaidya, Nilakshi; Walter, Henrik; Whelan, Robert; Schumann, Gunter; IMAGEN Consortium; Nees, Frauke; Banaschewski, Tobias; Eickhoff, Simon B; Dukart, Juergen	October 4, 2023	Not Determined
37205398	Create Study	Neighborhood air pollution is negatively associated with neurocognitive maturation in early adolescence.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Kardan, Omid; Sereeyothin, Chacriya; Schertz, Kathryn E; Angstadt, Mike; Weigard, Alexander S; Berman, Marc G; Heitzeg, Mary M; Rosenberg, Monica D	July 25, 2023	Not Determined
37202553	Create Study	Genetic patterning for child psychopathology is distinct from that for adults and implicates fetal cerebellar development.	Nature neuroscience	Hughes, Dylan E; Kunitoki, Keiko; Elyounssi, Safia; Luo, Mannan; Bazer, Oren M; Hopkinson, Casey E; Dowling, Kevin F; Doyle, Alysa E; Dunn, Erin C; Eryilmaz, Hamdi; Gilman, Jodi M; Holt, Daphne J; Valera, Eve M; Smoller, Jordan W; Cecil, Charlotte A M; Tiemeier, Henning; Lee, Phil H; Roffman, Joshua L	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37200192	Create Study	Resting-state cortical hubs in youth organize into four categories.	Cell reports	Demeter, Damion V; Gordon, Evan M; Nugiel, Tehila; Garza, AnnaCarolina; Larguinho, Tyler L; Church, Jessica A	May 30, 2023	Not Determined
37200032	Create Study	Associations of Co-occurring Symptom Trajectories With Sex, Race, Ethnicity, and Health Care Utilization in Children.	JAMA network open	Voepel-Lewis, Terri; Senger-Carpenter, Thea; Chen, Bingxin; Seng, Julia; Cofield, Cherie; Ploutz-Snyder, Robert; Scott, Eric L	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37200030	Create Study	Association of Body Mass Index and Waist Circumference With Imaging Metrics of Brain Integrity and Functional Connectivity in Children Aged 9 to 10 Years in the US, 2016-2018.	JAMA network open	Kaltenhauser, Simone; Weber, Clara F; Lin, Huang; Mozayan, Ali; Malhotra, Ajay; Constable, R Todd; Acosta, Julián N; Falcone, Guido J; Taylor, Sarah N; Ment, Laura R; Sheth, Kevin N; Payabvash, Seyedmehdi	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37191599	Create Study	Pandemic-Related Changes in the Prevalence of Early Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Use, 2020-2021: Data From a Multisite Cohort Study.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Pelham 3rd, William E; Tapert, Susan F; Zúñiga, María Luisa; Thompson, Wesley K; Wade, Natasha E; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Patel, Herry; Baker, Fiona C; Dowling, Gayathri J; Van Rinsveld, Amandine M; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Kiss, Orsolya; Brown, Sandra A	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37182734	Create Study	Neural Circuit Markers of Familial Risk for Depression Among Healthy Youths in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Holt-Gosselin, Bailey; Keding, Taylor J; Poulin, Rhayna; Brieant, Alexis; Rueter, Amanda; Hendrickson, Timothy J; Perrone, Anders; Byington, Nora; Houghton, Audrey; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Feczko, Eric; Fair, Damien A; Joormann, Jutta; Gee, Dylan G	February 1, 2024	Not Determined
37178821	Create Study	Neural responses to reward valence and magnitude from pre- to early adolescence.	NeuroImage	Gadassi Polack, Reuma; Mollick, Jessica A; Keren, Hanna; Joormann, Jutta; Watts, Richard	July 15, 2023	Not Determined
37165514	Create Study	Companion animals and profiles of peer social behavior in adolescence.	Journal of adolescence	Halbreich, Eli D; Callina, Kristina; King, Erin K; Mueller, Megan K	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37162908	Create Study	Air pollution and emotional behavior in adolescents across the U.S.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Campbell, Claire E; Cotter, Devyn L; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Burnor, Elisabeth; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Gauderman, W James; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Hackman, Daniel; McConnell, Rob; Berhane, Kiros; Schwartz, Joel; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan; Herting, Megan M	April 25, 2023	Not Determined
37162823	Create Study	PREDICTING DEPRESSION RISK IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE VIA MULTIMODAL BRAIN IMAGING.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Gracia-Tabuenca, Zeus; Barbeau, Elise B; Xia, Yu; Chai, Xiaoqian	April 24, 2023	Not Determined
37146216	Create Study	Intelligence Polygenic Score Is More Predictive of Crystallized Measures: Evidence From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Psychological science	Loughnan, Robert J; Palmer, Clare E; Thompson, Wesley K; Dale, Anders M; Jernigan, Terry L; Chieh Fan, Chun	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37141274	Create Study	Associations between resting state functional brain connectivity and childhood anhedonia: A reproduction and replication study.	PloS one	Zhou, Yi; Pat, Narun; Neale, Michael C	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
37129746	Create Study	Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Subcortical Gray Matter Microstructure and Volume in the Developing Brain.	Behavior genetics	Watts, Richard; Rader, Lydia; Grant, Justin; Filippi, Christopher G	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37121399	Create Study	Neurobiological Clusters Are Associated With Trajectories of Overall Psychopathology in Youth.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Wang, Catherine; Hayes, Rebecca; Roeder, Kathryn; Jalbrzikowski, Maria	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37119589	Create Study	Longitudinal alterations in brain morphometry mediated the effects of bullying victimization on cognitive development in preadolescents.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Menken, Miriam S; Rodriguez Rivera, Pedro J; Isaiah, Amal; Ernst, Thomas; Cloak, Christine C; Chang, Linda	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37119410	Create Study	Associations Between Preterm Birth, Inhibitory Control-Implicated Brain Regions and Tracts, and Inhibitory Control Task Performance in Children: Consideration of Socioeconomic Context.	Child psychiatry and human development	Taylor, Rita L; Rogers, Cynthia E; Smyser, Christopher D; Barch, Deanna M	April 29, 2023	Not Determined
37119331	Create Study	Person-centred Approaches to Psychopathology in the ABCD Study: Phenotypes and Neurocognitive Correlates.	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Retzler, Chris; Hallam, Glyn; Johnson, Samantha; Retzler, Jenny	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37098449	Create Study	Bedtime screen use behaviors and sleep outcomes: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Sleep health	Nagata, Jason M; Singh, Gurbinder; Yang, Joanne H; Smith, Natalia; Kiss, Orsolya; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Baker, Fiona C	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
37095243	Create Study	ABCD Behavior Genetics: Twin, Family, and Genomic Studies Using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study Dataset.	Behavior genetics	Wilson, Sylia; Fan, Chun Chieh; Hewitt, John	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37093311	Create Study	Genotype Data and Derived Genetic Instruments of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® for Better Understanding of Human Brain Development.	Behavior genetics	Fan, Chun Chieh; Loughnan, Robert; Wilson, Sylia; Hewitt, John K; ABCD Genetic Working Group	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37088322	Create Study	Relationship between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability: An empirical and theoretical study.	NeuroImage	Chen, Jianzhong; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Tan, Trevor Wei Kiat; Zhang, Shaoshi; Li, Jingwei; Asplund, Christopher L; Eickhoff, Simon B; Bzdok, Danilo; Holmes, Avram J; Yeo, B T Thomas	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
37084569	Create Study	Sex differences in functional connectivity from reward-based regions in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder.	Psychiatry research	Murray, Stuart B; Alba, Celina; Duval, Christina J; Nagata, Jason M; Ganson, Kyle T; Jann, Kay	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37076628	Create Study	A somato-cognitive action network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex.	Nature	Gordon, Evan M; Chauvin, Roselyne J; Van, Andrew N; Rajesh, Aishwarya; Nielsen, Ashley; Newbold, Dillan J; Lynch, Charles J; Seider, Nicole A; Krimmel, Samuel R; Scheidter, Kristen M; Monk, Julia; Miller, Ryland L; Metoki, Athanasia; Montez, David F; Zheng, Annie; Elbau, Immanuel; Madison, Thomas; Nishino, Tomoyuki; Myers, Michael J; Kaplan, Sydney; Badke D'Andrea, Carolina; Demeter, Damion V; Feigelis, Matthew; Ramirez, Julian S B; Xu, Ting; Barch, Deanna M; Smyser, Christopher D; Rogers, Cynthia E; Zimmermann, Jan; Botteron, Kelly N; Pruett, John R; Willie, Jon T; Brunner, Peter; Shimony, Joshua S; Kay, Benjamin P; Marek, Scott; Norris, Scott A; Gratton, Caterina; Sylvester, Chad M; Power, Jonathan D; Liston, Conor; Greene, Deanna J; Roland, Jarod L; Petersen, Steven E; Raichle, Marcus E; Laumann, Timothy O; Fair, Damien A; Dosenbach, Nico U F	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37074691	Create Study	Cognitive Function in People With Familial Risk of Depression.	JAMA psychiatry	Cullen, Breda; Gameroff, Marc J; Ward, Joey; Bailey, Mark E S; Lyall, Donald M; Lyall, Laura M; MacSweeney, Niamh; Murphy, Eleanor; Sangha, Natasha; Shen, Xueyi; Strawbridge, Rona J; van Dijk, Milenna T; Zhu, Xingxing; Smith, Daniel J; Talati, Ardesheer; Whalley, Heather C; Cavanagh, Jonathan; Weissman, Myrna M	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37071275	Create Study	A Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) of Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Genetic Risk in Children of European Ancestry at Middle Childhood: Results from the ABCD Study.	Behavior genetics	Gorelik, Aaron J; Paul, Sarah E; Karcher, Nicole R; Johnson, Emma C; Nagella, Isha; Blaydon, Lauren; Modi, Hailey; Hansen, Isabella S; Colbert, Sarah M C; Baranger, David A A; Norton, Sara A; Spears, Isaiah; Gordon, Brian; Zhang, Wei; Hill, Patrick L; Oltmanns, Thomas F; Bijsterbosch, Janine D; Agrawal, Arpana; Hatoum, Alexander S; Bogdan, Ryan	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37066186	Create Study	Harmonized diffusion MRI data and white matter measures from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Cetin-Karayumak, Suheyla; Zhang, Fan; Billah, Tashrif; Zekelman, Leo; Makris, Nikos; Pieper, Steve; O'Donnell, Lauren J; Rathi, Yogesh	May 2, 2023	Not Determined
37053187	Create Study	Early path dominance as a principle for neurodevelopment.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Razban, Rostam M; Pachter, Jonathan Asher; Dill, Ken A; Mujica-Parodi, Lilianne R	April 18, 2023	Not Determined
37037991	Create Study	Brain structure, phenotypic and genetic correlates of reading performance.	Nature human behaviour	Carrión-Castillo, Amaia; Paz-Alonso, Pedro M; Carreiras, Manuel	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
37036551	Create Study	Associations Between Adolescent Pain and Psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Behavior genetics	Rader, Lydia; Freis, Samantha M; Friedman, Naomi P	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37034728	Create Study	Multi-ancestry meta-analysis of tobacco use disorder prioritizes novel candidate risk genes and reveals associations with numerous health outcomes.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Toikumo, Sylvanus; Jennings, Mariela V; Pham, Benjamin K; Lee, Hyunjoon; Mallard, Travis T; Bianchi, Sevim B; Meredith, John J; Vilar-Ribó, Laura; Xu, Heng; Hatoum, Alexander S; Johnson, Emma C; Pazdernik, Vanessa; Jinwala, Zeal; Pakala, Shreya R; Leger, Brittany S; Niarchou, Maria; Ehinmowo, Michael; Penn Medicine BioBank, Million Veteran Program, PsycheMERGE Substance Use Disorder Workgroup; Jenkins, Greg D; Batzler, Anthony; Pendegraft, Richard; Palmer, Abraham A; Zhou, Hang; Biernacka, Joanna M; Coombes, Brandon J; Gelernter, Joel; Xu, Ke; Hancock, Dana B; Cox, Nancy J; Smoller, Jordan W; Davis, Lea K; Justice, Amy C; Kranzler, Henry R; Kember, Rachel L; Sanchez-Roige, Sandra	September 18, 2023	Not Determined
37032213	Create Study	Associations Between Gender Nonconformity, School Environments, Family Conflict, and Emotional and Behavioral Health Among Children Ages 10-11.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Loso, Hannah M; Locke Dube, Sarahjane; Chaarani, Bader; Ivanova, Masha; Garavan, Hugh; Johns, Michelle M; Potter, Alexandra S	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37031778	Create Study	Brain-Based Predictions of Psychiatric Illness-Linked Behaviors Across the Sexes.	Biological psychiatry	Dhamala, Elvisha; Rong Ooi, Leon Qi; Chen, Jianzhong; Ricard, Jocelyn A; Berkeley, Emily; Chopra, Sidhant; Qu, Yueyue; Zhang, Xi-Han; Lawhead, Connor; Yeo, B T Thomas; Holmes, Avram J	September 15, 2023	Not Determined
37024669	Create Study	Heritability Estimation of Cognitive Phenotypes in the ABCD Study® Using Mixed Models.	Behavior genetics	Smith, Diana M; Loughnan, Robert; Friedman, Naomi P; Parekh, Pravesh; Frei, Oleksandr; Thompson, Wesley K; Andreassen, Ole A; Neale, Michael; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37023360	Create Study	Review of Major Social Determinants of Health in Schizophrenia-Spectrum Psychotic Disorders: III. Biology.	Schizophrenia bulletin	Jeste, Dilip V; Malaspina, Dolores; Bagot, Kara; Barch, Deanna M; Cole, Steve; Dickerson, Faith; Dilmore, Amanda; Ford, Charles L; Karcher, Nicole R; Luby, Joan; Rajji, Tarek; Pinto-Tomas, Adrián A; Young, Larry J	July 4, 2023	Not Determined
37023280	Create Study	Associations with youth psychotic-like experiences over time: Evidence for trans-symptom and specific cognitive and neural risk factors.	Journal of psychopathology and clinical science	Karcher, Nicole R; Merchant, Jaisal; Rappaport, Brent I; Barch, Deanna M	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37017952	Create Study	Associations of Changes in Sleep and Emotional and Behavioral Problems From Late Childhood to Early Adolescence.	JAMA psychiatry	Cooper, Rebecca; Di Biase, Maria A; Bei, Bei; Quach, Jon; Cropley, Vanessa	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37017779	Create Study	Comparing Pruning and Thresholding with Continuous Shrinkage Polygenic Score Methods in a Large Sample of Ancestrally Diverse Adolescents from the ABCD Study®.	Behavior genetics	Ahern, Jonathan; Thompson, Wesley; Fan, Chun Chieh; Loughnan, Robert	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
37013949	Create Study	Food insecurity and binge-eating disorder in early adolescence.	The International journal of eating disorders	Nagata, Jason M; Chu, Jonathan; Cervantez, Levi; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Murray, Stuart B; Weiser, Sheri D	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
37003411	Create Study	Reaction Time Variability in Children Is Specifically Associated With Attention Problems and Regional White Matter Microstructure.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Wiker, Thea; Norbom, Linn B; Beck, Dani; Agartz, Ingrid; Andreassen, Ole A; Alnæs, Dag; Dahl, Andreas; Eilertsen, Espen M; Moberget, Torgeir; Ystrøm, Eivind; Westlye, Lars T; Lebel, Catherine; Huster, Rene J; Tamnes, Christian K	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
36972087	Create Study	Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on screen time and sleep in early adolescents.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Kiss, Orsolya; Nagata, Jason M; de Zambotti, Massimiliano; Dick, Anthony Steven; Marshall, Andrew T; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Guillaume, Mathieu; Pelham, William E; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Brown, Sandra A; Dowling, Gayathri J; Lisdahl, Krista M; Tapert, Susan F; Baker, Fiona C	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36969492	Create Study	Gender diversity associated with patterns of brain activation seen in populations that experience childhood stress.	Frontiers in integrative neuroscience	Loso, Hannah; Chaarani, Bader; Dube, Sarahjane Locke; Albaugh, Matthew D; Cheaito, Aya; Garavan, Hugh; Potter, Alexandra	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36965838	Create Study	Associations between sexual orientation and early adolescent screen use: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Annals of epidemiology	Nagata, Jason M; Lee, Christopher M; Yang, Joanne; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A A; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
36965337	Create Study	Social problems and brain structure development following childhood mild traumatic brain injury.	Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior	Dégeilh, Fanny; von Soest, Tilmann; Ferschmann, Lia; Beer, Joanne C; Gaubert, Malo; Koerte, Inga K; Tamnes, Christian K	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36963562	Create Study	Youth Screen Media Activity Patterns and Associations With Behavioral Developmental Measures and Resting-state Brain Functional Connectivity.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Song, Kunru; Zhang, Jia-Lin; Zhou, Nan; Fu, Yu; Zou, Bowen; Xu, Lin-Xuan; Wang, Ziliang; Li, Xin; Zhao, Yihong; Potenza, Marc; Fang, Xiaoyi; Zhang, Jin-Tao	September 1, 2023	Not Determined
36950909	Create Study	Triangulating causality between childhood obesity and neurobehavior: Behavioral genetic and longitudinal evidence.	Developmental science	Kulisch, Leonard Konstantin; Arumäe, Kadri; Briley, Daniel A; Vainik, Uku	November 1, 2023	Not Determined
36945610	Create Study	Comparing the stability and reproducibility of brain-behaviour relationships found using Canonical Correlation Analysis and Partial Least Squares within the ABCD Sample.	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Nakua, Hajer; Yu, Ju-Chi; Abdi, Hervé; Hawco, Colin; Voineskos, Aristotle; Hill, Sean; Lai, Meng-Chuan; Wheeler, Anne L; McIntosh, Anthony Randal; Ameis, Stephanie H	March 9, 2023	Not Determined
36945470	Create Study	Grey and white matter metrics demonstrate distinct and complementary prediction of differences in cognitive performance in children: Findings from ABCD (N= 11 876).	bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology	Michel, Lea C; McCormick, Ethan M; Kievit, Rogier A	November 6, 2023	Not Determined
36944127	Create Study	Sexual Orientation Disparities in Early Adolescent Sleep: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	LGBT health	Nagata, Jason M; Lee, Christopher M; Yang, Joanne H; Kiss, Orsolya; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Al-Shoaibi, Abubakr A A; Baker, Fiona C	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
36940888	Create Study	Individual differences in computational psychiatry: A review of current challenges.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Karvelis, Povilas; Paulus, Martin P; Diaconescu, Andreea O	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36940760	Create Study	Comparison between gradients and parcellations for functional connectivity prediction of behavior.	NeuroImage	Kong, Ru; Tan, Yan Rui; Wulan, Naren; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Farahibozorg, Seyedeh-Rezvan; Harrison, Samuel; Bijsterbosch, Janine D; Bernhardt, Boris C; Eickhoff, Simon; Thomas Yeo, B T	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
36940062	Create Study	ABCD_Harmonizer: An Open-source Tool for Mapping and Controlling for Scanner Induced Variance in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Neuroinformatics	Dudley, Jonathan A; Maloney, Thomas C; Simon, John O; Atluri, Gowtham; Karalunas, Sarah L; Altaye, Mekibib; Epstein, Jeffery N; Tamm, Leanne	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36939078	Create Study	Psychopathology as dynamic markers of alcohol initiation across development: A three-year longitudinal examination.	Development and psychopathology	Watts, Ashley L; Doss, Mark I; Bernard, Donte L; Sher, Kenneth J	March 20, 2023	Not Determined
36918136	Create Study	Homotopic local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from resting-state functional connectivity.	NeuroImage	Yan, Xiaoxuan; Kong, Ru; Xue, Aihuiping; Yang, Qing; Orban, Csaba; An, Lijun; Holmes, Avram J; Qian, Xing; Chen, Jianzhong; Zuo, Xi-Nian; Zhou, Juan Helen; Fortier, Marielle V; Tan, Ai Peng; Gluckman, Peter; Chong, Yap Seng; Meaney, Michael J; Bzdok, Danilo; Eickhoff, Simon B; Yeo, B T Thomas	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
36918134	Create Study	Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Mental Healthcare in Youth With Incarcerated Parents.	American journal of preventive medicine	Ryan, Jennie E; McCabe, Sean Esteban; DiDonato, Stephen; Boyd, Carol J; Voepel-Lewis, Terri; Ploutz-Snyder, Robert J; Veliz, Philip T	September 1, 2023	Not Determined
36893272	Create Study	Larger cerebral cortex is genetically correlated with greater frontal area and dorsal thickness.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Makowski, Carolina; Wang, Hao; Srinivasan, Anjali; Qi, Anna; Qiu, Yuqi; van der Meer, Dennis; Frei, Oleksandr; Zou, Jingjing; Visscher, Peter M; Yang, Jian; Chen, Chi-Hua	March 14, 2023	Not Determined
36890374	Create Study	Reply to: Multivariate BWAS can be replicable with moderate sample sizes.	Nature	Tervo-Clemmens, Brenden; Marek, Scott; Chauvin, Roselyne J; Van, Andrew N; Kay, Benjamin P; Laumann, Timothy O; Thompson, Wesley K; Nichols, Thomas E; Yeo, B T Thomas; Barch, Deanna M; Luna, Beatriz; Fair, Damien A; Dosenbach, Nico U F	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
36872118	Create Study	Getting a Good Night''s Sleep: Associations Between Sleep Duration and Parent-Reported Sleep Quality on Default Mode Network Connectivity in Youth.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Hehr, Aneesh; Huntley, Edward D; Marusak, Hilary A	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
36871334	Create Study	Sleep quality and sleep duration predict brain microstructure among community-dwelling older adults.	Neurobiology of aging	Tsiknia, Amaryllis A; Parada Jr, Humberto; Banks, Sarah J; Reas, Emilie T	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36870214	Create Study	The role of brain structure in the association between pubertal timing and depression risk in an early adolescent sample (the ABCD Study®): A registered report.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	MacSweeney, Niamh; Allardyce, Judith; Edmondson-Stait, Amelia; Shen, Xueyi; Casey, Hannah; Chan, Stella W Y; Cullen, Breda; Reynolds, Rebecca M; Frangou, Sophia; Kwong, Alex S F; Lawrie, Stephen M; Romaniuk, Liana; Whalley, Heather C	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36841702	Create Study	Current Approaches in Computational Psychiatry for the Data-Driven Identification of Brain-Based Subtypes.	Biological psychiatry	Brucar, Leyla R; Feczko, Eric; Fair, Damien A; Zilverstand, Anna	April 15, 2023	Not Determined
36840387	Create Study	The beneficial effect of sleep on behavioral health problems in youth is disrupted by prenatal cannabis exposure: A causal random forest analysis of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development data.	Child development	Spechler, Philip A; Gutierrez, Roman M; Tapert, Susan F; Thompson, Wesley K; Paulus, Martin P	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36833216	Create Study	Sleep Quality and Duration in Children That Consume Caffeine: Impact of Dose and Genetic Variation in ADORA2A and CYP1A.	Genes	Jessel, Chaten D; Narang, Ankita; Zuberi, Rayyan; Bousman, Chad A	January 22, 2023	Not Determined
36824847	Create Study	Phenome-wide Investigation of Behavioral, Environmental, and Neural Associations with Cross-Disorder Genetic Liability in Youth of European Ancestry.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Paul, Sarah E; Colbert, Sarah M C; Gorelik, Aaron J; Hansen, Isabella S; Nagella, I; Blaydon, L; Hornstein, A; Johnson, Emma C; Hatoum, Alexander S; Baranger, David A A; Elsayed, Nourhan M; Barch, Deanna M; Bogdan, Ryan; Karcher, Nicole R	February 14, 2023	Not Determined
36821878	Create Study	Negative impact of daily screen use on inhibitory control network in preadolescence: A two-year follow-up study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Chen, Ya-Yun; Yim, Hyungwook; Lee, Tae-Ho	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36812240	Create Study	Concordance between substance use self-report and hair analysis in community-based adolescents.	The American journal of drug and alcohol abuse	Wade, Natasha E; Sullivan, Ryan M; Tapert, Susan F; Pelham 3rd, William E; Huestis, Marilyn A; Lisdahl, Krista M; Haist, Frank	January 2, 2023	Not Determined
36805495	Create Study	Screen time and suicidal behaviors among U.S. children 9-11 years old: A prospective cohort study.	Preventive medicine	Chu, Jonathan; Ganson, Kyle T; Baker, Fiona C; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Murray, Stuart B; Nagata, Jason M	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36803653	Create Study	Development of top-down cortical propagations in youth.	Neuron	Pines, Adam; Keller, Arielle S; Larsen, Bart; Bertolero, Maxwell; Ashourvan, Arian; Bassett, Dani S; Cieslak, Matthew; Covitz, Sydney; Fan, Yong; Feczko, Eric; Houghton, Audrey; Rueter, Amanda R; Saggar, Manish; Shafiei, Golia; Tapera, Tinashe M; Vogel, Jacob; Weinstein, Sarah M; Shinohara, Russell T; Williams, Leanne M; Fair, Damien A; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	April 19, 2023	Not Determined
36801369	Create Study	Task fMRI paradigms may capture more behaviorally relevant information than resting-state functional connectivity.	NeuroImage	Zhao, Weiqi; Makowski, Carolina; Hagler, Donald J; Garavan, Hugh P; Thompson, Wesley K; Greene, Deanna J; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M	April 15, 2023	Not Determined
36798149	Create Study	Associations between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in children: indirect effects via obesity and cognition.	medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences	Li, Zhaolong Adrian; Cai, Yuqi; Taylor, Rita L; Eisenstein, Sarah A; Barch, Deanna M; Marek, Scott; Hershey, Tamara	February 10, 2023	Not Determined
36795263	Create Study	Gene-by-Environment Interaction Effects of Social Adversity on Externalizing Behavior in ABCD Youth.	Behavior genetics	Dash, Genevieve F; Karalunas, Sarah L; Kenyon, Emily A; Carter, Emily K; Mooney, Michael A; Nigg, Joel T; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36776583	Create Study	Exceptional abilities in autism: Theories and open questions.	Current directions in psychological science	Uddin, Lucina Q	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36775907	Create Study	Cannabis use and episodic memory performance among adolescents: Moderating effects of depression symptoms and sex.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Lehman, Sarah M; Thompson, Erin L; Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Hawes, Samuel W; Adams, Ashley R; Granja, Karen; Pulido, William J; Gonzalez, Raul	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
36773698	Create Study	Brain Structure Relations With Psychopathology Trajectories in the ABCD Study.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Romer, Adrienne L; Ren, Boyu; Pizzagalli, Diego A	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
36757824	Create Study	Identification of novel genomic risk loci shared between common epilepsies and psychiatric disorders.	Brain : a journal of neurology	Karadag, Naz; Shadrin, Alexey A; O'Connell, Kevin S; Hindley, Guy F L; Rahman, Zillur; Parker, Nadine; Bahrami, Shahram; Fominykh, Vera; Cheng, Weiqiu; Holen, Børge; Alvestad, Silje; Taubøll, Erik; Steen, Nils Eiel; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders M; Frei, Oleksandr; Andreassen, Ole A; Smeland, Olav B	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
36757558	Create Study	Heritability of Childhood Music Engagement and Associations with Language and Executive Function: Insights from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Behavior genetics	Gustavson, Daniel E; Nayak, Srishti; Coleman, Peyton L; Iversen, John R; Lense, Miriam D; Gordon, Reyna L; Maes, Hermine H	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36746929	Create Study	Multiple measurement analysis of resting-state fMRI for ADHD classification in adolescent brain from the ABCD study.	Translational psychiatry	Wang, Zhaobin; Zhou, Xiaocheng; Gui, Yuanyuan; Liu, Manhua; Lu, Hui	February 6, 2023	Not Determined
36722118	Create Study	Racial Disparities in Adversity During Childhood and the False Appearance of Race-Related Differences in Brain Structure.	The American journal of psychiatry	Dumornay, Nathalie M; Lebois, Lauren A M; Ressler, Kerry J; Harnett, Nathaniel G	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36720770	Create Study	Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder and Hippocampal Subregion Volumes in Middle Childhood.	Behavior genetics	Pine, Jacob G; Paul, Sarah E; Johnson, Emma; Bogdan, Ryan; Kandala, Sridhar; Barch, Deanna M	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36716140	Create Study	Prenatal tobacco exposure associations with physical health and neurodevelopment in the ABCD cohort.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Gonzalez, Marybel Robledo; Uban, Kristina A; Tapert, Susan F; Sowell, Elizabeth R	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36705774	Create Study	Executive Network Activation Moderates the Association between Neighborhood Threats and Externalizing Behavior in Youth.	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Conley, May I; Rapuano, Kristina M; Benson-Williams, Callie; Rosenberg, Monica D; Watts, Richard; Bell, Cassandra; Casey, B J; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
36690972	Create Study	AI-based dimensional neuroimaging system for characterizing heterogeneity in brain structure and function in major depressive disorder: COORDINATE-MDD consortium design and rationale.	BMC psychiatry	Fu, Cynthia H Y; Erus, Guray; Fan, Yong; Antoniades, Mathilde; Arnone, Danilo; Arnott, Stephen R; Chen, Taolin; Choi, Ki Sueng; Fatt, Cherise Chin; Frey, Benicio N; Frokjaer, Vibe G; Ganz, Melanie; Garcia, Jose; Godlewska, Beata R; Hassel, Stefanie; Ho, Keith; McIntosh, Andrew M; Qin, Kun; Rotzinger, Susan; Sacchet, Matthew D; Savitz, Jonathan; Shou, Haochang; Singh, Ashish; Stolicyn, Aleks; Strigo, Irina; Strother, Stephen C; Tosun, Duygu; Victor, Teresa A; Wei, Dongtao; Wise, Toby; Woodham, Rachel D; Zahn, Roland; Anderson, Ian M; Deakin, J F William; Dunlop, Boadie W; Elliott, Rebecca; Gong, Qiyong; Gotlib, Ian H; Harmer, Catherine J; Kennedy, Sidney H; Knudsen, Gitte M; Mayberg, Helen S; Paulus, Martin P; Qiu, Jiang; Trivedi, Madhukar H; Whalley, Heather C; Yan, Chao-Gan; Young, Allan H; Davatzikos, Christos	January 23, 2023	Not Determined
36687306	Create Study	Substance use patterns in 9 to 13-year-olds: Longitudinal findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Drug and alcohol dependence reports	Sullivan, Ryan M; Wade, Natasha E; Wallace, Alexander L; Tapert, Susan F; Pelham 3rd, William E; Brown, Sandra A; Cloak, Christine C; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Madden, Pamela A F; Martz, Meghan E; Ross, J Megan; Kaiver, Christine M; Wirtz, Hailey G; Heitzeg, Mary M; Lisdahl, Krista M	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36662388	Create Study	Characterizing Alcohol Expectancies in the ABCD Study: Associations with Sociodemographic Factors, the Immediate Social Environment, and Genetic Propensities.	Behavior genetics	Johnson, Emma C; Paul, Sarah E; Baranger, David A A; Hatoum, Alexander S; Colbert, Sarah M C; Lin, Shuyu; Wolff, Rachel; Gorelik, Aaron J; Hansen, Isabella; Karcher, Nicole R; Bogdan, Ryan; Agrawal, Arpana	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36653486	Create Study	Overlapping brain correlates of superior cognition among children at genetic risk for Alzheimer''s disease and/or major depressive disorder.	Scientific reports	Petrican, Raluca; Paine, Amy L; Escott-Price, Valentina; Shelton, Katherine H	January 18, 2023	Not Determined
36652896	Create Study	Characterizing different cognitive and neurobiological profiles in a community sample of children using a non-parametric approach: An fMRI study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Fekson, Victoria Khalfin; Michaeli, Tomer; Rosch, Keri S; Schlaggar, Bradley L; Horowitz-Kraus, Tzipi	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36633989	Create Study	Family- and neighborhood-level environmental associations with physical health conditions in 9- and 10-year-olds.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Marshall, Andrew T; Adise, Shana; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Hippolyte, Ogechi K; Parchment, Camille A; Villalobos, Tanya I; Wong, Lawrence T; Cisneros, Cynthia Pace; Kan, Eric C; Palmer, Clare E; Bodison, Stefanie C; Herting, Megan M; Sowell, Elizabeth R	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36621021	Create Study	Sex and age variations in the impact of puberty on cortical thickness and associations with internalizing symptoms and suicidal ideation in early adolescence.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Wiglesworth, Andrea; Fiecas, Mark B; Xu, Meng; Neher, Aidan T; Padilla, Laura; Carosella, Katherine A; Roediger, Donovan J; Mueller, Bryon A; Luciana, Monica; Klimes-Dougan, Bonnie; Cullen, Kathryn R	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36609028	Create Study	A Mega-analytic Study of White Matter Microstructural Differences Across 5 Cohorts of Youths With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder.	Biological psychiatry	Sudre, Gustavo; Norman, Luke; Bouyssi-Kobar, Marine; Price, Jolie; Shastri, Gauri Ganesh; Shaw, Philip	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
36589997	Create Study	Access to quality health resources and environmental toxins affect the relationship between brain structure and BMI in a sample of pre and early adolescents.	Frontiers in public health	Adise, Shana; Marshall, Andrew T; Kan, Eric; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
36581100	Create Study	Cyberbullying and Sleep Disturbance Among Early Adolescents in the U.S.	Academic pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Yang, Joanne H; Singh, Gurbinder; Kiss, Orsolya; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Baker, Fiona C	August 1, 2023	Not Determined
36573454	Create Study	Associations among body mass index, working memory performance, gray matter volume, and brain activation in healthy children.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Zhang, Yaqi; Ji, Weibin; Jiang, Fukun; Wu, Feifei; Li, Guanya; Hu, Yang; Zhang, Wenchao; Wang, Jia; Fan, Xiao; Wei, Xiaorong; Manza, Peter; Tomasi, Dardo; Volkow, Nora D; Gao, Xinbo; Wang, Gene-Jack; Zhang, Yi	May 9, 2023	Not Determined
36562588	Create Study	Gender identity-based disparities in self-injurious thoughts and behaviors among pre-teens in the United States.	Suicide & life-threatening behavior	Randall, Alyson B; van der Star, Arjan; Pennesi, Jamie-Lee; Siegel, Jaclyn A; Blashill, Aaron J	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36561641	Create Study	Mediating effect of pubertal stages on the family environment and neurodevelopment: An open-data replication and multiverse analysis of an ABCD Study®.	Neuroimage. Reports	Demidenko, Michael I; Kelly, Dominic P; Hardi, Felicia A; Ip, Ka I; Lee, Sujin; Becker, Hannah; Hong, Sunghyun; Thijssen, Sandra; Luciana, Monica; Keating, Daniel P	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36534603	Create Study	Machine learning approaches linking brain function to behavior in the ABCD STOP task.	Human brain mapping	Yuan, Dekang; Hahn, Sage; Allgaier, Nicholas; Owens, Max M; Chaarani, Bader; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
36528521	Create Study	Adherence to 24-Hour Movement Recommendations and Health Indicators in Early Adolescence: Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Associations in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Fung, Hoki; Yeo, B T Thomas; Chen, Christina; Lo, June C; Chee, Michael W L; Ong, Ju Lynn	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
36526886	Create Study	Rapid, reliable mobile assessment of affect-related motor processing.	Behavior research methods	Howlett, Jonathon R; Larkin, Florence; Touthang, James; Kuplicki, Rayus T; Lim, Kelvin O; Paulus, Martin P	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36525545	Create Study	The nexus between gender, parental supervision, and opioid misuse among justice-involved adolescents.	Journal of community psychology	Vroom, Enya B; Johnson, Micah E	December 16, 2022	Not Determined
36517639	Create Study	Rare copy number variants in males and females with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.	Molecular psychiatry	Jung, Benjamin; Ahn, Kwangmi; Justice, Cristina; Norman, Luke; Price, Jolie; Sudre, Gustavo; Shaw, Philip	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
36517380	Create Study	Screen Time and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Among Children 9-10 Years Old: A Prospective Cohort Study.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Nagata, Jason M; Chu, Jonathan; Zamora, Gabriel; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Costello, Caitlin R; Murray, Stuart B; Baker, Fiona C	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
36501894	Create Study	Recommendations for Identifying Valid Wear for Consumer-Level Wrist-Worn Activity Trackers and Acceptability of Extended Device Deployment in Children.	Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)	Wing, David; Godino, Job G; Baker, Fiona C; Yang, Rongguang; Chevance, Guillaume; Thompson, Wesley K; Reuter, Chase; Bartsch, Hauke; Wilbur, Aimee; Straub, Lisa K; Castro, Norma; Higgins, Michael; Colrain, Ian M; de Zambotti, Massimiliano; Wade, Natasha E; Lisdahl, Krista M; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Ortigara, Joseph; Fuemmeler, Bernard; Patrick, Kevin; Mason, Michael J; Tapert, Susan F; Bagot, Kara S	November 26, 2022	Not Determined
36482079	Create Study	A genetically informed Registered Report on adverse childhood experiences and mental health.	Nature human behaviour	Baldwin, Jessie R; Sallis, Hannah M; Schoeler, Tabea; Taylor, Mark J; Kwong, Alex S F; Tielbeek, Jorim J; Barkhuizen, Wikus; Warrier, Varun; Howe, Laura D; Danese, Andrea; McCrory, Eamon; Rijsdijk, Fruhling; Larsson, Henrik; Lundström, Sebastian; Karlsson, Robert; Lichtenstein, Paul; Munafò, Marcus; Pingault, Jean-Baptiste	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36477530	Create Study	Genetic diversity fuels gene discovery for tobacco and alcohol use.	Nature	Saunders, Gretchen R B; Wang, Xingyan; Chen, Fang; Jang, Seon-Kyeong; Liu, Mengzhen; Wang, Chen; Gao, Shuang; Jiang, Yu; Khunsriraksakul, Chachrit; Otto, Jacqueline M; Addison, Clifton; Akiyama, Masato; Albert, Christine M; Aliev, Fazil; Alonso, Alvaro; Arnett, Donna K; Ashley-Koch, Allison E; Ashrani, Aneel A; Barnes, Kathleen C; Barr, R Graham; Bartz, Traci M; Becker, Diane M; Bielak, Lawrence F; Benjamin, Emelia J; Bis, Joshua C; Bjornsdottir, Gyda; Blangero, John; Bleecker, Eugene R; Boardman, Jason D; Boerwinkle, Eric; Boomsma, Dorret I; Boorgula, Meher Preethi; Bowden, Donald W; Brody, Jennifer A; Cade, Brian E; Chasman, Daniel I; Chavan, Sameer; Chen, Yii-Der Ida; Chen, Zhengming; Cheng, Iona; Cho, Michael H; Choquet, Hélène; Cole, John W; Cornelis, Marilyn C; Cucca, Francesco; Curran, Joanne E; de Andrade, Mariza; Dick, Danielle M; Docherty, Anna R; Duggirala, Ravindranath; Eaton, Charles B; Ehringer, Marissa A; Esko, Tõnu; Faul, Jessica D; Fernandes Silva, Lilian; Fiorillo, Edoardo; Fornage, Myriam; Freedman, Barry I; Gabrielsen, Maiken E; Garrett, Melanie E; Gharib, Sina A; Gieger, Christian; Gillespie, Nathan; Glahn, David C; Gordon, Scott D; Gu, Charles C; Gu, Dongfeng; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Guo, Xiuqing; Haessler, Jeffrey; Hall, Michael E; Haller, Toomas; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; He, Jiang; Herd, Pamela; Hewitt, John K; Hickie, Ian; Hidalgo, Bertha; Hokanson, John E; Hopfer, Christian; Hottenga, JoukeJan; Hou, Lifang; Huang, Hongyan; Hung, Yi-Jen; Hunter, David J; Hveem, Kristian; Hwang, Shih-Jen; Hwu, Chii-Min; Iacono, William; Irvin, Marguerite R; Jee, Yon Ho; Johnson, Eric O; Joo, Yoonjung Y; Jorgenson, Eric; Justice, Anne E; Kamatani, Yoichiro; Kaplan, Robert C; Kaprio, Jaakko; Kardia, Sharon L R; Keller, Matthew C; Kelly, Tanika N; Kooperberg, Charles; Korhonen, Tellervo; Kraft, Peter; Krauter, Kenneth; Kuusisto, Johanna; Laakso, Markku; Lasky-Su, Jessica; Lee, Wen-Jane; Lee, James J; Levy, Daniel; Li, Liming; Li, Kevin; Li, Yuqing; Lin, Kuang; Lind, Penelope A; Liu, Chunyu; Lloyd-Jones, Donald M; Lutz, Sharon M; Ma, Jiantao; Mägi, Reedik; Manichaikul, Ani; Martin, Nicholas G; Mathur, Ravi; Matoba, Nana; McArdle, Patrick F; McGue, Matt; McQueen, Matthew B; Medland, Sarah E; Metspalu, Andres; Meyers, Deborah A; Millwood, Iona Y; Mitchell, Braxton D; Mohlke, Karen L; Moll, Matthew; Montasser, May E; Morrison, Alanna C; Mulas, Antonella; Nielsen, Jonas B; North, Kari E; Oelsner, Elizabeth C; Okada, Yukinori; Orrù, Valeria; Palmer, Nicholette D; Palviainen, Teemu; Pandit, Anita; Park, S Lani; Peters, Ulrike; Peters, Annette; Peyser, Patricia A; Polderman, Tinca J C; Rafaels, Nicholas; Redline, Susan; Reed, Robert M; Reiner, Alex P; Rice, John P; Rich, Stephen S; Richmond, Nicole E; Roan, Carol; Rotter, Jerome I; Rueschman, Michael N; Runarsdottir, Valgerdur; Saccone, Nancy L; Schwartz, David A; Shadyab, Aladdin H; Shi, Jingchunzi; Shringarpure, Suyash S; Sicinski, Kamil; Skogholt, Anne Heidi; Smith, Jennifer A; Smith, Nicholas L; Sotoodehnia, Nona; Stallings, Michael C; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stefansson, Kari; Stitzel, Jerry A; Sun, Xiao; Syed, Moin; Tal-Singer, Ruth; Taylor, Amy E; Taylor, Kent D; Telen, Marilyn J; Thai, Khanh K; Tiwari, Hemant; Turman, Constance; Tyrfingsson, Thorarinn; Wall, Tamara L; Walters, Robin G; Weir, David R; Weiss, Scott T; White, Wendy B; Whitfield, John B; Wiggins, Kerri L; Willemsen, Gonneke; Willer, Cristen J; Winsvold, Bendik S; Xu, Huichun; Yanek, Lisa R; Yin, Jie; Young, Kristin L; Young, Kendra A; Yu, Bing; Zhao, Wei; Zhou, Wei; Zöllner, Sebastian; Zuccolo, Luisa; 23andMe Research Team (see original citation for additional authors)	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36469650	Create Study	Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Effects of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Substance Misuse among Justice-Involved Children.	Substance use & misuse	Johnson, Micah E; Rigg, Khary K; Vroom, Enya B; Akbari, Zahra; Bristol, Skye C	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36469439	Create Study	Relating neighborhood deprivation to childhood obesity in the ABCD study: Evidence for theories of neuroinflammation and neuronal stress.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Adise, Shana; Marshall, Andrew T; Kan, Eric; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Sowell, Elizabeth R	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36456690	Create Study	Associations between socioeconomic gradients and racial disparities in preadolescent brain outcomes.	Pediatric research	Isaiah, Amal; Ernst, Thomas M; Liang, HuaJun; Ryan, Meghann; Cunningham, Eric; Rodriguez, Pedro J; Menken, Miriam; Kaschak, Dianne; Guihen, Ciara; Reeves, Gloria; Lever, Nancy; Edwards, Sarah M; Chang, Linda	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
36446759	Create Study	Hypothesis-driven genome-wide association studies provide novel insights into genetics of reading disabilities.	Translational psychiatry	Price, Kaitlyn M; Wigg, Karen G; Eising, Else; Feng, Yu; Blokland, Kirsten; Wilkinson, Margaret; Kerr, Elizabeth N; Guger, Sharon L; Quantitative Trait Working Group of the GenLang Consortium; Fisher, Simon E; Lovett, Maureen W; Strug, Lisa J; Barr, Cathy L	November 29, 2022	Not Determined
36443937	Create Study	Adverse childhood experiences and early adolescent cyberbullying in the United States.	Journal of adolescence	Nagata, Jason M; Trompeter, Nora; Singh, Gurbinder; Raney, Julia; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Murray, Stuart B; Baker, Fiona C	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
36442048	Create Study	Twin study of caffeine use, ADHD, and disrupted sleep in ABCD youth.	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Dash, Genevieve F; Carter, Emily; Karalunas, Sarah L; Hudson, Karen A; Fair, Damien; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36440655	Create Study	Maternal age at birth and child attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: causal association or familial confounding?	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Baker, Brennan H; Joo, Yoonjung Yoonie; Park, Junghoon; Cha, Jiook; Baccarelli, Andrea A; Posner, Jonathan	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36437189	Create Study	Hierarchical functional system development supports executive function.	Trends in cognitive sciences	Keller, Arielle S; Sydnor, Valerie J; Pines, Adam; Fair, Damien A; Bassett, Dani S; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36436737	Create Study	Neural systems underlying RDoC social constructs: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Pintos Lobo, Rosario; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Riedel, Michael C; Toma, Afra I; Hare, Megan M; Smith, Donisha D; Moor, Alexandra C; Cowan, Isis K; Valdes, Javier A; Bartley, Jessica E; Salo, Taylor; Boeving, Emily R; Pankey, Brianna; Sutherland, Matthew T; Musser, Erica D; Laird, Angela R	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36424333	Create Study	Hierarchical Modeling of Psychosocial, Parental, and Environmental Factors for Susceptibility to Tobacco Product Use in 9-10-Year-Old Children.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Dai, Hongying Daisy; Pierce, John; Beseler, Cheryl; Abadi, Azar; Zoucha, Kenneth; Johnson, Rachel; Buckley, James; Ramos, Athena K	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36410905	Create Study	The Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Psychosocial Functioning: A Critical Review of the Evidence.	Child and adolescent psychiatric clinics of North America	Schaefer, Jonathan D; Nelson, Kayla M; Wilson, Sylia	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36387418	Create Study	Companion Animals and Adolescent Stress and Adaptive Coping During the COVID-19 Pandemic.	Anthrozoos	Mueller, Megan K; King, Erin K; Halbreich, Eli D; Callina, Kristina S	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
36385331	Create Study	Five recommendations for using large-scale publicly available data to advance health among American Indian peoples: the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) StudySM as an illustrative case.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	White, Evan J; Demuth, Mara J; Wiglesworth, Andrea; Coser, Ashleigh D; Garrett, Brady A; Kominsky, Terrence K; Jernigan, Valarie; Thompson, Wesley K; Paulus, Martin; Aupperle, Robin	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36379997	Create Study	Longitudinal impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health of children in the ABCD study cohort.	Scientific reports	Hamatani, Sayo; Hiraoka, Daiki; Makita, Kai; Tomoda, Akemi; Mizuno, Yoshifumi	November 15, 2022	Not Determined
36357558	Create Study	Genetic and Environmental Variation in Continuous Phenotypes in the ABCD Study®.	Behavior genetics	Maes, Hermine H M; Lapato, Dana M; Schmitt, J Eric; Luciana, Monica; Banich, Marie T; Bjork, James M; Hewitt, John K; Madden, Pamela A; Heath, Andrew C; Barch, Deanna M; Thompson, Wes K; Iacono, William G; Neale, Michael C	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36357217	Create Study	Sensory Over-responsivity: A Feature of Childhood Psychiatric Illness Associated With Altered Functional Connectivity of Sensory Networks.	Biological psychiatry	Schwarzlose, Rebecca F; Tillman, Rebecca; Hoyniak, Caroline P; Luby, Joan L; Barch, Deanna M	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36355697	Create Study	Parental knowledge/monitoring and adolescent substance use: A causal relationship?	Health psychology : official journal of the Division of Health Psychology, American Psychological Association	Pelham, William E; Tapert, Susan F; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Wade, Natasha E; Lisdahl, Krista M; Guillaume, Mathieu; Marshall, Andrew T; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Dick, Anthony Steven; Baker, Fiona C; Breslin, Florence J; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Sheth, Chandni S; Brown, Sandra A	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
36350121	Create Study	Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms and brain morphology: Examining confounding bias.	eLife	Dall'Aglio, Lorenza; Kim, Hannah H; Lamballais, Sander; Labrecque, Jeremy; Muetzel, Ryan L; Tiemeier, Henning	November 9, 2022	Not Determined
36339462	Create Study	Psychotic-Like Experiences Associated with Sleep Disturbance and Brain Volumes in Youth: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	JCPP advances	Lunsford-Avery, Jessica R; Damme, Katherine S F; Vargas, Teresa; Sweitzer, Maggie M; Mittal, Vijay A	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
36320154	Create Study	Default mode network scaffolds immature frontoparietal network in cognitive development.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Chen, Menglu; He, Ying; Hao, Lei; Xu, Jiahua; Tian, Ting; Peng, Siya; Zhao, Gai; Lu, Jing; Zhao, Yuyao; Zhao, Hui; Jiang, Min; Gao, Jia-Hong; Tan, Shuping; He, Yong; Liu, Chao; Tao, Sha; Uddin, Lucina Q; Dong, Qi; Qin, Shaozheng	April 25, 2023	Not Determined
36318557	Create Study	BrainGB: A Benchmark for Brain Network Analysis With Graph Neural Networks.	IEEE transactions on medical imaging	Cui, Hejie; Dai, Wei; Zhu, Yanqiao; Kan, Xuan; Gu, Antonio Aodong Chen; Lukemire, Joshua; Zhan, Liang; He, Lifang; Guo, Ying; Yang, Carl	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36305770	Create Study	Caregiver monitoring, but not caregiver warmth, is associated with general cognition in two large sub-samples of youth.	Developmental science	Keller, Arielle S; Mackey, Allyson P; Pines, Adam; Fair, Damien; Feczko, Eric; Hoffmann, Mauricio S; Salum, Giovanni A; Barzilay, Ran; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
36305572	Create Study	Sex differences in regional gray matter density in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder: a voxel-based morphometry study.	Psychological medicine	Murray, Stuart B; Diaz-Fong, Joel P; Duval, Christina J; Balkchyan, Ane A; Nagata, Jason M; Lee, Darrin J; Ganson, Kyle T; Toga, Arthur W; Siegel, Steven J; Jann, Kay	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
36274574	Create Study	Socioeconomic resources are associated with distributed alterations of the brain''s intrinsic functional architecture in youth.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Sripada, Chandra; Gard, Arianna M; Angstadt, Mike; Taxali, Aman; Greathouse, Tristan; McCurry, Katherine; Hyde, Luke W; Weigard, Alexander; Walczyk, Peter; Heitzeg, Mary	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36273745	Create Study	Assessing the Validity of the Ask Suicide-Screening Questions in Black Youth.	Journal of the Academy of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry	Horowitz, Lisa M; Mournet, Annabelle M; Sheftall, Arielle; He, Jian-Ping; Lowry, Nathan J; Aguinaldo, Laika D; Sullivant, Shayla A; Wharff, Elizabeth A; Merikangas, Kathleen R; Pao, Maryland; Bridge, Jeffrey A	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36268881	Create Study	Strengthening associations between psychotic like experiences and suicidal ideation and behavior across middle childhood and early adolescence.	Psychological medicine	Karcher, Nicole R; O'Hare, Kirstie; Jay, Samantha Y; Grattan, Rebecca	October 1, 2023	Not Determined
36253967	Create Study	Longitudinal assessment of brain structure and behaviour in youth with rapid weight gain: Potential contributing causes and consequences.	Pediatric obesity	Adise, Shana; Marshall, Andrew T; Hahn, Sage; Zhao, Shaomin; Kan, Eric; Rhee, Kyung E; Herting, Megan M; Sowell, Elizabeth R	February 1, 2023	Not Determined
36244802	Create Study	What is Computational Psychiatry Good For?	Biological psychiatry	Browning, Michael; Paulus, Martin; Huys, Quentin J M	April 15, 2023	Not Determined
36242056	Create Study	Black girls and referrals: racial and gender disparities in self-reported referral to substance use disorder assessment among justice-involved children.	Substance abuse treatment, prevention, and policy	Johnson, Micah E; Lloyd, Shawnta L; Bristol, Skye C; Elliott, Amy L; Cottler, Linda B	October 14, 2022	Not Determined
36229943	Create Study	Genetic versus environmental influences on callous-unemotional traits in preadolescence: The role of parenting and parental psychopathology.	Development and psychopathology	Perlstein, Samantha; Hawes, Samuel; Vazquez, Alexandra Y; Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Lehman, Sarah; Parent, Justin; Byrd, Amy; Waller, Rebecca	October 14, 2022	Not Determined
36226844	Create Study	Impact of prenatal cannabis exposure on functional connectivity of the salience network in children.	Journal of neuroscience research	Faraj, Mohammed M; Evanski, Julia; Zundel, Clara G; Peters, Craig; Brummelte, Susanne; Lundahl, Leslie; Marusak, Hilary A	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36225678	Create Study	Peer victimization (bullying) on mental health, behavioral problems, cognition, and academic performance in preadolescent children in the ABCD Study.	Frontiers in psychology	Menken, Miriam S; Isaiah, Amal; Liang, Huajun; Rivera, Pedro Rodriguez; Cloak, Christine C; Reeves, Gloria; Lever, Nancy A; Chang, Linda	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
36223250	Create Study	A Brain Network by Any Other Name.	Journal of cognitive neuroscience	Uddin, Lucina Q	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
36187359	Create Study	Parental Arrest and Child Behavior: Differential Role of Executive Functioning among Racial Subgroups.	Journal of child and family studies	Johnson, Elizabeth I; Planalp, Elizabeth M; Poehlmann-Tynan, Julie	July 1, 2022	Not Determined
36182088	Create Study	Concordance in Child-Parent Reporting of Social Victimization Experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Academic pediatrics	Tang, Judy T; Saadi, Altaf; Dunn, Erin C; Choi, Kristen	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36169746	Create Study	Exploring the Relationships Between Autozygosity, Educational Attainment, and Cognitive Ability in a Contemporary, Trans-Ancestral American Sample.	Behavior genetics	Colbert, Sarah Mc; Keller, Matthew C; Agrawal, Arpana; Johnson, Emma C	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36151456	Create Study	Working memory and reaction time variability mediate the relationship between polygenic risk and ADHD traits in a general population sample.	Molecular psychiatry	Moses, Mia; Tiego, Jeggan; Demontis, Ditte; Bragi Walters, G; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stefansson, Kari; Børglum, Anders D; Arnatkeviciute, Aurina; Bellgrove, Mark A	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36116616	Create Study	Comparison of individualized behavioral predictions across anatomical, diffusion and functional connectivity MRI.	NeuroImage	Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Chen, Jianzhong; Zhang, Shaoshi; Kong, Ru; Tam, Angela; Li, Jingwei; Dhamala, Elvisha; Zhou, Juan Helen; Holmes, Avram J; Yeo, B T Thomas	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36115590	Create Study	Generalization of cortical MOSTest genome-wide associations within and across samples.	NeuroImage	Loughnan, Robert J; Shadrin, Alexey A; Frei, Oleksandr; van der Meer, Dennis; Zhao, Weiqi; Palmer, Clare E; Thompson, Wesley K; Makowski, Carolina; Jernigan, Terry L; Andreassen, Ole A; Fan, Chun Chieh; Dale, Anders M	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36115222	Create Study	Convergent gray matter alterations across drugs of abuse and network-level implications: A meta-analysis of structural MRI studies.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Hill-Bowen, Lauren D; Riedel, Michael C; Salo, Taylor; Flannery, Jessica S; Poudel, Ranjita; Laird, Angela R; Sutherland, Matthew T	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36103956	Create Study	Association between mild traumatic brain injury, brain structure, and mental health outcomes in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	NeuroImage	Lopez, Daniel A; Christensen, Zachary P; Foxe, John J; Ziemer, Laura R; Nicklas, Paige R; Freedman, Edward G	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36100907	Create Study	Extended functional connectivity of convergent structural alterations among individuals with PTSD: a neuroimaging meta-analysis.	Behavioral and brain functions : BBF	Pankey, Brianna S; Riedel, Michael C; Cowan, Isis; Bartley, Jessica E; Pintos Lobo, Rosario; Hill-Bowen, Lauren D; Salo, Taylor; Musser, Erica D; Sutherland, Matthew T; Laird, Angela R	September 13, 2022	Not Determined
36100668	Create Study	Shared genetic architecture between schizophrenia and subcortical brain volumes implicates early neurodevelopmental processes and brain development in childhood.	Molecular psychiatry	Cheng, Weiqiu; van der Meer, Dennis; Parker, Nadine; Hindley, Guy; O'Connell, Kevin S; Wang, Yunpeng; Shadrin, Alexey A; Alnæs, Dag; Bahrami, Shahram; Lin, Aihua; Karadag, Naz; Holen, Børge; Fernandez-Cabello, Sara; Fan, Chun-Chieh; Dale, Anders M; Djurovic, Srdjan; Westlye, Lars T; Frei, Oleksandr; Smeland, Olav B; Andreassen, Ole A	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36100657	Create Study	Evidence from "big data" for the default-mode hypothesis of ADHD: a mega-analysis of multiple large samples.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Norman, Luke J; Sudre, Gustavo; Price, Jolie; Shastri, Gauri G; Shaw, Philip	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
36094599	Create Study	Association of Mental Health Burden With Prenatal Cannabis Exposure From Childhood to Early Adolescence: Longitudinal Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Baranger, David A A; Paul, Sarah E; Colbert, Sarah M C; Karcher, Nicole R; Johnson, Emma C; Hatoum, Alexander S; Bogdan, Ryan	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
36094004	Create Study	Biopsychosocial Attributes of Single-region and Multi-region Body Pain During Early Adolescence: Analysis of the ABCD Cohort.	The Clinical journal of pain	Senger-Carpenter, Thea; Scott, Eric L; Marriott, Deanna J; Lenko, Rachel; Seng, Julia; Ploutz-Snyder, Robert; Robinson-Lane, Sheria G; Cofield, Cherie; Chen, Bingxin; Voepel-Lewis, Terri	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36090949	Create Study	How Robust Is the p Factor? Using Multitrait-Multimethod Modeling to Inform the Meaning of General Factors of Youth Psychopathology.	Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science	Watts, Ashley L; Makol, Bridget A; Palumbo, Isabella M; De Los Reyes, Andres; Olino, Thomas M; Latzman, Robert D; DeYoung, Colin G; Wood, Phillip K; Sher, Kenneth J	July 1, 2022	Not Determined
36084446	Create Study	Youth screen use in the ABCD® study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Bagot, K S; Tomko, R L; Marshall, A T; Hermann, J; Cummins, K; Ksinan, A; Kakalis, M; Breslin, F; Lisdahl, K M; Mason, M; Redhead, J N; Squeglia, L M; Thompson, W K; Wade, T; Tapert, S F; Fuemmeler, B F; Baker, F C	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
36070838	Create Study	Associations between brain imaging and polygenic scores of mental health and educational attainment in children aged 9-11.	NeuroImage	Fernandez-Cabello, Sara; Alnæs, Dag; van der Meer, Dennis; Dahl, Andreas; Holm, Madelene; Kjelkenes, Rikka; Maximov, Ivan I; Norbom, Linn B; Pedersen, Mads L; Voldsbekk, Irene; Andreassen, Ole A; Westlye, Lars T	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36064140	Create Study	Curation of BIDS (CuBIDS): A workflow and software package for streamlining reproducible curation of large BIDS datasets.	NeuroImage	Covitz, Sydney; Tapera, Tinashe M; Adebimpe, Azeez; Alexander-Bloch, Aaron F; Bertolero, Maxwell A; Feczko, Eric; Franco, Alexandre R; Gur, Raquel E; Gur, Ruben C; Hendrickson, Timothy; Houghton, Audrey; Mehta, Kahini; Murtha, Kristin; Perrone, Anders J; Robert-Fitzgerald, Tim; Schabdach, Jenna M; Shinohara, Russell T; Vogel, Jacob W; Zhao, Chenying; Fair, Damien A; Milham, Michael P; Cieslak, Matthew; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
36043323	Create Study	Examining reaction time variability on the stop-signal task in the ABCD study.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Epstein, Jeffery N; Karalunas, Sarah L; Tamm, Leanne; Dudley, Jonathan A; Lynch, James D; Altaye, Mekibib; Simon, John O; Maloney, Thomas C; Atluri, Gowtham	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
36028495	Create Study	Sex-specific genetic association between psychiatric disorders and cognition, behavior and brain imaging in children and adults.	Translational psychiatry	Gui, Yuanyuan; Zhou, Xiaocheng; Wang, Zixin; Zhang, Yiliang; Wang, Zhaobin; Zhou, Geyu; Zhao, Yize; Liu, Manhua; Lu, Hui; Zhao, Hongyu	August 26, 2022	Not Determined
36003980	Create Study	A prospective investigation of youth alcohol experimentation and reward responsivity in the ABCD study.	Frontiers in psychiatry	May, April C; Jacobus, Joanna; Simmons, Alan N; Tapert, Susan F	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
36002962	Create Study	Brain structural changes and the development of interference control in children with ADHD: The predictive value of physical activity and body mass index.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Ludyga, Sebastian; Ishihara, Toru	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35998220	Create Study	Genome-wide analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Eising, Else; Mirza-Schreiber, Nazanin; de Zeeuw, Eveline L; Wang, Carol A; Truong, Dongnhu T; Allegrini, Andrea G; Shapland, Chin Yang; Zhu, Gu; Wigg, Karen G; Gerritse, Margot L; Molz, Barbara; Alagöz, Gökberk; Gialluisi, Alessandro; Abbondanza, Filippo; Rimfeld, Kaili; van Donkelaar, Marjolein; Liao, Zhijie; Jansen, Philip R; Andlauer, Till F M; Bates, Timothy C; Bernard, Manon; Blokland, Kirsten; Bonte, Milene; Børglum, Anders D; Bourgeron, Thomas; Brandeis, Daniel; Ceroni, Fabiola; Csépe, Valéria; Dale, Philip S; de Jong, Peter F; DeFries, John C; Démonet, Jean-François; Demontis, Ditte; Feng, Yu; Gordon, Scott D; Guger, Sharon L; Hayiou-Thomas, Marianna E; Hernández-Cabrera, Juan A; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Hulme, Charles; Kere, Juha; Kerr, Elizabeth N; Koomar, Tanner; Landerl, Karin; Leonard, Gabriel T; Lovett, Maureen W; Lyytinen, Heikki; Martin, Nicholas G; Martinelli, Angela; Maurer, Urs; Michaelson, Jacob J; Moll, Kristina; Monaco, Anthony P; Morgan, Angela T; Nöthen, Markus M; Pausova, Zdenka; Pennell, Craig E; Pennington, Bruce F; Price, Kaitlyn M; Rajagopal, Veera M; Ramus, Franck; Richer, Louis; Simpson, Nuala H; Smith, Shelley D; Snowling, Margaret J; Stein, John; Strug, Lisa J; Talcott, Joel B; Tiemeier, Henning; van der Schroeff, Marc P; Verhoef, Ellen; Watkins, Kate E; Wilkinson, Margaret; Wright, Margaret J; Barr, Cathy L; Boomsma, Dorret I; Carreiras, Manuel; Franken, Marie-Christine J; Gruen, Jeffrey R; Luciano, Michelle; Müller-Myhsok, Bertram; Newbury, Dianne F; Olson, Richard K; Paracchini, Silvia; Paus, Tomáš; Plomin, Robert; Reilly, Sheena; Schulte-Körne, Gerd; Tomblin, J Bruce; van Bergen, Elsje; Whitehouse, Andrew J O; Willcutt, Erik G; St Pourcain, Beate; Francks, Clyde; Fisher, Simon E	August 30, 2022	Not Determined
35987133	Create Study	The ABCD stop signal data: Response to Bissett et al.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Garavan, H; Chaarani, B; Hahn, S; Allgaier, N; Juliano, A; Yuan, D K; Orr, C; Watts, R; Wager, T D; Ruiz de Leon, O; Hagler Jr, D J; Potter, A	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
35978795	Create Study	Active coping strategies and less pre-pandemic alcohol use relate to college student mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic.	Frontiers in psychology	Akeman, Elisabeth; Cannon, Mallory J; Kirlic, Namik; Cosgrove, Kelly T; DeVille, Danielle C; McDermott, Timothy J; White, Evan J; Cohen, Zsofia P; Forthman, K L; Paulus, Martin P; Aupperle, Robin L	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35963164	Create Study	Location matters: Regional variation in association of community burden of COVID-19 with caregiver and youth worry.	Health & place	Marshall, Andrew T; Hackman, Daniel A; Kan, Eric; Abad, Shermaine; Baker, Fiona C; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Dowling, Gayathri J; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Guillaume, Mathieu; Kiss, Orsolya; McCabe, Connor J; McCandliss, Bruce D; Pelham 3rd, William E; Tapert, Susan F; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Sowell, Elizabeth R	September 1, 2022	Not Determined
35953530	Create Study	Genetic overlap between mood instability and alcohol-related phenotypes suggests shared biological underpinnings.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Icick, Romain; Shadrin, Alexey; Holen, Børge; Karadag, Naz; Lin, Aihua; Hindley, Guy; O'Connell, Kevin; Frei, Oleksandr; Bahrami, Shahram; Høegh, Margrethe Collier; Cheng, Weiqiu; Fan, Chun C; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders M; Lagerberg, Trine Vik; Smeland, Olav B; Andreassen, Ole A	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
35953104	Create Study	Adolescent-specific memory effects: evidence from working memory, immediate and long-term recognition memory performance in 8-30 yr olds.	Learning & memory (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.)	Skalaban, Lena J; Cohen, Alexandra O; Conley, May I; Lin, Qi; Schwartz, Garrett N; Ruiz-Huidobro, Nicholas A M; Cannonier, Tariq; Martinez, Steven A; Casey, B J	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35946823	Create Study	Integrative analysis of genomic and exposomic influences on youth mental health.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Choi, Karmel W; Wilson, Marina; Ge, Tian; Kandola, Aaron; Patel, Chirag J; Lee, S Hong; Smoller, Jordan W	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
35944262	Create Study	Impact of Childhood Trauma Exposure, Genetic Variation in Endocannabinoid Signaling, and Anxiety on Frontolimbic Pathways in Children.	Cannabis and cannabinoid research	Marusak, Hilary A; Evanski, Julia; Desai, Shreya; Rabinak, Christine A	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
35939696	Create Study	Sex differences in the functional topography of association networks in youth.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Shanmugan, Sheila; Seidlitz, Jakob; Cui, Zaixu; Adebimpe, Azeez; Bassett, Danielle S; Bertolero, Maxwell A; Davatzikos, Christos; Fair, Damien A; Gur, Raquel E; Gur, Ruben C; Larsen, Bart; Li, Hongming; Pines, Adam; Raznahan, Armin; Roalf, David R; Shinohara, Russell T; Vogel, Jacob; Wolf, Daniel H; Fan, Yong; Alexander-Bloch, Aaron; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	August 16, 2022	Not Determined
35928929	Create Study	Do Rating and Task Measures of Control Abilities Assess the Same Thing?	Current directions in psychological science	Friedman, Naomi P; Gustavson, Daniel E	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35914537	Create Study	Effects of sleep duration on neurocognitive development in early adolescents in the USA: a propensity score matched, longitudinal, observational study.	The Lancet. Child & adolescent health	Yang, Fan Nils; Xie, Weizhen; Wang, Ze	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
35903877	Create Study	Longitudinally stable, brain-based predictive models mediate the relationships between childhood cognition and socio-demographic, psychological and genetic factors.	Human brain mapping	Pat, Narun; Wang, Yue; Anney, Richard; Riglin, Lucy; Thapar, Anita; Stringaris, Argyris	December 15, 2022	Not Determined
35899848	Create Study	Comparing personalized brain-based and genetic risk scores for major depressive disorder in large population samples of adults and adolescents.	European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists	Thng, Gladi; Shen, Xueyi; Stolicyn, Aleks; Harris, Mathew A; Adams, Mark J; Barbu, Miruna C; Kwong, Alex S F; Frangou, Sophia; Lawrie, Stephen M; McIntosh, Andrew M; Romaniuk, Liana; Whalley, Heather C	July 28, 2022	Not Determined
35895476	Create Study	Brain structural covariation linked to screen media activity and externalizing behaviors in children.	Journal of behavioral addictions	Zhao, Yihong; Paulus, Martin; Bagot, Kara S; Constable, R Todd; Yaggi, H Klar; Redeker, Nancy S; Potenza, Marc N	July 13, 2022	Not Determined
35894236	Create Study	A Deeper Dive Into the Relation Between Psychotic-like Experiences and Suicidal Ideation and Behaviors in Children Across the United States.	Schizophrenia bulletin	Jay, Samantha Y; Schiffman, Jason; Grattan, Rebecca; O'Hare, Kirstie; Klaunig, Mallory; DeVylder, Jordan; Karcher, Nicole R	November 18, 2022	Not Determined
35884741	Create Study	Application of the RDoC Framework to Predict Alcohol Use and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among Early Adolescents in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Brain sciences	Aguinaldo, Laika D; Coronado, Clarisa; Gomes, Diego A; Courtney, Kelly E; Jacobus, Joanna	July 17, 2022	Not Determined
35884720	Create Study	Nucleus Accumbens Response to Reward among Children with a Family History of Alcohol Use Problems: Convergent Findings from the ABCD Study® and Michigan Longitudinal Study.	Brain sciences	Martz, Meghan E; Hardee, Jillian E; Cope, Lora M; McCurry, Katherine L; Soules, Mary; Zucker, Robert A; Heitzeg, Mary M	July 13, 2022	Not Determined
35884696	Create Study	Young Adult E-Cigarette and Combustible Tobacco Users Attitudes, Substance Use Behaviors, Mental Health, and Neurocognitive Performance.	Brain sciences	Wade, Natasha E; Courtney, Kelly E; Doran, Neal; Baca, Rachel; Aguinaldo, Laika D; Thompson, Courtney; Finegan, Jamie; Jacobus, Joanna	July 6, 2022	Not Determined
35881083	Create Study	Contemporary screen time modalities and disruptive behavior disorders in children: a prospective cohort study.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Nagata, Jason M; Chu, Jonathan; Ganson, Kyle T; Murray, Stuart B; Iyer, Puja; Gabriel, Kelley Pettee; Garber, Andrea K; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Baker, Fiona C	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
35867480	Create Study	Effect of exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy on offspring''s brain cortical thickness and neurocognitive functioning.	Child neuropsychology : a journal on normal and abnormal development in childhood and adolescence	Ahmed, Shyfuddin; Cano, Miguel Ángel; Sánchez, Mariana; Hu, Nan; Ibañez, Gladys	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
35858412	Create Study	Disparities in sleep duration among American children: effects of race and ethnicity, income, age, and sex.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Giddens, Natasha T; Juneau, Paul; Manza, Peter; Wiers, Corinde E; Volkow, Nora D	July 26, 2022	Not Determined
35856914	Create Study	Neural substrates of substance use disorders.	Current opinion in neurology	Paulus, Martin P	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35853601	Create Study	Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent Screen Time and Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic.	Academic pediatrics	Raney, Julia; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Ganson, Kyle T; Nagata, Jason	July 16, 2022	Not Determined
35852028	Create Study	Systematic evaluation of machine learning algorithms for neuroanatomically-based age prediction in youth.	Human brain mapping	Modabbernia, Amirhossein; Whalley, Heather C; Glahn, David C; Thompson, Paul M; Kahn, Rene S; Frangou, Sophia	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
35843514	Create Study	Proportional intracranial volume correction differentially biases behavioral predictions across neuroanatomical features, sexes, and development.	NeuroImage	Dhamala, Elvisha; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Chen, Jianzhong; Kong, Ru; Anderson, Kevin M; Chin, Rowena; Yeo, B T Thomas; Holmes, Avram J	October 15, 2022	Not Determined
35840085	Create Study	Social Epidemiology of Early Adolescent Cyberbullying in the United States.	Academic pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Trompeter, Nora; Singh, Gurbinder; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Assari, Shervin; Murray, Stuart B; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Baker, Fiona C	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35801628	Create Study	Neural processes of inhibitory control in American Indian peoples are associated with reduced mental health problems.	Social cognitive and affective neuroscience	White, Evan J; Demuth, Mara J; Nacke, Mariah; Kirlic, Namik; Kuplicki, Rayus; Spechler, Philip A; McDermott, Timothy J; DeVille, Danielle C; Stewart, Jennifer L; Lowe, John; Paulus, Martin P; Aupperle, Robin L	February 23, 2023	Not Determined
35768491	Create Study	Social epidemiology of early adolescent problematic screen use in the United States.	Pediatric research	Nagata, Jason M; Singh, Gurbinder; Sajjad, Omar M; Ganson, Kyle T; Testa, Alexander; Jackson, Dylan B; Assari, Shervin; Murray, Stuart B; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Baker, Fiona C	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
35764363	Create Study	Unique prediction of developmental psychopathology from genetic and familial risk.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Loughnan, Robert J; Palmer, Clare E; Makowski, Carolina; Thompson, Wesley K; Barch, Deanna M; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M; Fan, Chun Chieh	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
35752070	Create Study	Associations of polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with general and specific dimensions of childhood psychological problems and facets of impulsivity.	Journal of psychiatric research	Lahey, Benjamin B; Tong, Lin; Pierce, Brandon; Hedeker, Donald; Berman, Marc G; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Moore, Tyler M; Applegate, Brooks; Tiemeier, Henning; Kaczkurkin, Antonia N	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35748113	Create Study	Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Risks of Financial Insecurity and Coping.	Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence	Gonzalez, Marybel R; Brown, Sandra A; Pelham 3rd, William E; Bodison, Stefanie C; McCabe, Connor; Baker, Fiona C; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Dick, Anthony Steven; Dowling, Gayathri J; Gebreselassie, Sabrina; Guillaume, Mathieu; Marshall, Andrew T; Sheth, Chandni; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Tapert, Susan F	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
35728730	Create Study	Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Diet, Exercise, and Sleep in Pre-adolescents.	Academic pediatrics	Lewis-de Los Angeles, William W	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35716638	Create Study	Does pubertal stage mediate the association between family environment and structure and function of the amygdala-mPFC circuit? A replication study of the longitudinal ABCD cohort.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Thijssen, Sandra; Collins, Paul F; Luciana, Monica	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35700753	Create Study	Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Molnar-Szakacs, Istvan; Uddin, Lucina Q	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35697648	Create Study	Explainable machine learning approach to predict and explain the relationship between task-based fMRI and individual differences in cognition.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Pat, Narun; Wang, Yue; Bartonicek, Adam; Candia, Julián; Stringaris, Argyris	March 10, 2023	Not Determined
35643526	Create Study	The Bidirectional Relationship Between Brain Features and the Dysregulation Profile: A Longitudinal, Multimodal Approach.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Blok, Elisabet; Lamballais, Sander; Benítez-Manzanas, Laia; White, Tonya	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35596841	Create Study	Relationship Between Neighborhood Poverty and Externalizing Symptoms in Children: Mediation and Moderation by Environmental Factors and Brain Structure.	Child psychiatry and human development	Maxwell, Megan Y; Taylor, Rita L; Barch, Deanna M	December 1, 2023	Not Determined
35590181	Create Study	Preventing Adolescent Opioid Misuse: Racial/Ethnic Differences in the Protective Effects of Extracurricular Activities.	Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs	Rigg, Khary K; Johnson, Micah E	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35584792	Create Study	Midlife omega-3 fatty acid intake predicts later life white matter microstructure in an age- and APOE-dependent manner.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Tsiknia, Amaryllis A; Bergstrom, Jaclyn; Reas, Emilie T	February 20, 2023	Not Determined
35579325	Create Study	Multi-tract multi-symptom relationships in pediatric concussion.	eLife	Guberman, Guido I; Stojanovski, Sonja; Nishat, Eman; Ptito, Alain; Bzdok, Danilo; Wheeler, Anne L; Descoteaux, Maxime	May 17, 2022	Not Determined
35568572	Create Study	Sex differences in the association of adverse childhood experiences on past 30-day opioid misuse among Florida justice-involved children.	Journal of substance abuse treatment	Zaidi, Farwah; Johnson, Micah E; Akbari, Zahra; Vroom, Enya B; Bristol, Skye C	September 1, 2022	Not Determined
35565079	Create Study	Stand-Biased Desks Impact on Cognition in Elementary Students Using a Within-Classroom Crossover Design.	International journal of environmental research and public health	Wallace, Alexander L; Swartz, Ann M; Cho, Chi C; Kaiver, Christine M; Sullivan, Ryan M; Lisdahl, Krista M	May 7, 2022	Not Determined
35554607	Create Study	Depression and Psychosis Risk Shared Vulnerability for Motor Signs Across Development, Symptom Dimensions, and Familial Risk.	Schizophrenia bulletin	Damme, Katherine S F; Park, Jadyn S; Walther, Sebastian; Vargas, Teresa; Shankman, Stewart A; Mittal, Vijay A	June 21, 2022	Not Determined
35552993	Create Study	Limits to the generalizability of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of youth: An examination of ABCD Study® baseline data.	Brain imaging and behavior	Cosgrove, Kelly T; McDermott, Timothy J; White, Evan J; Mosconi, Matthew W; Thompson, Wesley K; Paulus, Martin P; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Aupperle, Robin L	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35545630	Create Study	The impact of digital media on children''s intelligence while controlling for genetic differences in cognition and socioeconomic background.	Scientific reports	Sauce, Bruno; Liebherr, Magnus; Judd, Nicholas; Klingberg, Torkel	May 11, 2022	Not Determined
35545159	Create Study	Prediction of the trajectories of depressive symptoms among children in the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study using machine learning approach.	Journal of affective disorders	Xiang, Qu; Chen, Kai; Peng, Li; Luo, Jiawei; Jiang, Jingwen; Chen, Yang; Lan, Lan; Song, Huan; Zhou, Xiaobo	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35534121	Create Study	Neuroplasticity, the Prefrontal Cortex, and Psychopathology-Related Deviations in Cognitive Control.	Annual review of clinical psychology	Luciana, Monica; Collins, Paul F	May 9, 2022	Not Determined
35531607	Create Study	Parent-Child Concordance and Discordance in Family Violence Reporting: A Descriptive Analysis from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study®.	Journal of interpersonal violence	Hogan, Jasara N; Garcia, Alexis M; Tomko, Rachel L; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Flanagan, Julianne C	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
35525409	Create Study	Developmental Considerations for Understanding Perceptions and Impacts of Identity-Related Differences: Focusing on Adolescence.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Uddin, Lucina Q; De Los Reyes, Andres	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
35509143	Create Study	Longer screen time utilization is associated with the polygenic risk for Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with mediation by brain white matter microstructure.	EBioMedicine	Yang, Anyi; Rolls, Edmund T; Dong, Guiying; Du, Jingnan; Li, Yuzhu; Feng, Jianfeng; Cheng, Wei; Zhao, Xing-Ming	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35505052	Create Study	Multivariate genome-wide association study on tissue-sensitive diffusion metrics highlights pathways that shape the human brain.	Nature communications	Fan, Chun Chieh; Loughnan, Robert; Makowski, Carolina; Pecheva, Diliana; Chen, Chi-Hua; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Thompson, Wesley K; Parker, Nadine; van der Meer, Dennis; Frei, Oleksandr; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M	May 3, 2022	Not Determined
35495562	Create Study	Objective aerobic fitness level and neuropsychological functioning in healthy adolescents and emerging adults: Unique sex effects.	Psychology of sport and exercise	Wade, Natasha E; Kaiver, Christine M; Wallace, Alexander L; Hatcher, Kelah F; Swartz, Ann M; Lisdahl, Krista M	November 1, 2020	Not Determined
35489875	Create Study	Virtual Ontogeny of Cortical Growth Preceding Mental Illness.	Biological psychiatry	Patel, Yash; Shin, Jean; Abé, Christoph; Agartz, Ingrid; Alloza, Clara; Alnæs, Dag; Ambrogi, Sonia; Antonucci, Linda A; Arango, Celso; Arolt, Volker; Auzias, Guillaume; Ayesa-Arriola, Rosa; Banaj, Nerisa; Banaschewski, Tobias; Bandeira, Cibele; Başgöze, Zeynep; Cupertino, Renata Basso; Bau, Claiton H D; Bauer, Jochen; Baumeister, Sarah; Bernardoni, Fabio; Bertolino, Alessandro; Bonnin, Caterina Del Mar; Brandeis, Daniel; Brem, Silvia; Bruggemann, Jason; Bülow, Robin; Bustillo, Juan R; Calderoni, Sara; Calvo, Rosa; Canales-Rodríguez, Erick J; Cannon, Dara M; Carmona, Susanna; Carr, Vaughan J; Catts, Stanley V; Chenji, Sneha; Chew, Qian Hui; Coghill, David; Connolly, Colm G; Conzelmann, Annette; Craven, Alexander R; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Cullen, Kathryn; Dahl, Andreas; Dannlowski, Udo; Davey, Christopher G; Deruelle, Christine; Díaz-Caneja, Covadonga M; Dohm, Katharina; Ehrlich, Stefan; Epstein, Jeffery; Erwin-Grabner, Tracy; Eyler, Lisa T; Fedor, Jennifer; Fitzgerald, Jacqueline; Foran, William; Ford, Judith M; Fortea, Lydia; Fuentes-Claramonte, Paola; Fullerton, Janice; Furlong, Lisa; Gallagher, Louise; Gao, Bingchen; Gao, Si; Goikolea, Jose M; Gotlib, Ian; Goya-Maldonado, Roberto; Grabe, Hans J; Green, Melissa; Grevet, Eugenio H; Groenewold, Nynke A; Grotegerd, Dominik; Gruber, Oliver; Haavik, Jan; Hahn, Tim; Harrison, Ben J; Heindel, Walter; Henskens, Frans; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Hilland, Eva; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Hohmann, Sarah; Holz, Nathalie; Howells, Fleur M; Ipser, Jonathan C; Jahanshad, Neda; Jakobi, Babette; Jansen, Andreas; Janssen, Joost; Jonassen, Rune; Kaiser, Anna; Kaleda, Vasiliy; Karantonis, James; King, Joseph A; Kircher, Tilo; Kochunov, Peter; Koopowitz, Sheri-Michelle; Landén, Mikael; Landrø, Nils Inge; Lawrie, Stephen; Lebedeva, Irina; Luna, Beatriz; Lundervold, Astri J; MacMaster, Frank P; Maglanoc, Luigi A; Mathalon, Daniel H; McDonald, Colm; McIntosh, Andrew; Meinert, Susanne; Michie, Patricia T; Mitchell, Philip; Moreno-Alcázar, Ana; Mowry, Bryan; Muratori, Filippo; Nabulsi, Leila; Nenadić, Igor; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Overs, Bronwyn; Pantelis, Christos; Parellada, Mara; Pariente, Jose C; Pauli, Paul; Pergola, Giulio; Piarulli, Francesco Maria; Picon, Felipe; Piras, Fabrizio; Pomarol-Clotet, Edith; Pretus, Clara; Quidé, Yann; Radua, Joaquim; Ramos-Quiroga, J Antoni; Rasser, Paul E; Reif, Andreas; Retico, Alessandra; Roberts, Gloria; Rossell, Susan; Rovaris, Diego Luiz; Rubia, Katya; Sacchet, Matthew; Salavert, Josep; Salvador, Raymond; Sarró, Salvador; Sawa, Akira; Schall, Ulrich; Scott, Rodney; Selvaggi, Pierluigi; Silk, Tim; Sim, Kang; Skoch, Antonin; Spalletta, Gianfranco; Spaniel, Filip; Stein, Dan J; Steinsträter, Olaf; Stolicyn, Aleks; Takayanagi, Yoichiro; Tamm, Leanne; Tavares, Maria; Teumer, Alexander; Thiel, Katharina; Thomopoulos, Sophia I; Tomecek, David; Tomyshev, Alexander S; Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana; Tosetti, Michela; Uhlmann, Anne; Van Rheenen, Tamsyn; Vazquez-Bourgón, Javier; Vernooij, Meike W; Vieta, Eduard; Vilarroya, Oscar; Weickert, Cynthia; Weickert, Thomas; Westlye, Lars T; Whalley, Heather; Willinger, David; Winter, Alexandra; Wittfeld, Katharina; Yang, Tony T; Yoncheva, Yuliya; Zijlmans, Jendé L; Hoogman, Martine; Franke, Barbara; van Rooij, Daan; Buitelaar, Jan; Ching, Christopher R K; Andreassen, Ole A; Pozzi, Elena; Veltman, Dick; Schmaal, Lianne; van Erp, Theo G M; Turner, Jessica; Castellanos, F Xavier; Pausova, Zdenka; Thompson, Paul; Paus, Tomas	August 15, 2022	Not Determined
35488084	Create Study	Single doses of a highly selective inhibitor of phosphodiesterase 1 (lenrispodun) in healthy volunteers: a randomized pharmaco-fMRI clinical trial.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Khalsa, Sahib S; Victor, Teresa A; Kuplicki, Rayus; Yeh, Hung-Wen; Vanover, Kimberly E; Paulus, Martin P; Davis, Robert E	September 1, 2022	Not Determined
35483606	Create Study	Internalizing Symptoms and Adverse Childhood Experiences Associated With Functional Connectivity in a Middle Childhood Sample.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Albertina, Emily A; Barch, Deanna M; Karcher, Nicole R	January 1, 2024	Not Determined
35468875	Create Study	Shared and unique brain network features predict cognitive, personality, and mental health scores in the ABCD study.	Nature communications	Chen, Jianzhong; Tam, Angela; Kebets, Valeria; Orban, Csaba; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Asplund, Christopher L; Marek, Scott; Dosenbach, Nico U F; Eickhoff, Simon B; Bzdok, Danilo; Holmes, Avram J; Yeo, B T Thomas	April 25, 2022	Not Determined
35452534	Create Study	Effects of the physical and social environment on youth cognitive performance.	Developmental psychobiology	Meredith, Wesley J; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Berman, Marc G; Rosenberg, Monica D	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35445220	Create Study	Individual-, peer-, and parent-level substance use-related factors among 9- and 10-year-olds from the ABCD Study: Prevalence rates and sociodemographic differences.	Drug and alcohol dependence reports	Martz, Meghan E; Heitzeg, Mary M; Lisdahl, Krista M; Cloak, Christine C; Ewing, Sarah W Feldstein; Gonzalez, Raul; Haist, Frank; LeBlanc, Kimberly H; Madden, Pamela A; Ross, J Megan; Sher, Kenneth J; Tapert, Susan F; Thompson, Wesley K; Wade, Natasha E	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35436615	Create Study	An open-access accelerated adult equivalent of the ABCD Study neuroimaging dataset (a-ABCD).	NeuroImage	Rapuano, Kristina M; Conley, May I; Juliano, Anthony C; Conan, Gregory M; Maza, Maria T; Woodman, Kylie; Martinez, Steven A; Earl, Eric; Perrone, Anders; Feczko, Eric; Fair, Damien A; Watts, Richard; Casey, B J; Rosenberg, Monica D	July 15, 2022	Not Determined
35427796	Create Study	Computational Modeling of the n-Back Task in the ABCD Study: Associations of Drift Diffusion Model Parameters to Polygenic Scores of Mental Disorders and Cardiometabolic Diseases.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Pedersen, Mads L; Alnæs, Dag; van der Meer, Dennis; Fernandez-Cabello, Sara; Berthet, Pierre; Dahl, Andreas; Kjelkenes, Rikka; Schwarz, Emanuel; Thompson, Wesley K; Barch, Deanna M; Andreassen, Ole A; Westlye, Lars T	March 1, 2023	Not Determined
35427730	Create Study	Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Restricted Phenotypes Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Polygenic Risk Sensitivity in the ABCD Baseline Cohort.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Cordova, Michaela M; Antovich, Dylan M; Ryabinin, Peter; Neighbor, Christopher; Mooney, Michael A; Dieckmann, Nathan F; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Nagel, Bonnie J; Fair, Damien A; Nigg, Joel T	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
35419552	Create Study	Motor abnormalities, depression risk, and clinical course in adolescence.	Biological psychiatry global open science	Damme, Katherine S F; Park, Jadyn S; Vargas, Teresa; Walther, Sebastian; Shankman, Stewart A; Mittal, Vijay A	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35418882	Create Study	Examining Inhibitory Affective Processing Within the Rostral Anterior Cingulate Cortex Among Abstinent Cannabis-Using Adolescents and Young Adults.	Frontiers in psychiatry	Sullivan, Ryan M; Maple, Kristin E; Wallace, Alexander L; Thomas, Alicia M; Lisdahl, Krista M	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35402089	Create Study	Differentiating kinds of systemic stressors with relation to psychotic-like experiences in late childhood and early adolescence: the stimulation, discrepancy, and deprivation model of psychosis.	Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science	Vargas, Teresa; Damme, Katherine S F; Osborne, K Juston; Mittal, Vijay A	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35396019	Create Study	Neurodevelopmental Profiles in Adolescence: Leveraging Data From the Landmark Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Mewton, Louise; Squeglia, Lindsay	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35393594	Create Study	Common variants contribute to intrinsic human brain functional networks.	Nature genetics	Zhao, Bingxin; Li, Tengfei; Smith, Stephen M; Xiong, Di; Wang, Xifeng; Yang, Yue; Luo, Tianyou; Zhu, Ziliang; Shan, Yue; Matoba, Nana; Sun, Quan; Yang, Yuchen; Hauberg, Mads E; Bendl, Jaroslav; Fullard, John F; Roussos, Panagiotis; Lin, Weili; Li, Yun; Stein, Jason L; Zhu, Hongtu	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35383335	Create Study	Genetic variants associated with longitudinal changes in brain structure across the lifespan.	Nature neuroscience	Brouwer, Rachel M; Klein, Marieke; Grasby, Katrina L; Schnack, Hugo G; Jahanshad, Neda; Teeuw, Jalmar; Thomopoulos, Sophia I; Sprooten, Emma; Franz, Carol E; Gogtay, Nitin; Kremen, William S; Panizzon, Matthew S; Olde Loohuis, Loes M; Whelan, Christopher D; Aghajani, Moji; Alloza, Clara; Alnæs, Dag; Artiges, Eric; Ayesa-Arriola, Rosa; Barker, Gareth J; Bastin, Mark E; Blok, Elisabet; Bøen, Erlend; Breukelaar, Isabella A; Bright, Joanna K; Buimer, Elizabeth E L; Bülow, Robin; Cannon, Dara M; Ciufolini, Simone; Crossley, Nicolas A; Damatac, Christienne G; Dazzan, Paola; de Mol, Casper L; de Zwarte, Sonja M C; Desrivières, Sylvane; Díaz-Caneja, Covadonga M; Doan, Nhat Trung; Dohm, Katharina; Fröhner, Juliane H; Goltermann, Janik; Grigis, Antoine; Grotegerd, Dominik; Han, Laura K M; Harris, Mathew A; Hartman, Catharina A; Heany, Sarah J; Heindel, Walter; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Hohmann, Sarah; Ittermann, Bernd; Jansen, Philip R; Janssen, Joost; Jia, Tianye; Jiang, Jiyang; Jockwitz, Christiane; Karali, Temmuz; Keeser, Daniel; Koevoets, Martijn G J C; Lenroot, Rhoshel K; Malchow, Berend; Mandl, René C W; Medel, Vicente; Meinert, Susanne; Morgan, Catherine A; Mühleisen, Thomas W; Nabulsi, Leila; Opel, Nils; de la Foz, Víctor Ortiz-García; Overs, Bronwyn J; Paillère Martinot, Marie-Laure; Redlich, Ronny; Marques, Tiago Reis; Repple, Jonathan; Roberts, Gloria; Roshchupkin, Gennady V; Setiaman, Nikita; Shumskaya, Elena; Stein, Frederike; Sudre, Gustavo; Takahashi, Shun; Thalamuthu, Anbupalam; Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana; van der Lugt, Aad; van Haren, Neeltje E M; Wardlaw, Joanna M; Wen, Wei; Westeneng, Henk-Jan; Wittfeld, Katharina; Zhu, Alyssa H; Zugman, Andre; Armstrong, Nicola J; Bonfiglio, Gaia; Bralten, Janita; Dalvie, Shareefa; Davies, Gail; Di Forti, Marta; Ding, Linda; Donohoe, Gary; Forstner, Andreas J; Gonzalez-Peñas, Javier; Guimaraes, Joao P O F T; Homuth, Georg; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Knol, Maria J; Kwok, John B J; Le Hellard, Stephanie; Mather, Karen A; Milaneschi, Yuri; Morris, Derek W; Nöthen, Markus M; Papiol, Sergi; Rietschel, Marcella; Santoro, Marcos L; Steen, Vidar M; Stein, Jason L; Streit, Fabian; Tankard, Rick M; Teumer, Alexander; van 't Ent, Dennis; van der Meer, Dennis; van Eijk, Kristel R; Vassos, Evangelos; Vázquez-Bourgon, Javier; Witt, Stephanie H; IMAGEN Consortium; Adams, Hieab H H; Agartz, Ingrid; Ames, David; Amunts, Katrin; Andreassen, Ole A; Arango, Celso; Banaschewski, Tobias; Baune, Bernhard T; Belangero, Sintia I; Bokde, Arun L W; Boomsma, Dorret I; Bressan, Rodrigo A; Brodaty, Henry; Buitelaar, Jan K; Cahn, Wiepke; Caspers, Svenja; Cichon, Sven; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Cox, Simon R; Dannlowski, Udo; Elvsåshagen, Torbjørn; Espeseth, Thomas; Falkai, Peter G; Fisher, Simon E; Flor, Herta; Fullerton, Janice M; Garavan, Hugh; Gowland, Penny A; Grabe, Hans J; Hahn, Tim; Heinz, Andreas; Hillegers, Manon; Hoare, Jacqueline; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Ikram, Mohammad A; Jackowski, Andrea P; Jansen, Andreas; Jönsson, Erik G; Kahn, Rene S; Kircher, Tilo; Korgaonkar, Mayuresh S; Krug, Axel; Lemaitre, Herve; Malt, Ulrik F; Martinot, Jean-Luc; McDonald, Colm; Mitchell, Philip B; Muetzel, Ryan L; Murray, Robin M; Nees, Frauke; Nenadić, Igor; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Ophoff, Roel A; Pan, Pedro M; Penninx, Brenda W J H; Poustka, Luise; Sachdev, Perminder S; Salum, Giovanni A; Schofield, Peter R; Schumann, Gunter; Shaw, Philip; Sim, Kang; Smolka, Michael N; Stein, Dan J; Trollor, Julian N; van den Berg, Leonard H; Veldink, Jan H; Walter, Henrik; Westlye, Lars T; Whelan, Robert; White, Tonya; Wright, Margaret J; Medland, Sarah E; Franke, (see original citation for additional authors)	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35378237	Create Study	Understanding Associations Between Race/Ethnicity, Experiences of Discrimination, and Psychotic-like Experiences in Middle Childhood.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Karcher, Nicole R; Klaunig, Mallory J; Elsayed, Nourhan M; Taylor, Rita L; Jay, Samantha Y; Schiffman, Jason	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
35367223	Create Study	Neurobehavioral maturation of motor response inhibition in adolescence - A narrative review.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Weiss, Hannah; Luciana, Monica	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35360125	Create Study	Explaining the Association Between Urbanicity and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Pre-Adolescence: The Indirect Effect of Urban Exposures.	Frontiers in psychiatry	Saxena, Abhishek; Dodell-Feder, David	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35344870	Create Study	Association between racial/ethnic discrimination and pubertal development in early adolescence.	Psychoneuroendocrinology	Argabright, Stirling T; Moore, Tyler M; Visoki, Elina; DiDomenico, Grace E; Taylor, Jerome H; Barzilay, Ran	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35341934	Create Study	Substance use onset in high-risk 9-13 year-olds in the ABCD study.	Neurotoxicology and teratology	Wade, Natasha E; Tapert, Susan F; Lisdahl, Krista M; Huestis, Marilyn A; Haist, Frank	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35314358	Create Study	Prenatal cannabis exposure predicts attention problems, without changes on fMRI in adolescents.	Neurotoxicology and teratology	Cioffredi, Leigh-Anne; Anderson, Hillary; Loso, Hannah; East, James; Nguyen, Philip; Garavan, Hugh; Potter, Alexandra	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35307818	Create Study	Multi-level predictors of depression symptoms in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Ho, Tiffany C; Shah, Rutvik; Mishra, Jyoti; May, April C; Tapert, Susan F	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
35301976	Create Study	Aberrant functional connectivity between reward and inhibitory control networks in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder.	Psychological medicine	Murray, Stuart B; Alba, Celina; Duval, Christina J; Nagata, Jason M; Cabeen, Ryan P; Lee, Darrin J; Toga, Arthur W; Siegel, Steven J; Jann, Kay	July 1, 2023	Not Determined
35296861	Create Study	Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals.	Nature	Marek, Scott; Tervo-Clemmens, Brenden; Calabro, Finnegan J; Montez, David F; Kay, Benjamin P; Hatoum, Alexander S; Donohue, Meghan Rose; Foran, William; Miller, Ryland L; Hendrickson, Timothy J; Malone, Stephen M; Kandala, Sridhar; Feczko, Eric; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Graham, Alice M; Earl, Eric A; Perrone, Anders J; Cordova, Michaela; Doyle, Olivia; Moore, Lucille A; Conan, Gregory M; Uriarte, Johnny; Snider, Kathy; Lynch, Benjamin J; Wilgenbusch, James C; Pengo, Thomas; Tam, Angela; Chen, Jianzhong; Newbold, Dillan J; Zheng, Annie; Seider, Nicole A; Van, Andrew N; Metoki, Athanasia; Chauvin, Roselyne J; Laumann, Timothy O; Greene, Deanna J; Petersen, Steven E; Garavan, Hugh; Thompson, Wesley K; Nichols, Thomas E; Yeo, B T Thomas; Barch, Deanna M; Luna, Beatriz; Fair, Damien A; Dosenbach, Nico U F	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35294251	Create Study	Cross-ethnicity/race generalization failure of behavioral prediction from resting-state functional connectivity.	Science advances	Li, Jingwei; Bzdok, Danilo; Chen, Jianzhong; Tam, Angela; Ooi, Leon Qi Rong; Holmes, Avram J; Ge, Tian; Patil, Kaustubh R; Jabbi, Mbemba; Eickhoff, Simon B; Yeo, B T Thomas; Genon, Sarah	March 18, 2022	Not Determined
35266079	Create Study	Provider opinions of the acceptability of Ask Suicide-Screening Questions (ASQ) Tool and the ASQ Brief Suicide Safety Assessment (BSSA) for universal suicide risk screening in community healthcare: Potential barriers and necessary elements for future implementation.	The journal of behavioral health services & research	Christensen LeCloux, Mary; Aguinaldo, Laika D; Lanzillo, Elizabeth C; Horowitz, Lisa M	July 1, 2022	Not Determined
35254252	Create Study	The Effects of Nicotine and Cannabis Co-Use During Late Adolescence on White Matter Fiber Tract Microstructure.	Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs	Courtney, Kelly E; Sorg, Scott; Baca, Rachel; Doran, Neal; Jacobson, Aaron; Liu, Thomas T; Jacobus, Joanna	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35248821	Create Study	Exploring neural correlates of behavioral and academic resilience among children in poverty.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Ellwood-Lowe, M E; Irving, C N; Bunge, S A	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35248457	Create Study	Longitudinal Evidence of a Vicious Cycle Between Nucleus Accumbens Microstructure and Childhood Weight Gain.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Rapuano, Kristina M; Berrian, Nia; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Décarie-Spain, Léa; Sharma, Sandeep; Fulton, Stephanie; Casey, B J; Watts, Richard	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35245674	Create Study	Reliability and stability challenges in ABCD task fMRI data.	NeuroImage	Kennedy, James T; Harms, Michael P; Korucuoglu, Ozlem; Astafiev, Serguei V; Barch, Deanna M; Thompson, Wesley K; Bjork, James M; Anokhin, Andrey P	May 15, 2022	Not Determined
35241874	Create Study	Psychometric Evaluation of the Comfort from Companion Animals Scale in a Sexual and Gender Minority Sample.	Anthrozoos	Tomlinson, Camie A; Pittman, Sarah K; Murphy, Jennifer L; Matijczak, Angela; McDonald, Shelby E	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35239427	Create Study	A Midsagittal-View Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Growth and Involution of the Adenoid Mass and Related Changes in Selected Velopharyngeal Structures.	Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR	Perry, Jamie L; Haenssler, Abigail E; Kotlarek, Katelyn J; Fang, Xiangming; Middleton, Shea; Mason, Robert; Kuehn, David P	April 4, 2022	Not Determined
35238352	Create Study	Performance scaling for structural MRI surface parcellations: a machine learning analysis in the ABCD Study.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Hahn, Sage; Owens, Max M; Yuan, DeKang; Juliano, Anthony C; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh; Allgaier, Nicholas	December 15, 2022	Not Determined
35232507	Create Study	The role of perceived threats on mental health, social, and neurocognitive youth outcomes: A multicontextual, person-centered approach.	Development and psychopathology	Conley, May I; Hernandez, Jasmine; Salvati, Joeann M; Gee, Dylan G; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle	May 1, 2023	Not Determined
35223717	Create Study	Resilience to COVID-19: Socioeconomic Disadvantage Associated With Positive Caregiver-Youth Communication and Youth Preventative Actions.	Frontiers in public health	Marshall, Andrew T; Hackman, Daniel A; Baker, Fiona C; Breslin, Florence J; Brown, Sandra A; Dick, Anthony Steven; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Guillaume, Mathieu; Kiss, Orsolya; Lisdahl, Krista M; McCabe, Connor J; Pelham 3rd, William E; Sheth, Chandni; Tapert, Susan F; Rinsveld, Amandine Van; Wade, Natasha E; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
35220054	Create Study	Regional gray matter abnormalities in pre-adolescent binge eating disorder: A voxel-based morphometry study.	Psychiatry research	Murray, Stuart B; Duval, Christina J; Balkchyan, Ane A; Cabeen, Ryan P; Nagata, Jason M; Toga, Arthur W; Siegel, Steven J; Jann, Kay	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35220023	Create Study	Do aggregate, multimodal structural neuroimaging measures replicate regional developmental differences observed in highly cited cellular histological studies?	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Hagler Jr, Donald J; Thompson, Wesley K; Chen, Chi-Hua; Reuter, Chase; Akshoomoff, Natacha; Brown, Timothy T; Pediatric Imaging, Neurocognition, and Genetics Study	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35217219	Create Study	Classifying Conduct Disorder Using a Biopsychosocial Model and Machine Learning Method.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Chan, Lena; Simmons, Cortney; Tillem, Scott; Conley, May; Brazil, Inti A; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle	June 1, 2023	Not Determined
35216811	Create Study	Genetic Association of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Major Depression With Suicidal Ideation and Attempts in Children: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry	Lee, Phil H; Doyle, Alysa E; Li, Xuyang; Silberstein, Micah; Jung, Jae-Yoon; Gollub, Randy L; Nierenberg, Andrew A; Liu, Richard T; Kessler, Ronald C; Perlis, Roy H; Fava, Maurizio	August 1, 2022	Not Determined
35204050	Create Study	Disrupted Resting State Attentional Network Connectivity in Adolescent and Young Adult Cannabis Users following Two-Weeks of Monitored Abstinence.	Brain sciences	Harris, Julia C; Wallace, Alexander L; Thomas, Alicia M; Wirtz, Hailey G; Kaiver, Christine M; Lisdahl, Krista M	February 18, 2022	Not Determined
35183317	Create Study	Rising Rates of Adolescent Depression in the United States: Challenges and Opportunities in the 2020s.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Wilson, Sylia; Dumornay, Nathalie M	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35181902	Create Study	Neural signatures of the development of antisocial behaviours and callous-unemotional traits among youth: The moderating role of parental support.	International journal of developmental neuroscience : the official journal of the International Society for Developmental Neuroscience	Huffman, Landry Goodgame; Oshri, Assaf	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35172771	Create Study	Parent-adolescent agreement in reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic.	BMC public health	Nagata, Jason M; Cortez, Catherine A; Iyer, Puja; Dooley, Erin E; Ganson, Kyle T; Conroy, Amy A; Pettee Gabriel, Kelley	February 16, 2022	Not Determined
35152002	Create Study	Measuring retention within the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD)SM study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Dash, Genevieve F; Thompson, Wesley K; Reuter, Chase; Diaz, Vanessa G; Anokhin, Andrey; Chang, Linda; Cottler, Linda B; Dowling, Gayathri J; LeBlanc, Kimberly; Zucker, Robert A; Tapert, Susan F; Brown, Sandra A; Garavan, Hugh	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35147993	Create Study	Sociodemographic differences in youth alcohol sipping''s nomological network.	Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research	Watts, Ashley L; Megahan, JaiAnna F; Conlin, William E; Doss, Mark I; Sher, Kenneth J	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35136189	Create Study	Associations between social behaviors and experiences with neural correlates of implicit emotion regulation in middle childhood.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Geckeler, Keara C; Barch, Deanna M; Karcher, Nicole R	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35135639	Create Study	Classification of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in children: results from penalised logistic regression analyses in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.	The British journal of psychiatry : the journal of mental science	van Velzen, Laura S; Toenders, Yara J; Avila-Parcet, Aina; Dinga, Richard; Rabinowitz, Jill A; Campos, Adrián I; Jahanshad, Neda; Rentería, Miguel E; Schmaal, Lianne	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35132700	Create Study	Associations between potentially traumatic events and psychopathology among preadolescents in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study®.	Journal of traumatic stress	Thompson, Erin L; Lever, Nancy A; Connors, Kay M; Cloak, Christine C; Reeves, Gloria; Chang, Linda	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
35131529	Create Study	Examination of gamma-aminobutyric acid and glutamate-glutamine levels in association with impulsive behavior in adolescent marijuana users.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Subramaniam, Punitha; Prescot, Andrew; McGlade, Erin; Renshaw, Perry; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35123342	Create Study	Age-related changes and longitudinal stability of individual differences in ABCD Neurocognition measures.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Anokhin, Andrey P; Luciana, Monica; Banich, Marie; Barch, Deanna; Bjork, James M; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Gonzalez, Raul; Haist, Frank; Jacobus, Joanna; Lisdahl, Krista; McGlade, Erin; McCandliss, Bruce; Nagel, Bonnie; Nixon, Sara Jo; Tapert, Susan; Kennedy, James T; Thompson, Wesley	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35123109	Create Study	The Role of School Environment in Brain Structure, Connectivity, and Mental Health in Children: A Multimodal Investigation.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Rakesh, Divyangana; Zalesky, Andrew; Whittle, Sarah	January 1, 2023	Not Determined
35121856	Create Study	A methodological checklist for fMRI drug cue reactivity studies: development and expert consensus.	Nature protocols	Ekhtiari, Hamed; Zare-Bidoky, Mehran; Sangchooli, Arshiya; Janes, Amy C; Kaufman, Marc J; Oliver, Jason A; Prisciandaro, James J; Wüstenberg, Torsten; Anton, Raymond F; Bach, Patrick; Baldacchino, Alex; Beck, Anne; Bjork, James M; Brewer, Judson; Childress, Anna Rose; Claus, Eric D; Courtney, Kelly E; Ebrahimi, Mohsen; Filbey, Francesca M; Ghahremani, Dara G; Azbari, Peyman Ghobadi; Goldstein, Rita Z; Goudriaan, Anna E; Grodin, Erica N; Hamilton, J Paul; Hanlon, Colleen A; Hassani-Abharian, Peyman; Heinz, Andreas; Joseph, Jane E; Kiefer, Falk; Zonoozi, Arash Khojasteh; Kober, Hedy; Kuplicki, Rayus; Li, Qiang; London, Edythe D; McClernon, Joseph; Noori, Hamid R; Owens, Max M; Paulus, Martin P; Perini, Irene; Potenza, Marc; Potvin, Stéphane; Ray, Lara; Schacht, Joseph P; Seo, Dongju; Sinha, Rajita; Smolka, Michael N; Spanagel, Rainer; Steele, Vaughn R; Stein, Elliot A; Steins-Loeber, Sabine; Tapert, Susan F; Verdejo-Garcia, Antonio; Vollstädt-Klein, Sabine; Wetherill, Reagan R; Wilson, Stephen J; Witkiewitz, Katie; Yuan, Kai; Zhang, Xiaochu; Zilverstand, Anna	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35113692	Create Study	Discovery of genomic loci of the human cerebral cortex using genetically informed brain atlases.	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Makowski, Carolina; van der Meer, Dennis; Dong, Weixiu; Wang, Hao; Wu, Yan; Zou, Jingjing; Liu, Cin; Rosenthal, Sara B; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Fan, Chun Chieh; Kremen, William S; Andreassen, Ole A; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M; Zhang, Kun; Visscher, Peter M; Yang, Jian; Chen, Chi-Hua	February 4, 2022	Not Determined
35104356	Create Study	Associations among Household and Neighborhood Socioeconomic Disadvantages, Resting-state Frontoamygdala Connectivity, and Internalizing Symptoms in Youth.	Journal of cognitive neuroscience	Ip, Ka I; Sisk, Lucinda M; Horien, Corey; Conley, May I; Rapuano, Kristina M; Rosenberg, Monica D; Greene, Abigail S; Scheinost, Dustin; Constable, R Todd; Casey, B J; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Gee, Dylan G	September 1, 2022	Not Determined
35101172	Create Study	Charting brain growth and aging at high spatial precision.	eLife	Rutherford, Saige; Fraza, Charlotte; Dinga, Richard; Kia, Seyed Mostafa; Wolfers, Thomas; Zabihi, Mariam; Berthet, Pierre; Worker, Amanda; Verdi, Serena; Andrews, Derek; Han, Laura Km; Bayer, Johanna Mm; Dazzan, Paola; McGuire, Phillip; Mocking, Roel T; Schene, Aart; Sripada, Chandra; Tso, Ivy F; Duval, Elizabeth R; Chang, Soo-Eun; Penninx, Brenda Wjh; Heitzeg, Mary M; Burt, S Alexandra; Hyde, Luke W; Amaral, David; Wu Nordahl, Christine; Andreasssen, Ole A; Westlye, Lars T; Zahn, Roland; Ruhe, Henricus G; Beckmann, Christian; Marquand, Andre F	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
35090817	Create Study	The Pandemic''s Toll on Young Adolescents: Prevention and Intervention Targets to Preserve Their Mental Health.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Kiss, Orsolya; Alzueta, Elisabet; Yuksel, Dilara; Pohl, Kilian M; de Zambotti, Massimiliano; Műller-Oehring, Eva M; Prouty, Devin; Durley, Ingrid; Pelham 3rd, William E; McCabe, Connor J; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Brown, Sandra A; Wade, Natasha E; Marshall, Andrew T; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Breslin, Florence J; Lisdahl, Krista M; Dick, Anthony S; Sheth, Chandni S; McCandliss, Bruce D; Guillaume, Mathieu; Van Rinsveld, Amandine M; Dowling, Gayathri J; Tapert, Susan F; Baker, Fiona C	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35078736	Create Study	The Prevalence of Preadolescent Eating Disorders in the United States.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Murray, Stuart B; Ganson, Kyle T; Chu, Jonathan; Jann, Kay; Nagata, Jason M	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35075340	Create Study	Profiles of family pet ownership during the COVID-19 pandemic.	Current psychology (New Brunswick, N.J.)	Halbreich, Eli D; Mueller, Megan K	January 20, 2022	Not Determined
35072847	Create Study	Birth Weight and Childhood Psychopathology in the ABCD Cohort: Association is Strongest for Attention Problems and is Moderated by Sex.	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Dooley, Niamh; Clarke, Mary; Cotter, David; Cannon, Mary	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35067249	Create Study	Neural signatures of data-driven psychopathology dimensions at the transition to adolescence.	European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists	Modabbernia, Amirhossein; Michelini, Giorgia; Reichenberg, Abraham; Kotov, Roman; Barch, Deanna; Frangou, Sophia	January 24, 2022	Not Determined
35064714	Create Study	Differentiating distinct and converging neural correlates of types of systemic environmental exposures.	Human brain mapping	Vargas, Teresa G; Damme, Katherine S F; Mittal, Vijay A	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
35061153	Create Study	Parental Knowledge/Monitoring and Depressive Symptoms During Adolescence: Protective Factor or Spurious Association?	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Pelham 3rd, William E; Tapert, Susan F; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Guillaume, Mathieu; Dick, Anthony Steven; Sheth, Chandni S; Baker, Fiona C; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Marshall, Andrew T; Lisdahl, Krista M; Breslin, Florence J; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Brown, Sandra A	July 1, 2022	Not Determined
35052446	Create Study	Adolescent Verbal Memory as a Psychosis Endophenotype: A Genome-Wide Association Study in an Ancestrally Diverse Sample.	Genes	Wang, Baihan; Giannakopoulou, Olga; Austin-Zimmerman, Isabelle; Irizar, Haritz; Harju-Seppänen, Jasmine; Zartaloudi, Eirini; Bhat, Anjali; McQuillin, Andrew; Kuchenbäcker, Karoline; Bramon, Elvira	January 3, 2022	Not Determined
35040524	Create Study	Functional connectome mediates the association between sleep disturbance and mental health in preadolescence: A longitudinal mediation study.	Human brain mapping	Yang, Fan Nils; Liu, Tina Tong; Wang, Ze	April 15, 2022	Not Determined
35033950	Create Study	Associations between cognition and polygenic liability to substance involvement in middle childhood: Results from the ABCD study.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Paul, Sarah E; Hatoum, Alexander S; Barch, Deanna M; Thompson, Wesley K; Agrawal, Arpana; Bogdan, Ryan; Johnson, Emma C	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
35027165	Create Study	Mapping Complex Brain Torque Components and Their Genetic Architecture and Phenomic Associations in 24,112 Individuals.	Biological psychiatry	Zhao, Lu; Matloff, William; Shi, Yonggang; Cabeen, Ryan P; Toga, Arthur W	April 15, 2022	Not Determined
35026661	Create Study	Measurement of gender and sexuality in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Potter, Alexandra S; Dube, Sarahjane L; Barrios, Lisa C; Bookheimer, Susan; Espinoza, Abigail; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Freedman, Edward G; Hoffman, Elizabeth A; Ivanova, Masha; Jefferys, Hailee; McGlade, Erin C; Tapert, Susan F; Johns, Michelle M	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
35023210	Create Study	Parental psychological problems were associated with higher screen time and the use of mature-rated media in children.	Acta paediatrica (Oslo, Norway : 1992)	Pulkki-Råback, Laura; Barnes, Joel D; Elovainio, Marko; Hakulinen, Christian; Sourander, Andre; Tremblay, Mark S; Guerrero, Michelle D	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
35004134	Create Study	Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity among adolescents in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic.	Preventive medicine reports	Nagata, Jason M; Cortez, Catherine A; Dooley, Erin E; Iyer, Puja; Ganson, Kyle T; Pettee Gabriel, Kelley	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34963651	Create Study	Context-specific activations are a hallmark of the neural basis of individual differences in general executive function.	NeuroImage	Reineberg, Andrew E; Banich, Marie T; Wager, Tor D; Friedman, Naomi P	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
34954668	Create Study	The Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop task in the ABCD study: Psychometric validation and associations with measures of cognition and psychopathology.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience		February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34952233	Create Study	Functional brain network community structure in childhood: Unfinished territories and fuzzy boundaries.	NeuroImage	Tooley, Ursula A; Bassett, Danielle S; Mackey, Allyson P	February 15, 2022	Not Determined
34923146	Create Study	Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies in Adolescent Recreational Screen Time Reporting During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.	Academic pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Cortez, Catherine A; Iyer, Puja; Ganson, Kyle T; Chu, Jonathan; Conroy, Amy A	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
34915436	Create Study	Measurement matters: An individual differences examination of family socioeconomic factors, latent dimensions of children''s experiences, and resting state functional brain connectivity in the ABCD sample.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	DeJoseph, Meriah L; Herzberg, Max P; Sifre, Robin D; Berry, Daniel; Thomas, Kathleen M	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34914494	Create Study	One-year predictions of delayed reward discounting in the adolescent brain cognitive development study.	Experimental and clinical psychopharmacology	Owens, Max M; Hahn, Sage; Allgaier, Nicholas; MacKillop, James; Albaugh, Matthew; Yuan, Dekang; Juliano, Anthony; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh	December 1, 2022	Not Determined
34899225	Create Study	Multimodal Ensemble Deep Learning to Predict Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children.	Frontiers in neuroinformatics	Menon, Sreevalsan S; Krishnamurthy, K	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34896850	Create Study	Microstructural development from 9 to 14 years: Evidence from the ABCD Study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Palmer, Clare E; Pecheva, Diliana; Iversen, John R; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Sugrue, Leo; Nedelec, Pierre; Fan, Chun Chieh; Thompson, Wesley K; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34891080	Create Study	Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study Linked External Data (LED): Protocol and practices for geocoding and assignment of environmental data.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Fan, Chun Chieh; Marshall, Andrew; Smolker, Harry; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Tapert, Susan F; Barch, Deanna M; Sowell, Elizabeth; Dowling, Gayathri J; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Ross, Jessica; Thompson, Wesley K; Herting, Megan M	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34882178	Create Study	Association of Outdoor Ambient Fine Particulate Matter With Intracellular White Matter Microstructural Properties Among Children.	JAMA network open	Burnor, Elisabeth; Cserbik, Dora; Cotter, Devyn L; Palmer, Clare E; Ahmadi, Hedyeh; Eckel, Sandrah P; Berhane, Kiros; McConnell, Rob; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan; Schwartz, Joel; Jackson, Raymond; Herting, Megan M	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34860306	Create Study	Associations Between Traumatic Stress, Brain Volumes and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children: Data from the ABCD Study.	Behavior genetics	Bustamante, Daniel; Amstadter, Ananda B; Pritikin, Joshua N; Brick, Timothy R; Neale, Michael C	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
34845019	Create Study	Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Kwon, Young Hye; Yoo, Kwangsun; Nguyen, Hillary; Jeong, Yong; Chun, Marvin M	December 7, 2021	Not Determined
34823023	Create Study	Graph auto-encoding brain networks with applications to analyzing large-scale brain imaging datasets.	NeuroImage	Liu, Meimei; Zhang, Zhengwu; Dunson, David B	December 15, 2021	Not Determined
34820951	Create Study	We Know Even More Things: A Decade Review of Parenting Research.	Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence	Morris, Amanda Sheffield; Ratliff, Erin L; Cosgrove, Kelly T; Steinberg, Laurence	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34818623	Create Study	Stress and adolescence: vulnerability and opportunity during a sensitive window of development.	Current opinion in psychology	Sisk, Lucinda M; Gee, Dylan G	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
34798853	Create Study	Methylphenidate augmentation of escitalopram to enhance adherence to antidepressant treatment: a pilot randomized controlled trial.	BMC psychiatry	Paulus, Martin P; Kuplicki, Rayus; Victor, Teresa A; Yeh, Hung-Wen; Khalsa, Sahib S	November 19, 2021	Not Determined
34795422	Create Study	Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media are associated with post-traumatic stress in youth.	Nature human behaviour	Dick, Anthony Steven; Silva, Karina; Gonzalez, Raul; Sutherland, Matthew T; Laird, Angela R; Thompson, Wesley K; Tapert, Susan F; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Gray, Kevin M; Nixon, Sara Jo; Cottler, Linda B; La Greca, Annette M; Gurwitch, Robin H; Comer, Jonathan S	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
34782711	Create Study	Persistent and distressing psychotic-like experiences using adolescent brain cognitive development℠ study data.	Molecular psychiatry	Karcher, Nicole R; Loewy, Rachel L; Savill, Mark; Avenevoli, Shelli; Huber, Rebekah S; Makowski, Carolina; Sher, Kenneth J; Barch, Deanna M	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
34781251	Create Study	Pubertal timing and functional neurodevelopmental alterations independently mediate the effect of family conflict on adolescent psychopathology.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Petrican, Raluca; Miles, Sian; Rudd, Lily; Wasiewska, Wiktoria; Graham, Kim S; Lawrence, Andrew D	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34753911	Create Study	Widespread attenuating changes in brain connectivity associated with the general factor of psychopathology in 9- and 10-year olds.	Translational psychiatry	Sripada, Chandra; Angstadt, Mike; Taxali, Aman; Kessler, Daniel; Greathouse, Tristan; Rutherford, Saige; Clark, D Angus; Hyde, Luke W; Weigard, Alex; Brislin, Sarah J; Hicks, Brian; Heitzeg, Mary	November 9, 2021	Not Determined
34750359	Create Study	Brain-wide functional connectivity patterns support general cognitive ability and mediate effects of socioeconomic status in youth.	Translational psychiatry	Sripada, Chandra; Angstadt, Mike; Taxali, Aman; Clark, D Angus; Greathouse, Tristan; Rutherford, Saige; Dickens, Joseph R; Shedden, Kerby; Gard, Arianna M; Hyde, Luke W; Weigard, Alexander; Heitzeg, Mary	November 8, 2021	Not Determined
34742018	Create Study	Demographic and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Updates and age-related trajectories.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Barch, Deanna M; Albaugh, Matthew D; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Bryant, Brittany E; Clark, Duncan B; Dick, Anthony Steven; Feczko, Eric; Foxe, John J; Gee, Dylan G; Giedd, Jay; Glantz, Meyer D; Hudziak, James J; Karcher, Nicole R; LeBlanc, Kimberly; Maddox, Melanie; McGlade, Erin C; Mulford, Carrie; Nagel, Bonnie J; Neigh, Gretchen; Palmer, Clare E; Potter, Alexandra S; Sher, Kenneth J; Tapert, Susan F; Thompson, Wesley K; Xie, Laili	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34737172	Create Study	Supporting COVID-19 School Safety for Children With Disabilities and Medical Complexity.	Pediatrics	Sherby, Michael R; Kalb, Luther G; Coller, Ryan J; DeMuri, Gregory P; Butteris, Sabrina; Foxe, John J; Zand, Martin S; Freedman, Edward G; Dewhurst, Stephen; Newland, Jason G; Gurnett, Christina A	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34734493	Create Study	Greater radiologic evidence of hypothalamic gliosis predicts adiposity gain in children at risk for obesity.	Obesity (Silver Spring, Md.)	Sewaybricker, Leticia E; Kee, Sarah; Melhorn, Susan J; Schur, Ellen A	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
34734154	Create Study	Cingulo-opercular and Cingulo-parietal Brain Networks Functional Connectivity in Pre-adolescents: Multiplicative Effects of Race, Ethnicity, and Parental Education.	Research in health science	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34724543	Create Study	Screen Time Use Among US Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Cortez, Catherine A; Cattle, Chloe J; Ganson, Kyle T; Iyer, Puja; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Baker, Fiona C	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34710799	Create Study	Associations among negative life events, changes in cortico-limbic connectivity, and psychopathology in the ABCD Study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Brieant, Alexis E; Sisk, Lucinda M; Gee, Dylan G	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34706458	Create Study	P300 amplitude during a monetary incentive delay task predicts future therapy completion in individuals with major depressive disorder.	Journal of affective disorders	White, Evan J; Nacke, Mariah; Akeman, Elisabeth; Cannon, Mallory J; Mayeli, Ahmad; Touthang, James; Zoubi, Obada Al; McDermott, Timothy J; Kirlic, Namik; Santiago, Jessica; Kuplicki, Rayus; Bodurka, Jerzy; Paulus, Martin P; Craske, Michelle G; Wolitzky-Taylor, Kate; Abelson, James; Martell, Christopher; Clausen, Ashley; Stewart, Jennifer L; Aupperle, Robin L	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34706304	Create Study	Multi-label, multi-domain learning identifies compounding effects of HIV and cognitive impairment.	Medical image analysis	Zhang, Jiequan; Zhao, Qingyu; Adeli, Ehsan; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V; Paul, Robert; Valcour, Victor; Pohl, Kilian M	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34700197	Create Study	An update on the assessment of culture and environment in the ABCD Study®: Emerging literature and protocol updates over three measurement waves.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Gonzalez, Raul; Thompson, Erin L; Sanchez, Mariana; Morris, Amanda; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Mason, Michael J; Arroyo, Judith; Howlett, Katia; Tapert, Susan F; Zucker, Robert A	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34695448	Create Study	Opportunities for Early Identification: Implementing Universal Depression Screening with a Pathway to Suicide Risk Screening in a Pediatric Health Care System.	The Journal of pediatrics	Crandal, Brent R; Aguinaldo, Laika D; Carter, Chelsea; Billman, Glenn F; Sanderson, Kendall; Kuelbs, Cynthia	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34692610	Create Study	A Comprehensive Overview of the Physical Health of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study Cohort at Baseline.	Frontiers in pediatrics	Palmer, Clare E; Sheth, Chandni; Marshall, Andrew T; Adise, Shana; Baker, Fiona C; Chang, Linda; Clark, Duncan B; Coronado, Clarisa; Dagher, Rada K; Diaz, Vanessa; Dowling, Gayathri J; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Haist, Frank; Herting, Megan M; Huber, Rebekah S; Jernigan, Terry L; LeBlanc, Kimberly; Lee, Karen; Lisdahl, Krista M; Neigh, Gretchen; Patterson, Megan W; Renshaw, Perry; Rhee, Kyung E; Tapert, Susan; Thompson, Wesley K; Uban, Kristina; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34690348	Create Study	Large-scale functional brain networks of maladaptive childhood aggression identified by connectome-based predictive modeling.	Molecular psychiatry	Ibrahim, Karim; Noble, Stephanie; He, George; Lacadie, Cheryl; Crowley, Michael J; McCarthy, Gregory; Scheinost, Dustin; Sukhodolsky, Denis G	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34678051	Create Study	Assessment of Withdrawal, Mood, and Sleep Inventories After Monitored 3-Week Abstinence in Cannabis-Using Adolescents and Young Adults.	Cannabis and cannabinoid research	Sullivan, Ryan M; Wallace, Alexander L; Stinson, Elizabeth A; Montoto, Karina V; Kaiver, Christine M; Wade, Natasha E; Lisdahl, Krista M	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
34677743	Create Study	Investigating the Link Between Depression, Cognition, and Motivation in Late Childhood.	Child psychiatry and human development	Steinberger, David C; Barch, Deanna M	April 1, 2023	Not Determined
34661541	Create Study	Passive Sensing of Preteens'' Smartphone Use: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Cohort Substudy.	JMIR mental health	Wade, Natasha E; Ortigara, Joseph M; Sullivan, Ryan M; Tomko, Rachel L; Breslin, Florence J; Baker, Fiona C; Fuemmeler, Bernard F; Delrahim Howlett, Katia; Lisdahl, Krista M; Marshall, Andrew T; Mason, Michael J; Neale, Michael C; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Wolff-Hughes, Dana L; Tapert, Susan F; Bagot, Kara S; ABCD Novel Technologies Workgroup	October 18, 2021	Not Determined
34661044	Create Study	Sleep Disturbances, Obesity, and Cognitive Function in Childhood: A Mediation Analysis.	Current developments in nutrition	Mattey-Mora, Paola P; Nelson, Erik J	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34650904	Create Study	Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Supplementary Motor Area Associated with Skin-Picking Symptom Severity.	Journal of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders	Huggins, Ashley A; Harvey, Ashleigh M; Miskovich, Tara A; Lee, Han-Joo; Larson, Christine L	July 1, 2020	Not Determined
34650205	Create Study	Association between parental age, brain structure, and behavioral and cognitive problems in children.	Molecular psychiatry	Du, Jingnan; Rolls, Edmund T; Gong, Weikang; Cao, Miao; Vatansever, Deniz; Zhang, Jie; Kang, Jujiao; Cheng, Wei; Feng, Jianfeng	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34648580	Create Study	Risk of lead exposure, subcortical brain structure, and cognition in a large cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children.	PloS one	Marshall, Andrew T; McConnell, Rob; Lanphear, Bruce P; Thompson, Wesley K; Herting, Megan M; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34632309	Create Study	Emotional, Behavioral, and Cognitive Correlates of Attention Deficit and Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) Screening and Diagnosis History: Sex/Gender Differences.	Journal of neurology & neuromedicine	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34621600	Create Study	The General Factor of Psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: A Comparison of Alternative Modeling Approaches.	Clinical psychological science : a journal of the Association for Psychological Science	Clark, D Angus; Hicks, Brian M; Angstadt, Mike; Rutherford, Saige; Taxali, Aman; Hyde, Luke; Weigard, Alexander; Heitzeg, Mary M; Sripada, Chandra	March 1, 2021	Not Determined
34608463	Create Study	Longitudinal Impact of Childhood Adversity on Early Adolescent Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the ABCD Study Cohort: Does Race or Ethnicity Moderate Findings?	Biological psychiatry global open science	Stinson, Elizabeth A; Sullivan, Ryan M; Peteet, Bridgette J; Tapert, Susan F; Baker, Fiona C; Breslin, Florence J; Dick, Anthony S; Gonzalez, Marybel Robledo; Guillaume, Mathieu; Marshall, Andrew T; McCabe, Connor J; Pelham 3rd, William E; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Sheth, Chandni S; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Wade, Natasha E; Wallace, Alexander L; Lisdahl, Krista M	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34607958	Create Study	Adolescent civic engagement: Lessons from Black Lives Matter.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Simmons, Cortney; Conley, May; Chang, Shou-An; Estrada, Suzanne; Collins, Meghan; Pelham, William; Beckford, Emil; Mitchell-Adams, Haley; Berrian, Nia; Tapert, Susan F; Gee, Dylan G; Casey, B J	October 12, 2021	Not Determined
34605288	Create Study	Heritability Analysis in Twins Indicates a Genetic Basis for Velopharyngeal Morphology.	The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association	Lee, Myoung Keun; Liu, Chenxing; Leslie, Elizabeth J; Shaffer, John R; Perry, Jamie L; Weinberg, Seth M	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
34599145	Create Study	Cortical and subcortical brain structure in generalized anxiety disorder: findings from 28 research sites in the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group.	Translational psychiatry	Harrewijn, Anita; Cardinale, Elise M; Groenewold, Nynke A; Bas-Hoogendam, Janna Marie; Aghajani, Moji; Hilbert, Kevin; Cardoner, Narcis; Porta-Casteràs, Daniel; Gosnell, Savannah; Salas, Ramiro; Jackowski, Andrea P; Pan, Pedro M; Salum, Giovanni A; Blair, Karina S; Blair, James R; Hammoud, Mira Z; Milad, Mohammed R; Burkhouse, Katie L; Phan, K Luan; Schroeder, Heidi K; Strawn, Jeffrey R; Beesdo-Baum, Katja; Jahanshad, Neda; Thomopoulos, Sophia I; Buckner, Randy; Nielsen, Jared A; Smoller, Jordan W; Soares, Jair C; Mwangi, Benson; Wu, Mon-Ju; Zunta-Soares, Giovana B; Assaf, Michal; Diefenbach, Gretchen J; Brambilla, Paolo; Maggioni, Eleonora; Hofmann, David; Straube, Thomas; Andreescu, Carmen; Berta, Rachel; Tamburo, Erica; Price, Rebecca B; Manfro, Gisele G; Agosta, Federica; Canu, Elisa; Cividini, Camilla; Filippi, Massimo; Kostić, Milutin; Munjiza Jovanovic, Ana; Alberton, Bianca A V; Benson, Brenda; Freitag, Gabrielle F; Filippi, Courtney A; Gold, Andrea L; Leibenluft, Ellen; Ringlein, Grace V; Werwath, Kathryn E; Zwiebel, Hannah; Zugman, André; Grabe, Hans J; Van der Auwera, Sandra; Wittfeld, Katharina; Völzke, Henry; Bülow, Robin; Balderston, Nicholas L; Ernst, Monique; Grillon, Christian; Mujica-Parodi, Lilianne R; van Nieuwenhuizen, Helena; Critchley, Hugo D; Makovac, Elena; Mancini, Matteo; Meeten, Frances; Ottaviani, Cristina; Ball, Tali M; Fonzo, Gregory A; Paulus, Martin P; Stein, Murray B; Gur, Raquel E; Gur, Ruben C; Kaczkurkin, Antonia N; Larsen, Bart; Satterthwaite, Theodore D; Harper, Jennifer; Myers, Michael; Perino, Michael T; Sylvester, Chad M; Yu, Qiongru; Lueken, Ulrike; Veltman, Dick J; Thompson, Paul M; Stein, Dan J; Van der Wee, Nic J A; Winkler, Anderson M; Pine, Daniel S	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34571161	Create Study	A deep learning toolbox for automatic segmentation of subcortical limbic structures from MRI images.	NeuroImage	Greve, Douglas N; Billot, Benjamin; Cordero, Devani; Hoopes, Andrew; Hoffmann, Malte; Dalca, Adrian V; Fischl, Bruce; Iglesias, Juan Eugenio; Augustinack, Jean C	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34567915	Create Study	Alcohol and Cannabis Use and the Developing Brain.	Alcohol research : current reviews	Lees, Briana; Debenham, Jennifer; Squeglia, Lindsay M	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34561028	Create Study	Emotion Dysregulation Following Trauma: Shared Neurocircuitry of Traumatic Brain Injury and Trauma-Related Psychiatric Disorders.	Biological psychiatry	Weis, Carissa N; Webb, E Kate; deRoon-Cassini, Terri A; Larson, Christine L	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
34560273	Create Study	Vertex-wise multivariate genome-wide association study identifies 780 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology.	NeuroImage	Shadrin, Alexey A; Kaufmann, Tobias; van der Meer, Dennis; Palmer, Clare E; Makowski, Carolina; Loughnan, Robert; Jernigan, Terry L; Seibert, Tyler M; Hagler, Donald J; Smeland, Olav B; Motazedi, Ehsan; Chu, Yunhan; Lin, Aihua; Cheng, Weiqiu; Hindley, Guy; Thompson, Wesley K; Fan, Chun C; Holland, Dominic; Westlye, Lars T; Frei, Oleksandr; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34555784	Create Study	Identifying profiles of brain structure and associations with current and future psychopathology in youth.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Mattoni, Matthew; Wilson, Sylia; Olino, Thomas M	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34555056	Create Study	Recalibrating expectations about effect size: A multi-method survey of effect sizes in the ABCD study.	PloS one	Owens, Max M; Potter, Alexandra; Hyatt, Courtland S; Albaugh, Matthew; Thompson, Wesley K; Jernigan, Terry; Yuan, Dekang; Hahn, Sage; Allgaier, Nicholas; Garavan, Hugh	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34536537	Create Study	Large, open datasets for human connectomics research: Considerations for reproducible and responsible data use.	NeuroImage	Laird, Angela R	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34530359	Create Study	Neural response to monetary loss among youth with disruptive behavior disorders and callous-unemotional traits in the ABCD study.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Byrd, Amy L; Hawes, Samuel W; Waller, Rebecca; Delgado, Mauricio R; Sutherland, Matthew T; Dick, Anthony S; Trucco, Elisa M; Riedel, Michael C; Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Laird, Angela R; Gonzalez, Raul	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34506929	Create Study	Motivation and Cognitive Abilities as Mediators Between Polygenic Scores and Psychopathology in Children.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Pat, Narun; Riglin, Lucy; Anney, Richard; Wang, Yue; Barch, Deanna M; Thapar, Anita; Stringaris, Argyris	June 1, 2022	Not Determined
34496065	Create Study	Genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling is associated with differential network-level functional connectivity in youth.	Journal of neuroscience research	Sisk, Lucinda M; Rapuano, Kristina M; Conley, May I; Greene, Abigail S; Horien, Corey; Rosenberg, Monica D; Scheinost, Dustin; Constable, R Todd; Glatt, Charles E; Casey, B J; Gee, Dylan G	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
34496002	Create Study	Screen time and early adolescent mental health, academic, and social outcomes in 9- and 10- year old children: Utilizing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ (ABCD) Study.	PloS one	Paulich, Katie N; Ross, J Megan; Lessem, Jeffrey M; Hewitt, John K	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34491290	Create Study	Racism, Diminished Returns of Socioeconomic Resources, and Black Middle-Income Children''s Health Paradox-Reply.	JAMA pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Sajjad, Omar M; Ganson, Kyle T	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34486481	Create Study	Children''s Knowledge of Cannabis and Other Substances in States with Different Cannabis Use Regulations.	Substance use & misuse	Ross, J Megan; Rieselbach, Maya M; Hewitt, John K; Banich, Marie T; Rhee, Soo Hyun	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34481807	Create Study	Sociodemographic Correlates of Contemporary Screen Time Use among 9- and 10-Year-Old Children.	The Journal of pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Ganson, Kyle T; Iyer, Puja; Chu, Jonathan; Baker, Fiona C; Pettee Gabriel, Kelley; Garber, Andrea K; Murray, Stuart B; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34471927	Create Study	Morphology of the prefrontal cortex predicts body composition in early adolescence: cognitive mediators and environmental moderators in the ABCD Study.	Social cognitive and affective neuroscience	Hall, Peter A; Best, John R; Beaton, Elliott A; Sakib, Mohammad N; Danckert, James	February 6, 2023	Not Determined
34468031	Create Study	The relationship between brain structure and general psychopathology in preadolescents.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Mewton, Louise; Lees, Briana; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Forbes, Miriam K; Sunderland, Matthew; Krueger, Robert; Koch, Forrest C; Baillie, Andrew; Slade, Tim; Hoy, Nicholas; Teesson, Maree	July 1, 2022	Not Determined
34467389	Create Study	Education and Income Show Heterogeneous Relationships to Lifespan Brain and Cognitive Differences Across European and US Cohorts.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Walhovd, Kristine B; Fjell, Anders M; Wang, Yunpeng; Amlien, Inge K; Mowinckel, Athanasia M; Lindenberger, Ulman; Düzel, Sandra; Bartrés-Faz, David; Ebmeier, Klaus P; Drevon, Christian A; Baaré, William F C; Ghisletta, Paolo; Johansen, Louise Baruël; Kievit, Rogier A; Henson, Richard N; Madsen, Kathrine Skak; Nyberg, Lars; R Harris, Jennifer; Solé-Padullés, Cristina; Pudas, Sara; Sørensen, Øystein; Westerhausen, René; Zsoldos, Enikő; Nawijn, Laura; Lyngstad, Torkild Hovde; Suri, Sana; Penninx, Brenda; Rogeberg, Ole J; Brandmaier, Andreas M	February 8, 2022	Not Determined
34452728	Create Study	Early Adolescent Substance Use Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Longitudinal Survey in the ABCD Study Cohort.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Pelham 3rd, William E; Tapert, Susan F; Gonzalez, Marybel Robledo; McCabe, Connor J; Lisdahl, Krista M; Alzueta, Elisabet; Baker, Fiona C; Breslin, Florence J; Dick, Anthony Steven; Dowling, Gayathri J; Guillaume, Mathieu; Hoffman, Elizabeth A; Marshall, Andrew T; McCandliss, Bruce D; Sheth, Chandni S; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Thompson, Wesley K; Van Rinsveld, Amandine M; Wade, Natasha E; Brown, Sandra A	September 1, 2021	Not Determined
34452663	Create Study	A Transdiagnostic Multilevel Examination of Interoceptive Processing in Individuals With a Remote History of Suicidal Behavior.	Behavior therapy	DeVille, Danielle C; Khalsa, Sahib S; Tulsa 1000 Investigators; Lapidus, Rachel C; White, Evan; Paulus, Martin P; Aupperle, Robin L	September 1, 2021	Not Determined
34448306	Create Study	The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Adolescent Emotional, Social, and Academic Adjustment.	Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence	Branje, Susan; Morris, Amanda Sheffield	September 1, 2021	Not Determined
34425231	Create Study	Association Between Discrimination Stress and Suicidality in Preadolescent Children.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Argabright, Stirling T; Visoki, Elina; Moore, Tyler M; Ryan, Dallas T; DiDomenico, Grace E; Njoroge, Wanjikũ F M; Taylor, Jerome H; Guloksuz, Sinan; Gur, Ruben C; Gur, Raquel E; Benton, Tami D; Barzilay, Ran	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
34414422	Create Study	Centering inclusivity in the design of online conferences-An OHBM-Open Science perspective.	GigaScience	Levitis, Elizabeth; van Praag, Cassandra D Gould; Gau, Rémi; Heunis, Stephan; DuPre, Elizabeth; Kiar, Gregory; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Glatard, Tristan; Nikolaidis, Aki; Whitaker, Kirstie Jane; Mancini, Matteo; Niso, Guiomar; Afyouni, Soroosh; Alonso-Ortiz, Eva; Appelhoff, Stefan; Arnatkeviciute, Aurina; Atay, Selim Melvin; Auer, Tibor; Baracchini, Giulia; Bayer, Johanna M M; Beauvais, Michael J S; Bijsterbosch, Janine D; Bilgin, Isil P; Bollmann, Saskia; Bollmann, Steffen; Botvinik-Nezer, Rotem; Bright, Molly G; Calhoun, Vince D; Chen, Xiao; Chopra, Sidhant; Chuan-Peng, Hu; Close, Thomas G; Cookson, Savannah L; Craddock, R Cameron; De La Vega, Alejandro; De Leener, Benjamin; Demeter, Damion V; Di Maio, Paola; Dickie, Erin W; Eickhoff, Simon B; Esteban, Oscar; Finc, Karolina; Frigo, Matteo; Ganesan, Saampras; Ganz, Melanie; Garner, Kelly G; Garza-Villarreal, Eduardo A; Gonzalez-Escamilla, Gabriel; Goswami, Rohit; Griffiths, John D; Grootswagers, Tijl; Guay, Samuel; Guest, Olivia; Handwerker, Daniel A; Herholz, Peer; Heuer, Katja; Huijser, Dorien C; Iacovella, Vittorio; Joseph, Michael J E; Karakuzu, Agah; Keator, David B; Kobeleva, Xenia; Kumar, Manoj; Laird, Angela R; Larson-Prior, Linda J; Lautarescu, Alexandra; Lazari, Alberto; Legarreta, Jon Haitz; Li, Xue-Ying; Lv, Jinglei; Mansour L, Sina; Meunier, David; Moraczewski, Dustin; Nandi, Tulika; Nastase, Samuel A; Nau, Matthias; Noble, Stephanie; Norgaard, Martin; Obungoloch, Johnes; Oostenveld, Robert; Orchard, Edwina R; Pinho, Ana Luísa; Poldrack, Russell A; Qiu, Anqi; Raamana, Pradeep Reddy; Rokem, Ariel; Rutherford, Saige; Sharan, Malvika; Shaw, Thomas B; Syeda, Warda T; Testerman, Meghan M; Toro, Roberto; Valk, Sofie L; Van Den Bossche, Sofie; Varoquaux, Gaël; Váša, František; Veldsman, Michele; Vohryzek, Jakub; Wagner, Adina S; Walsh, Reubs J; White, Tonya; Wong, Fu-Te; Xie, Xihe; Yan, Chao-Gan; Yang, Yu-Fang; Yee, Yohan; Zanitti, Gaston E; Van Gulick, Ana E; Duff, Eugene; Maumet, Camille	August 20, 2021	Not Determined
34408280	Create Study	The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Friedman, Naomi P; Robbins, Trevor W	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34400176	Create Study	The cue-reactivity paradigm: An ensemble of networks driving attention and cognition when viewing drug and natural reward-related stimuli.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Hill-Bowen, Lauren D; Riedel, Michael C; Poudel, Ranjita; Salo, Taylor; Flannery, Jessica S; Camilleri, Julia A; Eickhoff, Simon B; Laird, Angela R; Sutherland, Matthew T	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
34392161	Create Study	Relationships between apparent cortical thickness and working memory across the lifespan - Effects of genetics and socioeconomic status.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Krogsrud, Stine K; Mowinckel, Athanasia M; Sederevicius, Donatas; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Amlien, Inge K; Wang, Yunpeng; Sørensen, Øystein; Walhovd, Kristine B; Fjell, Anders M	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34392051	Create Study	Substance use patterns in 9-10 year olds: Baseline findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Lisdahl, Krista M; Tapert, Susan; Sher, Kenneth J; Gonzalez, Raul; Nixon, Sara Jo; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Conway, Kevin P; Wallace, Alex; Sullivan, Ryan; Hatcher, Kelah; Kaiver, Christine; Thompson, Wes; Reuter, Chase; Bartsch, Hauke; Wade, Natasha E; Jacobus, Joanna; Albaugh, M D; Allgaier, N; Anokhin, A P; Bagot, K; Baker, F C; Banich, M T; Barch, D M; Baskin-Sommers, A; Breslin, F J; Brown, S A; Calhoun, V; Casey, B J; Chaarani, B; Chang, L; Clark, D B; Cloak, C; Constable, R T; Cottler, L B; Dagher, R K; Dapretto, M; Dick, A; Do, E K; Dosenbach, N U F; Dowling, G J; Fair, D A; Florsheim, P; Foxe, J J; Freedman, E G; Friedman, N P; Garavan, H P; Gee, D G; Glantz, M D; Glaser, P; Gonzalez, M R; Gray, K M; Grant, S; Haist, F; Hawes, S; Heeringa, S G; Hermosillo, R; Herting, M M; Hettema, J M; Hewitt, J K; Heyser, C; Hoffman, E A; Howlett, K D; Huber, R S; Huestis, M A; Hyde, L W; Iacono, W G; Isaiah, A; Ivanova, M Y; James, R S; Jernigan, T L; Karcher, N R; Kuperman, J M; Laird, A R; Larson, C L; LeBlanc, K H; Lopez, M F; Luciana, M; Luna, B; Maes, H H; Marshall, A T; Mason, M J; McGlade, E; Morris, A S; Mulford, C; Nagel, B J; Neigh, G; Palmer, C E; Paulus, M P; Pecheva, D; Prouty, D; Potter, A; Puttler, L I; Rajapakse, N; Ross, J M; Sanchez, M; Schirda, C; Schulenberg, J; Sheth, C; Shilling, P D; Sowell, E R; Speer, N; Squeglia, L; Sripada, C; Steinberg, J; Sutherland, M T; Tomko, R; Uban, K; Vrieze, S; Weiss, S R B; Wing, D; Yurgelun-Todd, D A; Zucker, R A; Heitzeg, Mary M; ABCD Consortium	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34382607	Create Study	Neurobiological antecedents of multisite pain in children.	Pain	Kaplan, Chelsea M; Schrepf, Andrew; Mawla, Ishtiaq; Ichesco, Eric; Boehnke, Kevin F; Beltz, Adriene; Foxen-Craft, Emily; Puglia 2nd, Michael P; Tsodikov, Alexandre; Williams, David A; Hassett, Afton L; Clauw, Daniel J; Harte, Steven E; Harris, Richard E	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
34379727	Create Study	Shared Genetic Etiology between Cortical Brain Morphology and Tobacco, Alcohol, and Cannabis Use.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Rabinowitz, Jill A; Campos, Adrian I; Ong, Jue-Sheng; García-Marín, Luis M; Alcauter, Sarael; Mitchell, Brittany L; Grasby, Katrina L; Cuéllar-Partida, Gabriel; Gillespie, Nathan A; Huhn, Andrew S; Martin, Nicholas G; Thompson, Paul M; Medland, Sarah E; Maher, Brion S; Rentería, Miguel E	February 8, 2022	Not Determined
34335337	Create Study	Heterogeneity Within Youth With Childhood-Onset Conduct Disorder in the ABCD Study.	Frontiers in psychiatry	Brislin, Sarah J; Martz, Meghan E; Cope, Lora M; Hardee, Jillian E; Weigard, Alexander; Heitzeg, Mary M	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34332330	Create Study	Is executive dysfunction a risk marker or consequence of psychopathology? A test of executive function as a prospective predictor and outcome of general psychopathology in the adolescent brain cognitive development study®.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Romer, Adrienne L; Pizzagalli, Diego A	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34318489	Create Study	Prenatal caffeine exposure: association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in 9- to 11-year-old children.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Zhang, Rui; Manza, Peter; Volkow, Nora D	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
34315327	Create Study	Racial/Ethnic Differences in 30-Year Trajectories of Cannabis Use among Males.	Substance use & misuse	Lee, Hyanghee; Augustyn, Megan Bears; Henry, Kimberly L	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34312064	Create Study	Twin studies to GWAS: there and back again.	Trends in cognitive sciences	Friedman, Naomi P; Banich, Marie T; Keller, Matthew C	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34307955	Create Study	Parents'' Perceived Neighborhood Safety and Children''s Cognitive Performance: Complexities by Race, Ethnicity, and Cognitive Domain.	Urban science (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Mistry, Ritesh; Thomas, Alvin; Nicholson Jr, Harvey L; Cobb, Ryon J; Cuevas, Adolfo G; Lee, Daniel B; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H; Curry, Tommy J; Zimmerman, Marc A	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
34288270	Create Study	Genetic and environmental influences on executive functions and intelligence in middle childhood.	Developmental science	Freis, Samantha M; Morrison, Claire L; Lessem, Jeffrey M; Hewitt, John K; Friedman, Naomi P	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34271215	Create Study	Using Network Parcels and Resting-State Networks to Estimate Correlates of Mood Disorder and Related Research Domain Criteria Constructs of Reward Responsiveness and Inhibitory Control.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Langenecker, Scott A; Westlund Schreiner, Mindy; Thomas, Leah R; Bessette, Katie L; DelDonno, Sophia R; Jenkins, Lisanne M; Easter, Rebecca E; Stange, Jonathan P; Pocius, Stephanie L; Dillahunt, Alina; Love, Tiffany M; Phan, K Luan; Koppelmans, Vincent; Paulus, Martin; Lindquist, Martin A; Caffo, Brian; Mickey, Brian J; Welsh, Robert C	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34271214	Create Study	Psychotic-like Experiences and Polygenic Liability in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Karcher, Nicole R; Paul, Sarah E; Johnson, Emma C; Hatoum, Alexander S; Baranger, David A A; Agrawal, Arpana; Thompson, Wesley K; Barch, Deanna M; Bogdan, Ryan	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
34267084	Create Study	History of Depression, Elevated Body Mass Index, and Waist-to-Height Ratio in Preadolescent Children.	Psychosomatic medicine	Lewis-de Los Angeles, William W; Liu, Richard T	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
34261558	Create Study	Preliminary Evidence for Cannabis and Nicotine Urinary Metabolites as Predictors of Verbal Memory Performance and Learning Among Young Adults.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Wade, Natasha E; Baca, Rachel; Courtney, Kelly E; McCabe, Connor J; Infante, M Alejandra; Huestis, Marilyn A; Jacobus, Joanna	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
34261557	Create Study	Cannabis Use and Brain Volume in Adolescent and Young Adult Cannabis Users: Effects Moderated by Sex and Aerobic Fitness.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Sullivan, Ryan M; Wallace, Alexander L; Wade, Natasha E; Swartz, Ann M; Lisdahl, Krista M	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
34261556	Create Study	Evidence Lacking for Cannabis Users Slacking: A Longitudinal Analysis of Escalating Cannabis Use and Motivation among Adolescents.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Hawes, Samuel W; Duperrouzel, Jacqueline C; Gonzalez, Raul	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
34246036	Create Study	Child reward neurocircuitry and parental substance use history: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Addictive behaviors	Kwarteng, Amy E; Rahman, Muhammad M; Gee, Dylan G; Infante, M Alejandra; Tapert, Susan F; Curtis, Brenda L	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
34225382	Create Study	Psychiatric comorbidity of eating disorders in children between the ages of 9 and 10.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Convertino, Alexandra D; Blashill, Aaron J	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
34224907	Create Study	Symptom-Based Profiling and Multimodal Neuroimaging of a Large Preteenage Population Identifies Distinct Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder-like Subtypes With Neurocognitive Differences.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Wu, Xinran; Yu, Gechang; Zhang, Kai; Feng, Jianfeng; Zhang, Jie; Sahakian, Barbara J; Robbins, Trevor W	November 1, 2022	Not Determined
34224796	Create Study	HIV infection is linked with reduced error-related default mode network suppression and poorer medication management abilities.	Progress in neuro-psychopharmacology & biological psychiatry	Flannery, Jessica S; Riedel, Michael C; Salo, Taylor; Poudel, Ranjita; Laird, Angela R; Gonzalez, Raul; Sutherland, Matthew T	December 20, 2021	Not Determined
34216137	Create Study	Morphometry of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex is associated with eating dispositions in early adolescence: findings from a large population-based study.	Social cognitive and affective neuroscience	Hall, Peter A; Best, John R; Danckert, James; Beaton, Elliott A; Lee, Jessica A	February 6, 2023	Not Determined
34184776	Create Study	Risky decision-making as an antecedent or consequence of adolescent cannabis use: findings from a 2-year longitudinal study.	Addiction (Abingdon, England)	Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Lopez-Quintero, Catalina; Coxe, Stefany; Limia, Jorge M; Pulido, William; Granja, Karen; Paula, Dayana C; Gonzalez, Ingrid; Ross, J Megan; Duperrouzel, Jacqueline C; Hawes, Samuel W; Gonzalez, Raul	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
34184767	Create Study	Concurrent and prospective associations between fitbit wearable-derived RDoC arousal and regulatory constructs and adolescent internalizing symptoms.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Nelson, Benjamin W; Flannery, Jessica E; Flournoy, John; Duell, Natasha; Prinstein, Mitchell J; Telzer, Eva	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
34180585	Create Study	Contemporary screen time usage among children 9-10-years-old is associated with higher body mass index percentile at 1-year follow-up: A prospective cohort study.	Pediatric obesity	Nagata, Jason M; Iyer, Puja; Chu, Jonathan; Baker, Fiona C; Gabriel, Kelley Pettee; Garber, Andrea K; Murray, Stuart B; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Ganson, Kyle T	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
34166045	Create Study	Scoring the Life Events Checklist: Comparison of three scoring methods.	Psychological trauma : theory, research, practice and policy	Weis, Carissa N; Webb, E Kate; Stevens, Sarah K; Larson, Christine L; deRoon-Cassini, Terri A	May 1, 2022	Not Determined
34155395	Create Study	QSIPrep: an integrative platform for preprocessing and reconstructing diffusion MRI data.	Nature methods	Cieslak, Matthew; Cook, Philip A; He, Xiaosong; Yeh, Fang-Cheng; Dhollander, Thijs; Adebimpe, Azeez; Aguirre, Geoffrey K; Bassett, Danielle S; Betzel, Richard F; Bourque, Josiane; Cabral, Laura M; Davatzikos, Christos; Detre, John A; Earl, Eric; Elliott, Mark A; Fadnavis, Shreyas; Fair, Damien A; Foran, Will; Fotiadis, Panagiotis; Garyfallidis, Eleftherios; Giesbrecht, Barry; Gur, Ruben C; Gur, Raquel E; Kelz, Max B; Keshavan, Anisha; Larsen, Bart S; Luna, Beatriz; Mackey, Allyson P; Milham, Michael P; Oathes, Desmond J; Perrone, Anders; Pines, Adam R; Roalf, David R; Richie-Halford, Adam; Rokem, Ariel; Sydnor, Valerie J; Tapera, Tinashe M; Tooley, Ursula A; Vettel, Jean M; Yeatman, Jason D; Grafton, Scott T; Satterthwaite, Theodore D	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
34149331	Create Study	Assessing Aerobic Fitness Level in Relation to Affective and Behavioral Functioning in Emerging Adult Cannabis Users.	International journal of mental health and addiction	Wade, Natasha E; Gilbart, Erika; Swartz, Ann M; Lisdahl, Krista M	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
34147629	Create Study	Meaningful associations in the adolescent brain cognitive development study.	NeuroImage	Dick, Anthony Steven; Lopez, Daniel A; Watts, Ashley L; Heeringa, Steven; Reuter, Chase; Bartsch, Hauke; Fan, Chun Chieh; Kennedy, David N; Palmer, Clare; Marshall, Andrew; Haist, Frank; Hawes, Samuel; Nichols, Thomas E; Barch, Deanna M; Jernigan, Terry L; Garavan, Hugh; Grant, Steven; Pariyadath, Vani; Hoffman, Elizabeth; Neale, Michael; Stuart, Elizabeth A; Paulus, Martin P; Sher, Kenneth J; Thompson, Wesley K	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
34145259	Create Study	Brain structure is linked to the association between family environment and behavioral problems in children in the ABCD study.	Nature communications	Gong, Weikang; Rolls, Edmund T; Du, Jingnan; Feng, Jianfeng; Cheng, Wei	June 18, 2021	Not Determined
34140357	Create Study	Common genetic variation influencing human white matter microstructure.	Science (New York, N.Y.)	Zhao, Bingxin; Li, Tengfei; Yang, Yue; Wang, Xifeng; Luo, Tianyou; Shan, Yue; Zhu, Ziliang; Xiong, Di; Hauberg, Mads E; Bendl, Jaroslav; Fullard, John F; Roussos, Panagiotis; Li, Yun; Stein, Jason L; Zhu, Hongtu	June 18, 2021	Not Determined
34099922	Create Study	Baseline brain function in the preadolescents of the ABCD Study.	Nature neuroscience	Chaarani, B; Hahn, S; Allgaier, N; Adise, S; Owens, M M; Juliano, A C; Yuan, D K; Loso, H; Ivanciu, A; Albaugh, M D; Dumas, J; Mackey, S; Laurent, J; Ivanova, M; Hagler, D J; Cornejo, M D; Hatton, S; Agrawal, A; Aguinaldo, L; Ahonen, L; Aklin, W; Anokhin, A P; Arroyo, J; Avenevoli, S; Babcock, D; Bagot, K; Baker, F C; Banich, M T; Barch, D M; Bartsch, H; Baskin-Sommers, A; Bjork, J M; Blachman-Demner, D; Bloch, M; Bogdan, R; Bookheimer, S Y; Breslin, F; Brown, S; Calabro, F J; Calhoun, V; Casey, B J; Chang, L; Clark, D B; Cloak, C; Constable, R T; Constable, K; Corley, R; Cottler, L B; Coxe, S; Dagher, R K; Dale, A M; Dapretto, M; Delcarmen-Wiggins, R; Dick, A S; Do, E K; Dosenbach, N U F; Dowling, G J; Edwards, S; Ernst, T M; Fair, D A; Fan, C C; Feczko, E; Feldstein-Ewing, S W; Florsheim, P; Foxe, J J; Freedman, E G; Friedman, N P; Friedman-Hill, S; Fuemmeler, B F; Galvan, A; Gee, D G; Giedd, J; Glantz, M; Glaser, P; Godino, J; Gonzalez, M; Gonzalez, R; Grant, S; Gray, K M; Haist, F; Harms, M P; Hawes, S; Heath, A C; Heeringa, S; Heitzeg, M M; Hermosillo, R; Herting, M M; Hettema, J M; Hewitt, J K; Heyser, C; Hoffman, E; Howlett, K; Huber, R S; Huestis, M A; Hyde, L W; Iacono, W G; Infante, M A; Irfanoglu, O; Isaiah, A; Iyengar, S; Jacobus, J; James, R; Jean-Francois, B; Jernigan, T; Karcher, N R; Kaufman, A; Kelley, B; Kit, B; Ksinan, A; Kuperman, J; Laird, A R; Larson, C; LeBlanc, K; Lessov-Schlagger, C; Lever, N; Lewis, D A; Lisdahl, K; Little, A R; Lopez, M; Luciana, M; Luna, B; Madden, P A; Maes, H H; Makowski, C; Marshall, A T; Mason, M J; Matochik, J; McCandliss, B D; McGlade, E; Montoya, I; Morgan, G; Morris, A; Mulford, C; Murray, P; Nagel, B J; Neale, M C; Neigh, G; Nencka, A; Noronha, A; Nixon, S J; Palmer, C E; Pariyadath, V; Paulus, M P; Pelham, W E; Pfefferbaum, D; Pierpaoli, C; Prescot, A; Prouty, D; Puttler, L I; Rajapaske, N; Rapuano, K M; Reeves, G; Renshaw, P F; Riedel, M C; Rojas, P; de la Rosa, M; Rosenberg, M D; Ross, M J; Sanchez, M; Schirda, C; Schloesser, D; Schulenberg, J; Sher, K J; Sheth, C; Shilling, P D; Simmons, W K; Sowell, E R; Speer, N; Spittel, M; Squeglia, L M; Sripada, C; Steinberg, J; Striley, C; Sutherland, M T; Tanabe, J; Tapert, S F; Thompson, W; Tomko, R L; Uban, K A; Vrieze, S; Wade, N E; Watts, R; Weiss, S; Wiens, B A; Williams, O D; Wilbur, A; Wing, D; Wolff-Hughes, D; Yang, R; Yurgelun-Todd, D A; Zucker, R A; Potter, A; Garavan, H P; ABCD Consortium	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
34095893	Create Study	Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Cerebellum Cortex Fractional Anisotropy in Pre-Adolescents.	Adolescents (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
34082235	Create Study	Sex Differences in Psychopathology in a Large Cohort of Nine and Ten-Year-Olds.	Psychiatry research	Loso, Hannah Marie; Dube, Sarahjane Locke; Chaarani, Bader; Garavan, Hugh; Albaugh, Matthew; Ivanova, Masha; Potter, Alexandra	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
34079688	Create Study	Effects of Adolescent Cannabis Use on Motivation and Depression: A Systematic Review.	Current addiction reports	Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Ramirez, Ana Regina; Gonzalez, Raul	December 1, 2019	Not Determined
34070158	Create Study	Race, Family Conflict and Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors among 9-10-Year-Old American Children.	International journal of environmental research and public health	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	May 18, 2021	Not Determined
34070074	Create Study	Association between Hippocampal Volume and Working Memory in 10,000+ 9-10-Year-Old Children: Sex Differences.	Children (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Jovanovic, Tanja	May 18, 2021	Not Determined
34043478	Create Study	Responsible Use of Open-Access Developmental Data: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Psychological science	Simmons, Cortney; Conley, May I; Gee, Dylan G; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Barch, Deanna M; Hoffman, Elizabeth A; Huber, Rebekah S; Iacono, William G; Nagel, Bonnie J; Palmer, Clare E; Sheth, Chandni S; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Thompson, Wesley K; Casey, B J	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
34033672	Create Study	Prediction of suicidal ideation and attempt in 9 and 10 year-old children using transdiagnostic risk features.	PloS one	Harman, Gareth; Kliamovich, Dakota; Morales, Angelica M; Gilbert, Sydney; Barch, Deanna M; Mooney, Michael A; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Fair, Damien A; Nagel, Bonnie J	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34025573	Create Study	A Researcher''s Guide to the Measurement and Modeling of Puberty in the ABCD Study® at Baseline.	Frontiers in endocrinology	Cheng, Theresa W; Magis-Weinberg, Lucía; Guazzelli Williamson, Victoria; Ladouceur, Cecile D; Whittle, Sarah L; Herting, Megan M; Uban, Kristina A; Byrne, Michelle L; Barendse, Marjolein E A; Shirtcliff, Elizabeth A; Pfeifer, Jennifer H	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34025378	Create Study	Editorial: Understanding the Link Between the Developing Brain and Behavior in Adolescents.	Frontiers in human neuroscience	Silk, Tim J; Herting, Megan M; Wierenga, Lara M; Vijayakumar, Nandita	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
34013256	Create Study	Resilience to COVID-19: Socioeconomic Disadvantage Associated With Higher Positive Parent-youth Communication and Youth Disease-prevention Behavior.	Research square	Marshall, Andrew; Hackman, Daniel; Baker, Fiona; Breslin, Florence; Brown, Sandra; Dick, Anthony; Gonzalez, Marybel; Guillaume, Mathieu; Kiss, Orsolya; Lisdahl, Krista; McCabe, Connor; Pelham 3rd, William; Sheth, Chandni; Tapert, Susan; Van Rinsveld, Amandine; Wade, Natasha; Sowell, Elizabeth	April 23, 2021	Not Determined
34008881	Create Study	Commentary: Reply to ''Transgender and mental health'' by Philip Graham.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Potter, Alexandra	February 1, 2022	Not Determined
33999104	Create Study	Prevalence of Perceived Racism and Discrimination Among US Children Aged 10 and 11 Years: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Nagata, Jason M; Ganson, Kyle T; Sajjad, Omar M; Benabou, Samuel E; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
33990770	Create Study	Associations of family income with cognition and brain structure in USA children: prevention implications.	Molecular psychiatry	Tomasi, Dardo; Volkow, Nora D	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
33984711	Create Study	Ecological stress, amygdala reactivity, and internalizing symptoms in preadolescence: Is parenting a buffer?	Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior	Demidenko, Michael I; Ip, Ka I; Kelly, Dominic P; Constante, Kevin; Goetschius, Leigh G; Keating, Daniel P	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
33981668	Create Study	Breastfeeding Duration Is Associated With Domain-Specific Improvements in Cognitive Performance in 9-10-Year-Old Children.	Frontiers in public health	Lopez, Daniel A; Foxe, John J; Mao, Yunjiao; Thompson, Wesley K; Martin, Hayley J; Freedman, Edward G	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
33971956	Create Study	Single-participant structural similarity matrices lead to greater accuracy in classification of participants than function in autism in MRI.	Molecular autism	Leming, Matthew J; Baron-Cohen, Simon; Suckling, John	May 10, 2021	Not Determined
33965165	Create Study	The Neurocircuit Signature of Retaliation in Adolescents With Alcohol Problems.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Bjork, James M	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33964518	Create Study	Amygdalar Activation as a Neurobiological Marker of Differential Sensitivity in the Effects of Family Rearing Experiences on Socioemotional Adjustment in Youths.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Liu, Sihong; Oshri, Assaf; Kogan, Steven M; Wickrama, K A S; Sweet, Lawrence	November 1, 2021	Not Determined
33940143	Create Study	Reliability and sensitivity of two whole-brain segmentation approaches included in FreeSurfer - ASEG and SAMSEG.	NeuroImage	Sederevičius, Donatas; Vidal-Piñeiro, Didac; Sørensen, Øystein; van Leemput, Koen; Iglesias, Juan Eugenio; Dalca, Adrian V; Greve, Douglas N; Fischl, Bruce; Bjørnerud, Atle; Walhovd, Kristine B; Fjell, Anders M; Alzheimers Disease Neuroimaging Initiative	August 15, 2021	Not Determined
33938908	Create Study	Association of Local Variation in Neighborhood Disadvantage in Metropolitan Areas With Youth Neurocognition and Brain Structure.	JAMA pediatrics	Hackman, Daniel A; Cserbik, Dora; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan; Berhane, Kiros; Minaravesh, Bita; McConnell, Rob; Herting, Megan M	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
33900639	Create Study	Extracurricular Activities, Screen Media Activity, and Sleep May Be Modifiable Factors Related to Children''s Cognitive Functioning: Evidence From the ABCD Study®.	Child development	Kirlic, Namik; Colaizzi, Janna M; Cosgrove, Kelly T; Cohen, Zsofia P; Yeh, Hung-Wen; Breslin, Florence; Morris, Amanda S; Aupperle, Robin L; Singh, Manpreet K; Paulus, Martin P	September 1, 2021	Not Determined
33882349	Create Study	Minimal specifications for non-human primate MRI: Challenges in standardizing and harmonizing data collection.	NeuroImage	Autio, Joonas A; Zhu, Qi; Li, Xiaolian; Glasser, Matthew F; Schwiedrzik, Caspar M; Fair, Damien A; Zimmermann, Jan; Yacoub, Essa; Menon, Ravi S; Van Essen, David C; Hayashi, Takuya; Russ, Brian; Vanduffel, Wim	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
33878374	Create Study	Stability of hippocampal subfield volumes after trauma and relationship to development of PTSD symptoms.	NeuroImage	Weis, C N; Webb, E K; Huggins, A A; Kallenbach, M; Miskovich, T A; Fitzgerald, J M; Bennett, K P; Krukowski, J L; deRoon-Cassini, T A; Larson, C L	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
33862325	Create Study	Multimodal brain predictors of current weight and weight gain in children enrolled in the ABCD study ®.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Adise, Shana; Allgaier, Nicholas; Laurent, Jennifer; Hahn, Sage; Chaarani, Bader; Owens, Max; Yuan, DeKang; Nyugen, Philip; Mackey, Scott; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh P	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
33851904	Create Study	Conduct disorder symptomatology is associated with an altered functional connectome in a large national youth sample.	Development and psychopathology	Tillem, Scott; Conley, May I; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
33850154	Create Study	Associations between frontal lobe structure, parent-reported obstructive sleep disordered breathing and childhood behavior in the ABCD dataset.	Nature communications	Isaiah, Amal; Ernst, Thomas; Cloak, Christine C; Clark, Duncan B; Chang, Linda	April 13, 2021	Not Determined
33836108	Create Study	Gastric symptoms and low perceived maternal warmth are associated with eating disorder symptoms in young adolescent girls.	The International journal of eating disorders	Kerr, Kara L; Ralph-Nearman, Christina; Colaizzi, Janna M; DeVille, Danielle C; Breslin, Florence J; Aupperle, Robin L; Paulus, Martin P; Morris, Amanda Sheffield	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
33829950	Create Study	Exercise, Decision-Making, and Cannabis-Related Outcomes among Adolescents.	Substance use & misuse	Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Salamanca, Maria J; Coxe, Stefany; Hawes, Samuel W; Gonzalez, Raul	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
33825852	Create Study	Distinct Regionalization Patterns of Cortical Morphology are Associated with Cognitive Performance Across Different Domains.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Palmer, C E; Zhao, W; Loughnan, R; Zou, J; Fan, C C; Thompson, W K; Dale, A M; Jernigan, T L	July 5, 2021	Not Determined
33821375	Create Study	"I Don''t Understand": Who Is Missed When We Ask Early Adolescents, "Are You Transgender"?	Archives of sexual behavior	Dube, Sarahjane; Ivanova, Masha; Potter, Alexandra	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33821002	Create Study	Shared heritability of human face and brain shape.	Nature genetics	Naqvi, Sahin; Sleyp, Yoeri; Hoskens, Hanne; Indencleef, Karlijne; Spence, Jeffrey P; Bruffaerts, Rose; Radwan, Ahmed; Eller, Ryan J; Richmond, Stephen; Shriver, Mark D; Shaffer, John R; Weinberg, Seth M; Walsh, Susan; Thompson, James; Pritchard, Jonathan K; Sunaert, Stefan; Peeters, Hilde; Wysocka, Joanna; Claes, Peter	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
33816055	Create Study	Risks versus consequences of adolescent and young adult substance use: A focus on executive control.	Current addiction reports	Luciana, Monica	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33809905	Create Study	Parental Education and Left Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortical Activity during N-Back Task: An fMRI Study of American Adolescents.	Brain sciences	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Saqib, Mohammed; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	March 22, 2021	Not Determined
33806587	Create Study	Resting-State Functional Connectivity between Putamen and Salience Network and Childhood Body Mass Index.	Neurology international	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika	March 4, 2021	Not Determined
33799042	Create Study	Contributions from resting state functional connectivity and familial risk to early adolescent-onset MDD: Results from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.	Journal of affective disorders	Cai, Yuqi; Elsayed, Nourhan M; Barch, Deanna M	May 15, 2021	Not Determined
33794357	Create Study	Heritability of brain resilience to perturbation in humans.	NeuroImage	Menardi, Arianna; Reineberg, Andrew E; Vallesi, Antonino; Friedman, Naomi P; Banich, Marie T; Santarnecchi, Emiliano	July 15, 2021	Not Determined
33789345	Create Study	The genetic architecture of human complex phenotypes is modulated by linkage disequilibrium and heterozygosity.	Genetics	Holland, Dominic; Frei, Oleksandr; Desikan, Rahul; Fan, Chun-Chieh; Shadrin, Alexey A; Smeland, Olav B; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M	March 31, 2021	Not Determined
33777643	Create Study	Neural and behavioral correlates associated with adolescent marijuana use.	Current addiction reports	Subramaniam, Punitha; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33754935	Create Study	The Relationship between Early Alcohol Use Behaviors and Adolescent Pubertal and Psychosocial Development: A Latent Growth Analysis.	Substance use & misuse	May, A C; Aguinaldo, L D; Tan, R; Courtney, K E; Jacobus, J	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
33749724	Create Study	Rates of Incidental Findings in Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Children.	JAMA neurology	Li, Yi; Thompson, Wesley K; Reuter, Chase; Nillo, Ryan; Jernigan, Terry; Dale, Anders; Sugrue, Leo P; ABCD Consortium; Brown, Julian; Dougherty, Robert F; Rauschecker, Andreas; Rudie, Jeffrey; Barch, Deanna M; Calhoun, Vince; Hagler, Donald; Hatton, Sean; Tanabe, Jody; Marshall, Andrew; Sher, Kenneth J; Heeringa, Steven; Hermosillo, Robert; Banich, Marie T; Squeglia, Lindsay; Bjork, James; Zucker, Robert; Neale, Michael; Herting, Megan; Sheth, Chandni; Huber, Rebeka; Reeves, Gloria; Hettema, John M; Howlett, Katia Delrahim; Cloak, Christine; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Rapuano, Kristina; Gonzalez, Raul; Karcher, Nicole; Laird, Angela; Baker, Fiona; James, Regina; Sowell, Elizabeth; Dick, Anthony; Hawes, Samuel; Sutherland, Matthew; Bagot, Kara; Bodurka, Jerzy; Breslin, Florence; Morris, Amanda; Paulus, Martin; Gray, Kevin; Hoffman, Elizabeth; Weiss, Susan; Rajapakse, Nishadi; Glantz, Meyer; Nagel, Bonnie; Ewing, Sarah Feldstein; Goldstone, Aimee; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Prouty, Devin; Rosenberg, Monica; Bookheimer, Susan; Tapert, Susan; Infante, Maria; Jacobus, Joanna; Giedd, Jay; Shilling, Paul; Wade, Natasha; Uban, Kristina; Haist, Frank; Heyser, Charles; Palmer, Clare; Kuperman, Joshua; Hewitt, John; Cottler, Linda; Isaiah, Amal; Chang, Linda; Edwards, Sarah; Ernst, Thomas; Heitzeg, Mary; Puttler, Leon; Sripada, Chandra; Iacono, William; Luciana, Monica; Clark, Duncan; Luna, Beatriz; Schirda, Claudiu; Foxe, John; Freedman, Edward; Mason, Michael; McGlade, Erin; Renshaw, Perry; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah; Albaugh, Matthew; Allgaier, Nicholas; Chaarani, Bader; Potter, Alexandra; Ivanova, Masha; Lisdahl, Krista; Do, Elizabeth; Maes, Hermine; Bogdan, Ryan; Anokhin, Andrey; Dosenbach, Nico; Glaser, Paul; Heath, Andrew; Casey, Betty J; Gee, Dylan; Garavan, Hugh P; Dowling, Gaya; Brown, Sandra	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33748971	Create Study	Analysis of structural brain asymmetries in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in 39 datasets.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Postema, Merel C; Hoogman, Martine; Ambrosino, Sara; Asherson, Philip; Banaschewski, Tobias; Bandeira, Cibele E; Baranov, Alexandr; Bau, Claiton H D; Baumeister, Sarah; Baur-Streubel, Ramona; Bellgrove, Mark A; Biederman, Joseph; Bralten, Janita; Brandeis, Daniel; Brem, Silvia; Buitelaar, Jan K; Busatto, Geraldo F; Castellanos, Francisco X; Cercignani, Mara; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany M; Chantiluke, Kaylita C; Christakou, Anastasia; Coghill, David; Conzelmann, Annette; Cubillo, Ana I; Cupertino, Renata B; de Zeeuw, Patrick; Doyle, Alysa E; Durston, Sarah; Earl, Eric A; Epstein, Jeffery N; Ethofer, Thomas; Fair, Damien A; Fallgatter, Andreas J; Faraone, Stephen V; Frodl, Thomas; Gabel, Matt C; Gogberashvili, Tinatin; Grevet, Eugenio H; Haavik, Jan; Harrison, Neil A; Hartman, Catharina A; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Hohmann, Sarah; Høvik, Marie F; Jernigan, Terry L; Kardatzki, Bernd; Karkashadze, Georgii; Kelly, Clare; Kohls, Gregor; Konrad, Kerstin; Kuntsi, Jonna; Lazaro, Luisa; Lera-Miguel, Sara; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Louza, Mario R; Lundervold, Astri J; Malpas, Charles B; Mattos, Paulo; McCarthy, Hazel; Namazova-Baranova, Leyla; Nicolau, Rosa; Nigg, Joel T; Novotny, Stephanie E; Oberwelland Weiss, Eileen; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Oranje, Bob; Paloyelis, Yannis; Pauli, Paul; Picon, Felipe A; Plessen, Kerstin J; Ramos-Quiroga, J Antoni; Reif, Andreas; Reneman, Liesbeth; Rosa, Pedro G P; Rubia, Katya; Schrantee, Anouk; Schweren, Lizanne J S; Seitz, Jochen; Shaw, Philip; Silk, Tim J; Skokauskas, Norbert; Soliva Vila, Juan C; Stevens, Michael C; Sudre, Gustavo; Tamm, Leanne; Tovar-Moll, Fernanda; van Erp, Theo G M; Vance, Alasdair; Vilarroya, Oscar; Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda; von Polier, Georg G; Walitza, Susanne; Yoncheva, Yuliya N; Zanetti, Marcus V; Ziegler, Georg C; Glahn, David C; Jahanshad, Neda; Medland, Sarah E; ENIGMA ADHD Working Group; Thompson, Paul M; Fisher, Simon E; Franke, Barbara; Francks, Clyde	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
33731234	Create Study	Using multivariate endophenotypes to identify psychophysiological mechanisms associated with polygenic scores for substance use, schizophrenia, and education attainment.	Psychological medicine	Harper, Jeremy; Liu, Mengzhen; Malone, Stephen M; McGue, Matt; Iacono, William G; Vrieze, Scott I	March 18, 2021	Not Determined
33713937	Create Study	Preliminary analysis of low-level alcohol use and suicidality with children in the adolescent brain and cognitive development (ABCD) baseline cohort.	Psychiatry research	Aguinaldo, Laika D; Goldstone, Aimee; Hasler, Brant P; Brent, David A; Coronado, Clarisa; Jacobus, Joanna	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33679599	Create Study	Correspondence Between Perceived Pubertal Development and Hormone Levels in 9-10 Year-Olds From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Frontiers in endocrinology	Herting, Megan M; Uban, Kristina A; Gonzalez, Marybel Robledo; Baker, Fiona C; Kan, Eric C; Thompson, Wesley K; Granger, Douglas A; Albaugh, Matthew D; Anokhin, Andrey P; Bagot, Kara S; Banich, Marie T; Barch, Deanna M; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Breslin, Florence J; Casey, B J; Chaarani, Bader; Chang, Linda; Clark, Duncan B; Cloak, Christine C; Constable, R Todd; Cottler, Linda B; Dagher, Rada K; Dapretto, Mirella; Dick, Anthony S; Dosenbach, Nico; Dowling, Gayathri J; Dumas, Julie A; Edwards, Sarah; Ernst, Thomas; Fair, Damien A; Feldstein-Ewing, Sarah W; Freedman, Edward G; Fuemmeler, Bernard F; Garavan, Hugh; Gee, Dylan G; Giedd, Jay N; Glaser, Paul E A; Goldstone, Aimee; Gray, Kevin M; Hawes, Samuel W; Heath, Andrew C; Heitzeg, Mary M; Hewitt, John K; Heyser, Charles J; Hoffman, Elizabeth A; Huber, Rebekah S; Huestis, Marilyn A; Hyde, Luke W; Infante, M Alejandra; Ivanova, Masha Y; Jacobus, Joanna; Jernigan, Terry L; Karcher, Nicole R; Laird, Angela R; LeBlanc, Kimberly H; Lisdahl, Krista; Luciana, Monica; Luna, Beatriz; Maes, Hermine H; Marshall, Andrew T; Mason, Michael J; McGlade, Erin C; Morris, Amanda S; Nagel, Bonnie J; Neigh, Gretchen N; Palmer, Clare E; Paulus, Martin P; Potter, Alexandra S; Puttler, Leon I; Rajapakse, Nishadi; Rapuano, Kristina; Reeves, Gloria; Renshaw, Perry F; Schirda, Claudiu; Sher, Kenneth J; Sheth, Chandni; Shilling, Paul D; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Sutherland, Matthew T; Tapert, Susan F; Tomko, Rachel L; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah; Wade, Natasha E; Weiss, Susan R B; Zucker, Robert A; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33676919	Create Study	Failure to Identify Robust Latent Variables of Positive or Negative Valence Processing Across Units of Analysis.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Peng, Yujia; Knotts, Jeffrey D; Taylor, Charles T; Craske, Michelle G; Stein, Murray B; Bookheimer, Susan; Young, Katherine S; Simmons, Alan N; Yeh, Hung-Wen; Ruiz, Julian; Paulus, Martin P	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33646623	Create Study	Contemporary screen time modalities among children 9-10 years old and binge-eating disorder at one-year follow-up: A prospective cohort study.	The International journal of eating disorders	Nagata, Jason M; Iyer, Puja; Chu, Jonathan; Baker, Fiona C; Pettee Gabriel, Kelley; Garber, Andrea K; Murray, Stuart B; Bibbins-Domingo, Kirsten; Ganson, Kyle T	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33646417	Create Study	Reported autism diagnosis is associated with psychotic-like symptoms in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort.	European child & adolescent psychiatry	Jutla, Amandeep; Donohue, Meghan Rose; Veenstra-VanderWeele, Jeremy; Foss-Feig, Jennifer H	July 1, 2022	Not Determined
33638150	Create Study	Does maternal psychopathology bias reports of offspring symptoms? A study using moderated non-linear factor analysis.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Olino, Thomas M; Michelini, Giorgia; Mennies, Rebekah J; Kotov, Roman; Klein, Daniel N	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
33630070	Create Study	Association Between Habitual Snoring and Cognitive Performance Among a Large Sample of Preadolescent Children.	JAMA otolaryngology-- head & neck surgery	Isaiah, Amal; Ernst, Thomas; Cloak, Christine C; Clark, Duncan B; Chang, Linda	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33615640	Create Study	Effects of copy number variations on brain structure and risk for psychiatric illness: Large-scale studies from the ENIGMA working groups on CNVs.	Human brain mapping	Sønderby, Ida E; Ching, Christopher R K; Thomopoulos, Sophia I; van der Meer, Dennis; Sun, Daqiang; Villalon-Reina, Julio E; Agartz, Ingrid; Amunts, Katrin; Arango, Celso; Armstrong, Nicola J; Ayesa-Arriola, Rosa; Bakker, Geor; Bassett, Anne S; Boomsma, Dorret I; Bülow, Robin; Butcher, Nancy J; Calhoun, Vince D; Caspers, Svenja; Chow, Eva W C; Cichon, Sven; Ciufolini, Simone; Craig, Michael C; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Cunningham, Adam C; Dale, Anders M; Dazzan, Paola; de Zubicaray, Greig I; Djurovic, Srdjan; Doherty, Joanne L; Donohoe, Gary; Draganski, Bogdan; Durdle, Courtney A; Ehrlich, Stefan; Emanuel, Beverly S; Espeseth, Thomas; Fisher, Simon E; Ge, Tian; Glahn, David C; Grabe, Hans J; Gur, Raquel E; Gutman, Boris A; Haavik, Jan; Håberg, Asta K; Hansen, Laura A; Hashimoto, Ryota; Hibar, Derrek P; Holmes, Avram J; Hottenga, Jouke-Jan; Hulshoff Pol, Hilleke E; Jalbrzikowski, Maria; Knowles, Emma E M; Kushan, Leila; Linden, David E J; Liu, Jingyu; Lundervold, Astri J; Martin-Brevet, Sandra; Martínez, Kenia; Mather, Karen A; Mathias, Samuel R; McDonald-McGinn, Donna M; McRae, Allan F; Medland, Sarah E; Moberget, Torgeir; Modenato, Claudia; Monereo Sánchez, Jennifer; Moreau, Clara A; Mühleisen, Thomas W; Paus, Tomas; Pausova, Zdenka; Prieto, Carlos; Ragothaman, Anjanibhargavi; Reinbold, Céline S; Reis Marques, Tiago; Repetto, Gabriela M; Reymond, Alexandre; Roalf, David R; Rodriguez-Herreros, Borja; Rucker, James J; Sachdev, Perminder S; Schmitt, James E; Schofield, Peter R; Silva, Ana I; Stefansson, Hreinn; Stein, Dan J; Tamnes, Christian K; Tordesillas-Gutiérrez, Diana; Ulfarsson, Magnus O; Vajdi, Ariana; van 't Ent, Dennis; van den Bree, Marianne B M; Vassos, Evangelos; Vázquez-Bourgon, Javier; Vila-Rodriguez, Fidel; Walters, G Bragi; Wen, Wei; Westlye, Lars T; Wittfeld, Katharina; Zackai, Elaine H; Stefánsson, Kári; Jacquemont, Sebastien; Thompson, Paul M; Bearden, Carrie E; Andreassen, Ole A; ENIGMA-CNV Working Group; ENIGMA 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome Working Group	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
33607147	Create Study	Promising vulnerability markers of substance use and misuse: A review of human neurobehavioral studies.	Neuropharmacology	Lees, Briana; Garcia, Alexis M; Debenham, Jennifer; Kirkland, Anna E; Bryant, Brittany E; Mewton, Louise; Squeglia, Lindsay M	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33585160	Create Study	The ups and downs of relating nondrug reward activation to substance use risk in adolescents.	Current addiction reports	Bjork, James M	September 1, 2020	Not Determined
33556882	Create Study	Decomposing complex links between the childhood environment and brain structure in school-aged youth.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Hong, Seok-Jun; Sisk, Lucinda M; Caballero, Camila; Mekhanik, Anthony; Roy, Amy K; Milham, Michael P; Gee, Dylan G	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33536880	Create Study	Retaining Adolescent and Young Adult Participants in Research During a Pandemic: Best Practices From Two Large-Scale Developmental Neuroimaging Studies (NCANDA and ABCD).	Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience	Nooner, Kate B; Chung, Tammy; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Brumback, Ty; Arwood, Zjanya; Tapert, Susan F; Brown, Sandra A; Cottler, Linda	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33529676	Create Study	Caffeine exposure in utero is associated with structural brain alterations and deleterious neurocognitive outcomes in 9-10 year old children.	Neuropharmacology	Christensen, Zachary P; Freedman, Edward G; Foxe, John J	March 15, 2021	Not Determined
33523708	Create Study	Interpreting Interaction Effects in Generalized Linear Models of Nonlinear Probabilities and Counts.	Multivariate behavioral research	McCabe, Connor J; Halvorson, Max A; King, Kevin M; Cao, Xiaolin; Kim, Dale S	March 1, 2022	Not Determined
33518499	Create Study	Direct and Indirect Associations of Widespread Individual Differences in Brain White Matter Microstructure With Executive Functioning and General and Specific Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Moore, Tyler M; Kaczkurkin, Antonia N; Meyer, Francisco A C; Satterthwaite, Theodore D; Fair, Damien A; White, Tonya; Blok, Elisabet; Applegate, Brooks; Thompson, Lauren M; Rosenberg, Monica D; Hedeker, Donald; Berman, Marc G; Lahey, Benjamin B	April 1, 2022	Not Determined
33510046	Create Study	Brain microstructure mediates sex-specific patterns of cognitive aging.	Aging	Reas, Emilie T; Hagler, Donald J; Zhong, Allison J; Lee, Roland R; Dale, Anders M; McEvoy, Linda K	January 28, 2021	Not Determined
33503481	Create Study	Latent variables for region of interest activation during the monetary incentive delay task.	NeuroImage	White, Evan J; Kuplicki, Rayus; Stewart, Jennifer L; Kirlic, Namik; Yeh, Hung-Wen; T1000 Investigators; Paulus, Martin P; Aupperle, Robin L	April 15, 2021	Not Determined
33495121	Create Study	Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms Among Children in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Clinical, Cognitive, and Brain Connectivity Correlates.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Pagliaccio, David; Durham, Katherine; Fitzgerald, Kate D; Marsh, Rachel	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33479512	Create Study	Association of gray matter volumes with general and specific dimensions of psychopathology in children.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Durham, E Leighton; Jeong, Hee Jung; Moore, Tyler M; Dupont, Randolph M; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Cui, Zaixu; Stone, Farrah E; Berman, Marc G; Lahey, Benjamin B; Kaczkurkin, Antonia N	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
33472387	Create Study	Multimodal Neuroimaging of Suicidal Thoughts and Behaviors in a U.S. Population-Based Sample of School-Age Children.	The American journal of psychiatry	Vidal-Ribas, Pablo; Janiri, Delfina; Doucet, Gaelle E; Pornpattananangkul, Narun; Nielson, Dylan M; Frangou, Sophia; Stringaris, Argyris	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33467473	Create Study	Typologies of Family Functioning and 24-h Movement Behaviors.	International journal of environmental research and public health	Guerrero, Michelle D; Barnes, Joel D; Tremblay, Mark S; Pulkki-Råback, Laura	January 15, 2021	Not Determined
33462446	Create Study	State-dependent responses to intracranial brain stimulation in a patient with depression.	Nature medicine	Scangos, Katherine W; Makhoul, Ghassan S; Sugrue, Leo P; Chang, Edward F; Krystal, Andrew D	February 1, 2021	Not Determined
33462190	Create Study	Multimethod investigation of the neurobiological basis of ADHD symptomatology in children aged 9-10: baseline data from the ABCD study.	Translational psychiatry	Owens, Max M; Allgaier, Nicholas; Hahn, Sage; Yuan, DeKang; Albaugh, Matthew; Adise, Shana; Chaarani, Bader; Ortigara, Joseph; Juliano, Anthony; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh	January 18, 2021	Not Determined
33461315	Create Study	Age and Sex Differences in the Associations of Pulse Pressure With White Matter and Subcortical Microstructure.	Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979)	Reas, Emilie T; Laughlin, Gail A; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Lee, Roland R; Dale, Anders M; McEvoy, Linda K	March 3, 2021	Not Determined
33447841	Create Study	Boost in Test-Retest Reliability in Resting State fMRI with Predictive Modeling.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Taxali, Aman; Angstadt, Mike; Rutherford, Saige; Sripada, Chandra	May 10, 2021	Not Determined
33441214	Create Study	Differentiated nomological networks of internalizing, externalizing, and the general factor of psychopathology (''p factor'') in emerging adolescence in the ABCD study.	Psychological medicine	Brislin, Sarah J; Martz, Meghan E; Joshi, Sonalee; Duval, Elizabeth R; Gard, Arianna; Clark, D Angus; Hyde, Luke W; Hicks, Brian M; Taxali, Aman; Angstadt, Mike; Rutherford, Saige; Heitzeg, Mary M; Sripada, Chandra	October 1, 2022	Not Determined
33434614	Create Study	Risk factors associated with curiosity about alcohol use in the ABCD cohort.	Alcohol (Fayetteville, N.Y.)	Wade, Natasha E; Palmer, Clare E; Gonzalez, Marybel R; Wallace, Alexander L; Infante, M Alejandra; Tapert, Susan F; Jacobus, Joanna; Bagot, Kara S	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33425663	Create Study	Neurocognitive Correlates of Adolescent Cannabis Use: An Overview of Neural Activation Patterns in Task-Based Functional MRI Studies.	Journal of pediatric neuropsychology	Coronado, Clarisa; Wade, Natasha E; Aguinaldo, Laika D; Mejia, Margie Hernandez; Jacobus, Joanna	March 1, 2020	Not Determined
33410532	Create Study	Tuber Locations Associated with Infantile Spasms Map to a Common Brain Network.	Annals of neurology	Cohen, Alexander L; Mulder, Brechtje P F; Prohl, Anna K; Soussand, Louis; Davis, Peter; Kroeck, Mallory R; McManus, Peter; Gholipour, Ali; Scherrer, Benoit; Bebin, E Martina; Wu, Joyce Y; Northrup, Hope; Krueger, Darcy A; Sahin, Mustafa; Warfield, Simon K; Fox, Michael D; Peters, Jurriaan M; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex Autism Center of Excellence Network Study Group	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33369616	Create Study	Obesity and Eating Disorder Disparities Among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth.	JAMA pediatrics	Schvey, Natasha A; Pearlman, Arielle T; Klein, David A; Murphy, Mikela A; Gray, Joshua C	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33359407	Create Study	Racial Disparities in Elementary School Disciplinary Actions: Findings From the ABCD Study.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Fadus, Matthew C; Valadez, Emilio A; Bryant, Brittany E; Garcia, Alexis M; Neelon, Brian; Tomko, Rachel L; Squeglia, Lindsay M	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
33335310	Create Study	The effects of FAAH inhibition on the neural basis of anxiety-related processing in healthy male subjects: a randomized clinical trial.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Paulus, Martin P; Stein, Murray B; Simmons, Alan N; Risbrough, Victoria B; Halter, Robin; Chaplan, Sandra R	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33334432	Create Study	The Influence of Cannabis and Nicotine Co-use on Neuromaturation: A Systematic Review of Adolescent and Young Adult Studies.	Biological psychiatry	Hernandez Mejia, Margie; Wade, Natasha E; Baca, Rachel; Diaz, Vanessa G; Jacobus, Joanna	January 15, 2021	Not Determined
33325561	Create Study	Altered hippocampal microstructure and function in children who experienced Hurricane Irma.	Developmental psychobiology	Conley, May I; Skalaban, Lena J; Rapuano, Kristina M; Gonzalez, Raul; Laird, Angela R; Dick, Anthony Steven; Sutherland, Matthew T; Watts, Richard; Casey, B J	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
33317053	Create Study	Parental Education, Household Income, and Cortical Surface Area among 9-10 Years Old Children: Minorities'' Diminished Returns.	Brain sciences	Assari, Shervin	December 9, 2020	Not Determined
33309003	Create Study	Corrigendum to "Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood" [Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience 46 (December) (2020) 100878].	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Rapuano, Kristina M; Rosenberg, Monica D; Maza, Maria T; Dennis, Nicholas J; Dorji, Mila; Greene, Abigail S; Horien, Corey; Scheinost, Dustin; Todd Constable, R; Casey, B J	February 1, 2021	Not Determined
33299967	Create Study	Dimensional Change Card Sorting of American Children: Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns of Age.	Children and teenagers	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33299959	Create Study	Family''s Subjective Economic Status and Children''s Matrix Reasoning: Blacks'' Diminished Returns.	Research in health science	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika	November 29, 2021	Not Determined
33297546	Create Study	Parental Education, Household Income, Race, and Children''s Working Memory: Complexity of the Effects.	Brain sciences	Akhlaghipour, Golnoush; Assari, Shervin	December 7, 2020	Not Determined
33294964	Create Study	Psychotic Like Experiences are Associated with Suicide Ideation and Behavior in 9 to 10 Year Old Children in the United States.	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Grattan, Rebecca E; Karcher, Nicole R; Maguire, Adrienne M; Hatch, Burt; Barch, Deanna M; Niendam, Tara A	February 1, 2021	Not Determined
33294757	Create Study	Stronger Association between Nucleus Accumbens Density and Body Mass Index in Low-Income and African American Children.	Research in health science	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33283124	Create Study	Racial Variation in the Association between Childhood Depression and Frontal Pole Volume among American Children.	Research in health science	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33282611	Create Study	Brain Structure and Function in Recovery.	Alcohol research : current reviews	Nixon, Sara Jo; Lewis, Ben	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33282415	Create Study	American Children''s Screen Time: Diminished Returns of Household Income in Black Families.	Information (Basel)	Assari, Shervin	November 1, 2020	Not Determined
33281105	Create Study	Altered Neurocognitive Functional Connectivity and Activation Patterns Underlie Psychopathology in Preadolescence.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Lees, Briana; Squeglia, Lindsay M; McTeague, Lisa M; Forbes, Miriam K; Krueger, Robert F; Sunderland, Matthew; Baillie, Andrew J; Koch, Forrest; Teesson, Maree; Mewton, Louise	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
33274304	Create Study	Age-Related Decline in Children''s Reward Sensitivity: Blacks'' Diminished Returns.	Research in health science	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33259511	Create Study	Association between brain morphometry and aerobic fitness level and sex in healthy emerging adults.	PloS one	Wade, Natasha E; Wallace, Alexander L; Sullivan, Ryan M; Swartz, Ann M; Lisdahl, Krista M	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33251336	Create Study	Parental Human Capital and Adolescents'' Executive Function: Immigrants'' Diminished Returns.	Medical research archives	Assari, Shervin; Akhlaghipour, Golnoush; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	October 1, 2020	Not Determined
33241770	Create Study	False positive rates in positron emission tomography (PET) voxelwise analyses.	Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism	Ganz, Melanie; Nørgaard, Martin; Beliveau, Vincent; Svarer, Claus; Knudsen, Gitte M; Greve, Douglas N	July 1, 2021	Not Determined
33241232	Create Study	Prefrontal Cortex Response to Threat: Race by Age Variation in 9-10 Year Old Children.	Journal of mental health & clinical psychology	Assari, Shervin; Akhlaghipour, Golnoush; Saqib, Mohammed; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33241230	Create Study	Diminished Protective Effects of Household Income on Internalizing Symptoms among African American than European American Pre-Adolescents.	Journal of economics, trade and marketing management	Assari, Shervin; Islam, Sondos	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33241229	Create Study	Sex Differences in the Association between Cortical Thickness and Children''s Behavioral Inhibition.	Journal of psychology & behavior research	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33238925	Create Study	Screen media activity does not displace other recreational activities among 9-10 year-old youth: a cross-sectional ABCD study®.	BMC public health	Lees, Briana; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Breslin, Florence J; Thompson, Wesley K; Tapert, Susan F; Paulus, Martin P	November 25, 2020	Not Determined
33233814	Create Study	Mental Rotation in American Children: Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Black Families.	Pediatric reports	Assari, Shervin	November 20, 2020	Not Determined
33229246	Create Study	Associations Between Resting-State Functional Connectivity and a Hierarchical Dimensional Structure of Psychopathology in Middle Childhood.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Karcher, Nicole R; Michelini, Giorgia; Kotov, Roman; Barch, Deanna M	May 1, 2021	Not Determined
33229052	Create Study	Problems experienced by children from families with histories of substance misuse: An ABCD study®.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Lees, Briana; Stapinski, Lexine A; Teesson, Maree; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Jacobus, Joanna; Mewton, Louise	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
33215166	Create Study	Socioeconomic Status Inequalities Partially Mediate Racial and Ethnic Differences in Children''s Amygdala Volume.	Studies in social science research	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33215045	Create Study	Social Determinants of Delayed Gratification among American Children.	Caspian journal of neurological sciences	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33192411	Create Study	Positive Economic, Psychosocial, and Physiological Ecologies Predict Brain Structure and Cognitive Performance in 9-10-Year-Old Children.	Frontiers in human neuroscience	Gonzalez, Marybel Robledo; Palmer, Clare E; Uban, Kristina A; Jernigan, Terry L; Thompson, Wesley K; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33181393	Create Study	Behavioral and brain signatures of substance use vulnerability in childhood.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Rapuano, Kristina M; Rosenberg, Monica D; Maza, Maria T; Dennis, Nicholas J; Dorji, Mila; Greene, Abigail S; Horien, Corey; Scheinost, Dustin; Todd Constable, R; Casey, B J	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33176359	Create Study	Disentangling vulnerability, state and trait features of neurocognitive impairments in depression.	Brain : a journal of neurology	Ang, Yuen-Siang; Frontero, Nicole; Belleau, Emily; Pizzagalli, Diego A	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33163908	Create Study	Racial Variation in the Association between Suicidal History and Positive and Negative Urgency among American Children.	Journal of education and culture studies	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33163684	Create Study	Sex Differences in the Association between Household Income and Children''s Executive Function.	Sexes	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra Howard	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33152602	Create Study	Detect and correct bias in multi-site neuroimaging datasets.	Medical image analysis	Wachinger, Christian; Rieckmann, Anna; Pölsterl, Sebastian; Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative and the Australian Imaging Biomarkers and Lifestyle flagship study of ageing	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
33150523	Create Study	Using Multimodel Inference/Model Averaging to Model Causes of Covariation Between Variables in Twins.	Behavior genetics	Maes, Hermine H; Neale, Michael C; Kirkpatrick, Robert M; Kendler, Kenneth S	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
33145600	Create Study	Individual Differences in Cognitive Performance Are Better Predicted by Global Rather Than Localized BOLD Activity Patterns Across the Cortex.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Zhao, Weiqi; Palmer, Clare E; Thompson, Wesley K; Chaarani, Bader; Garavan, Hugh P; Casey, B J; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M; Fan, Chun Chieh	February 5, 2021	Not Determined
33141160	Create Study	Assessment of Neighborhood Poverty, Cognitive Function, and Prefrontal and Hippocampal Volumes in Children.	JAMA network open	Taylor, Rita L; Cooper, Shelly R; Jackson, Joshua J; Barch, Deanna M	November 2, 2020	Not Determined
33127479	Create Study	Learning Clique Subgraphs in Structural Brain Network Classification with Application to Crystallized Cognition.	NeuroImage	Wang, Lu; Lin, Feng Vankee; Cole, Martin; Zhang, Zhengwu	January 15, 2021	Not Determined
33123624	Create Study	Youth Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems in the ABCD Study: Minorities'' Diminished Returns of Family Income.	Journal of economics and public finance	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33109338	Create Study	Multivariate Patterns of Brain-Behavior-Environment Associations in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry	Modabbernia, Amirhossein; Janiri, Delfina; Doucet, Gaelle E; Reichenberg, Abraham; Frangou, Sophia	March 1, 2021	Not Determined
33103279	Create Study	Using the MoBI motion capture system to rapidly and accurately localize EEG electrodes in anatomic space.	The European journal of neuroscience	Mazurek, Kevin A; Patelaki, Eleni; Foxe, John J; Freedman, Edward G	December 1, 2021	Not Determined
33103157	Create Study	Subjective Socioeconomic Status and Children''s Amygdala Volume: Minorities'' Diminish Returns.	NeuroSci	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33103023	Create Study	Race, Ethnicity, Family Socioeconomic Status, and Children''s Hippocampus Volume.	Research in health science	Assari, Shervin	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
33096046	Create Study	A large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder.	The lancet. Psychiatry	Johnson, Emma C; Demontis, Ditte; Thorgeirsson, Thorgeir E; Walters, Raymond K; Polimanti, Renato; Hatoum, Alexander S; Sanchez-Roige, Sandra; Paul, Sarah E; Wendt, Frank R; Clarke, Toni-Kim; Lai, Dongbing; Reginsson, Gunnar W; Zhou, Hang; He, June; Baranger, David A A; Gudbjartsson, Daniel F; Wedow, Robbee; Adkins, Daniel E; Adkins, Amy E; Alexander, Jeffry; Bacanu, Silviu-Alin; Bigdeli, Tim B; Boden, Joseph; Brown, Sandra A; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Bybjerg-Grauholm, Jonas; Corley, Robin P; Degenhardt, Louisa; Dick, Danielle M; Domingue, Benjamin W; Fox, Louis; Goate, Alison M; Gordon, Scott D; Hack, Laura M; Hancock, Dana B; Hartz, Sarah M; Hickie, Ian B; Hougaard, David M; Krauter, Kenneth; Lind, Penelope A; McClintick, Jeanette N; McQueen, Matthew B; Meyers, Jacquelyn L; Montgomery, Grant W; Mors, Ole; Mortensen, Preben B; Nordentoft, Merete; Pearson, John F; Peterson, Roseann E; Reynolds, Maureen D; Rice, John P; Runarsdottir, Valgerdur; Saccone, Nancy L; Sherva, Richard; Silberg, Judy L; Tarter, Ralph E; Tyrfingsson, Thorarinn; Wall, Tamara L; Webb, Bradley T; Werge, Thomas; Wetherill, Leah; Wright, Margaret J; Zellers, Stephanie; Adams, Mark J; Bierut, Laura J; Boardman, Jason D; Copeland, William E; Farrer, Lindsay A; Foroud, Tatiana M; Gillespie, Nathan A; Grucza, Richard A; Harris, Kathleen Mullan; Heath, Andrew C; Hesselbrock, Victor; Hewitt, John K; Hopfer, Christian J; Horwood, John; Iacono, William G; Johnson, Eric O; Kendler, Kenneth S; Kennedy, Martin A; Kranzler, Henry R; Madden, Pamela A F; Maes, Hermine H; Maher, Brion S; Martin, Nicholas G; McGue, Matthew; McIntosh, Andrew M; Medland, Sarah E; Nelson, Elliot C; Porjesz, Bernice; Riley, Brien P; Stallings, Michael C; Vanyukov, Michael M; Vrieze, Scott; Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Substance Use Disorders Workgroup; Davis, Lea K; Bogdan, Ryan; Gelernter, Joel; Edenberg, Howard J; Stefansson, Kari; Børglum, Anders D; Agrawal, Arpana	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
33046629	Create Study	Nucleus accumbens cytoarchitecture predicts weight gain in children.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Rapuano, Kristina M; Laurent, Jennifer S; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Hatton, Sean N; Thompson, Wesley K; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M; Casey, B J; Watts, Richard	October 27, 2020	Not Determined
33043878	Create Study	Incipient Alcohol Use in Childhood: Early Alcohol Sipping and its Relations with Psychopathology and Personality - Corrigendum.	Development and psychopathology	Watts, Ashley L; Wood, Phillip K; Jackson, Kristina M; Lisdahl, Krista M; Heitzeg, Mary M; Gonzalez, Raul; Tapert, Susan F; Barch, Deanna M; Sher, Kenneth J	August 1, 2021	Not Determined
32985363	Create Study	Suicide Ideation and Neurocognition Among 9- and 10-Year Old Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Archives of suicide research : official journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research	Huber, Rebekah S; Sheth, Chandni; Renshaw, Perry F; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A; McGlade, Erin C	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
32976083	Create Study	Effective Velopharyngeal Ratio: A More Clinically Relevant Measure of Velopharyngeal Function.	Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR	Haenssler, Abigail E; Fang, Xiangming; Perry, Jamie L	November 13, 2020	Not Determined
32972200	Create Study	Association of Prenatal Alcohol Exposure With Psychological, Behavioral, and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in Children From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	The American journal of psychiatry	Lees, Briana; Mewton, Louise; Jacobus, Joanna; Valadez, Emilio A; Stapinski, Lexine A; Teesson, Maree; Tapert, Susan F; Squeglia, Lindsay M	November 1, 2020	Not Determined
32971390	Create Study	Marital status, partner acknowledgment of paternity, and neighborhood influences on smoking during first pregnancy: findings across race/ethnicity in linked administrative and census data.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Houston-Ludlam, Alexandra N; Waldron, Mary; Lian, Min; Cahill, Alison G; McCutcheon, Vivia V; Madden, Pamela A F; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Heath, Andrew C	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
32965490	Create Study	Associations Between Prenatal Cannabis Exposure and Childhood Outcomes: Results From the ABCD Study.	JAMA psychiatry	Paul, Sarah E; Hatoum, Alexander S; Fine, Jeremy D; Johnson, Emma C; Hansen, Isabella; Karcher, Nicole R; Moreau, Allison L; Bondy, Erin; Qu, Yueyue; Carter, Ebony B; Rogers, Cynthia E; Agrawal, Arpana; Barch, Deanna M; Bogdan, Ryan	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
32897083	Create Study	Neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive traits in children aged 9 to 10.	Journal of abnormal psychology	Owens, Max M; Hyatt, Courtland S; Gray, Joshua C; Miller, Joshua D; Lynam, Donald R; Hahn, Sage; Allgaier, Nicholas; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh	November 1, 2020	Not Determined
32886714	Create Study	Performance of a commercial multi-sensor wearable (Fitbit Charge HR) in measuring physical activity and sleep in healthy children.	PloS one	Godino, Job G; Wing, David; de Zambotti, Massimiliano; Baker, Fiona C; Bagot, Kara; Inkelis, Sarah; Pautz, Carina; Higgins, Michael; Nichols, Jeanne; Brumback, Ty; Chevance, Guillaume; Colrain, Ian M; Patrick, Kevin; Tapert, Susan F	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
32867775	Create Study	Severe nausea and vomiting in pregnancy: psychiatric and cognitive problems and brain structure in children.	BMC medicine	Wang, Hui; Rolls, Edmund T; Du, Xiujuan; Du, Jingnan; Yang, Dexin; Li, Jiong; Li, Fei; Cheng, Wei; Feng, Jianfeng	September 1, 2020	Not Determined
32861729	Create Study	Screen media use and sleep disturbance symptom severity in children.	Sleep health	Hisler, Garrett C; Hasler, Brant P; Franzen, Peter L; Clark, Duncan B; Twenge, Jean M	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
32857118	Create Study	Virtual Histology of Cortical Thickness and Shared Neurobiology in 6 Psychiatric Disorders.	JAMA psychiatry	Writing Committee for the Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Bipolar Disorder; Major Depressive Disorder; Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder; and Schizophrenia ENIGMA Working Groups; Patel, Yash; Parker, Nadine; Shin, Jean; Howard, Derek; French, Leon; Thomopoulos, Sophia I; Pozzi, Elena; Abe, Yoshinari; Abé, Christoph; Anticevic, Alan; Alda, Martin; Aleman, Andre; Alloza, Clara; Alonso-Lana, Silvia; Ameis, Stephanie H; Anagnostou, Evdokia; McIntosh, Andrew A; Arango, Celso; Arnold, Paul D; Asherson, Philip; Assogna, Francesca; Auzias, Guillaume; Ayesa-Arriola, Rosa; Bakker, Geor; Banaj, Nerisa; Banaschewski, Tobias; Bandeira, Cibele E; Baranov, Alexandr; Bargalló, Núria; Bau, Claiton H D; Baumeister, Sarah; Baune, Bernhard T; Bellgrove, Mark A; Benedetti, Francesco; Bertolino, Alessandro; Boedhoe, Premika S W; Boks, Marco; Bollettini, Irene; Del Mar Bonnin, Caterina; Borgers, Tiana; Borgwardt, Stefan; Brandeis, Daniel; Brennan, Brian P; Bruggemann, Jason M; Bülow, Robin; Busatto, Geraldo F; Calderoni, Sara; Calhoun, Vince D; Calvo, Rosa; Canales-Rodríguez, Erick J; Cannon, Dara M; Carr, Vaughan J; Cascella, Nicola; Cercignani, Mara; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany M; Christakou, Anastasia; Coghill, David; Conzelmann, Annette; Crespo-Facorro, Benedicto; Cubillo, Ana I; Cullen, Kathryn R; Cupertino, Renata B; Daly, Eileen; Dannlowski, Udo; Davey, Christopher G; Denys, Damiaan; Deruelle, Christine; Di Giorgio, Annabella; Dickie, Erin W; Dima, Danai; Dohm, Katharina; Ehrlich, Stefan; Ely, Benjamin A; Erwin-Grabner, Tracy; Ethofer, Thomas; Fair, Damien A; Fallgatter, Andreas J; Faraone, Stephen V; Fatjó-Vilas, Mar; Fedor, Jennifer M; Fitzgerald, Kate D; Ford, Judith M; Frodl, Thomas; Fu, Cynthia H Y; Fullerton, Janice M; Gabel, Matt C; Glahn, David C; Roberts, Gloria; Gogberashvili, Tinatin; Goikolea, Jose M; Gotlib, Ian H; Goya-Maldonado, Roberto; Grabe, Hans J; Green, Melissa J; Grevet, Eugenio H; Groenewold, Nynke A; Grotegerd, Dominik; Gruber, Oliver; Gruner, Patricia; Guerrero-Pedraza, Amalia; Gur, Raquel E; Gur, Ruben C; Haar, Shlomi; Haarman, Bartholomeus C M; Haavik, Jan; Hahn, Tim; Hajek, Tomas; Harrison, Benjamin J; Harrison, Neil A; Hartman, Catharina A; Whalley, Heather C; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Hibar, Derrek P; Hilland, Eva; Hirano, Yoshiyuki; Ho, Tiffany C; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Hoekstra, Liesbeth; Hohmann, Sarah; Hong, L E; Höschl, Cyril; Høvik, Marie F; Howells, Fleur M; Nenadic, Igor; Jalbrzikowski, Maria; James, Anthony C; Janssen, Joost; Jaspers-Fayer, Fern; Xu, Jian; Jonassen, Rune; Karkashadze, Georgii; King, Joseph A; Kircher, Tilo; Kirschner, Matthias; Koch, Kathrin; Kochunov, Peter; Kohls, Gregor; Konrad, Kerstin; Krämer, Bernd; Krug, Axel; Kuntsi, Jonna; Kwon, Jun Soo; Landén, Mikael; Landrø, Nils I; Lazaro, Luisa; Lebedeva, Irina S; Leehr, Elisabeth J; Lera-Miguel, Sara; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Lochner, Christine; Louza, Mario R; Luna, Beatriz; Lundervold, Astri J; MacMaster, Frank P; Maglanoc, Luigi A; Malpas, Charles B; Portella, Maria J; Marsh, Rachel; Martyn, Fiona M; Mataix-Cols, David; Mathalon, Daniel H; McCarthy, Hazel; McDonald, Colm; McPhilemy, Genevieve; Meinert, Susanne; Menchón, José M; Minuzzi, Luciano; Mitchell, Philip B; Moreno, Carmen; Morgado, Pedro; Muratori, Filippo; Murphy, Clodagh M; Murphy, Declan; Mwangi, Benson; Nabulsi, Leila; Nakagawa, Akiko; Nakamae, Takashi; Namazova, Leyla; Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan; Jahanshad, Neda; Nguyen, Danai D; Nicolau, Rosa; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L; O'Hearn, Kirsten; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Opel, Nils; Ophoff, Roel A; Oranje, Bob; García de la Foz, Victor (see original citation for additional authors)	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
32841716	Create Study	Deep learning identifies morphological determinants of sex differences in the pre-adolescent brain.	NeuroImage	Adeli, Ehsan; Zhao, Qingyu; Zahr, Natalie M; Goldstone, Aimee; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Sullivan, Edith V; Pohl, Kilian M	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
32832919	Create Study	Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Sex Hormones among Male and Female American Adolescents.	Reproductive medicine (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	September 1, 2020	Not Determined
32814618	Create Study	Prevalence and correlates of concussion in children: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.	Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior	Dufour, Steven C; Adams, Rachel Sayko; Brody, David L; Puente, Antonio N; Gray, Joshua C	October 1, 2020	Not Determined
32803367	Create Study	The effects of nicotine and cannabis co-use during adolescence and young adulthood on white matter cerebral blood flow estimates.	Psychopharmacology	Courtney, Kelly E; Baca, Rachel; Doran, Neal; Jacobson, Aaron; Liu, Thomas T; Jacobus, Joanna	December 2020	Not Determined
32803159	Create Study	Replication of Associations With Psychotic-Like Experiences in Middle Childhood From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Schizophrenia bulletin open	Karcher, Nicole R; Loewy, Rachel L; Savill, Mark; Avenevoli, Shelli; Huber, Rebekah S; Simon, Tony J; Leckliter, Ingrid N; Sher, Kenneth J; Barch, Deanna M	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
32800084	Create Study	Cognitive Functioning Related to Binge Alcohol and Cannabis Co-Use in Abstinent Adolescents and Young Adults.	Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs	Wade, Natasha E; Bagot, Kara S; Tapert, Susan F; Gruber, Staci A; Filbey, Francesca M; Lisdahl, Krista M	July 2020	Not Determined
32795607	Create Study	Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study: Impact of Changes From DSM-IV to DSM-5.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Potter, Alexandra S; Owens, Max M; Albaugh, Matthew; Garavan, Hugh; Sher, Kenneth J; Kaufman, Joan; Barch, Deanna M	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
32771178	Create Study	Pragmatic and Explanatory Progress Using Statistical Models of Disturbed Mind, Brain, and Behavior to Improve Mental Health.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Paulus, Martin P	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
32771177	Create Study	Understanding the Nature and Treatment of Psychopathology: Can the Data Guide the Way?	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Barch, Deanna M	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
32768868	Create Study	Associations between age and brain microstructure in older community-dwelling men and women: the Rancho Bernardo Study.	Neurobiology of aging	Reas, Emilie T; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Andrews, Murray J; Lee, Roland R; Dale, Anders M; McEvoy, Linda K	November 1, 2020	Not Determined
32758445	Create Study	Precision Neuroimaging Opens a New Chapter of Neuroplasticity Experimentation.	Neuron	Fair, Damien A; Yeo, B T Thomas	August 5, 2020	Not Determined
32737734	Create Study	The Main and Interactive Associations between Demographic Factors and Psychopathology and Treatment Utilization in Youth: A Test of Intersectionality in the ABCD Study.	Research on child and adolescent psychopathology	Mennies, Rebekah J; Birk, Samantha L; Norris, Lesley A; Olino, Thomas M	January 1, 2021	Not Determined
32731811	Create Study	Reward Processing in Children With Disruptive Behavior Disorders and Callous-Unemotional Traits in the ABCD Study.	The American journal of psychiatry	Hawes, Samuel W; Waller, Rebecca; Byrd, Amy L; Bjork, James M; Dick, Anthony S; Sutherland, Matthew T; Riedel, Michael C; Tobia, Michael J; Thomson, Nicholas; Laird, Angela R; Gonzalez, Raul	April 2021	Not Determined
32731083	Create Study	Association of prenatal alcohol exposure with preadolescent alcohol sipping in the ABCD study®.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Lees, Briana; Mewton, Louise; Stapinski, Lexine A; Teesson, Maree; Squeglia, Lindsay M	September 2020	Not Determined
32718077	Create Study	Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status and Adolescents'' Attention: Blacks'' Diminished Returns.	Children (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen	July 2020	Not Determined
32715317	Create Study	BOLD responses to inhibition in cannabis-using adolescents and emerging adults after 2 weeks of monitored cannabis abstinence.	Psychopharmacology	Wallace, Alexander L; Maple, Kristin E; Barr, Alicia T; Lisdahl, Krista M	November 2020	Not Determined
32699512	Create Study	Adolescent brain and the natural allure of digital media .	Dialogues in clinical neuroscience	Giedd, Jay N	June 1, 2020	Not Determined
32685340	Create Study	Sleep and Alcohol Use in Women.	Alcohol research : current reviews	Inkelis, Sarah M; Hasler, Brant P; Baker, Fiona C	January 2020	Not Determined
32682894	Create Study	Environmental Risk Factors and Psychotic-like Experiences in Children Aged 9-10.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Karcher, Nicole R; Schiffman, Jason; Barch, Deanna M	April 1, 2021	Not Determined
32672986	Create Study	Criterion validity and relationships between alternative hierarchical dimensional models of general and specific psychopathology.	Journal of abnormal psychology	Moore, Tyler M; Kaczkurkin, Antonia N; Durham, E Leighton; Jeong, Hee Jung; McDowell, Malerie G; Dupont, Randolph M; Applegate, Brooks; Tackett, Jennifer L; Cardenas-Iniguez, Carlos; Kardan, Omid; Akcelik, Gaby N; Stier, Andrew J; Rosenberg, Monica D; Hedeker, Donald; Berman, Marc G; Lahey, Benjamin B	October 1, 2020	Not Determined
32665545	Create Study	Understanding the genetic determinants of the brain with MOSTest.	Nature communications	van der Meer, Dennis; Frei, Oleksandr; Kaufmann, Tobias; Shadrin, Alexey A; Devor, Anna; Smeland, Olav B; Thompson, Wesley K; Fan, Chun Chieh; Holland, Dominic; Westlye, Lars T; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M	July 2020	Not Determined
32660094	Create Study	African American Children''s Diminished Returns of Subjective Family Socioeconomic Status on Fun Seeking.	Children (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Akhlaghipour, Golnoush; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	July 2020	Not Determined
32659528	Create Study	Fine particulate matter exposure during childhood relates to hemispheric-specific differences in brain structure.	Environment international	Cserbik, Dora; Chen, Jiu-Chiuan; McConnell, Rob; Berhane, Kiros; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Schwartz, Joel; Hackman, Daniel A; Kan, Eric; Fan, Chun C; Herting, Megan M	October 2020	Not Determined
32656052	Create Study	African Americans'' Diminished Returns of Parental Education on Adolescents'' Depression and Suicide in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	European journal of investigation in health, psychology and education	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	June 2020	Not Determined
32654667	Create Study	Callous-unemotional traits and reduced default mode network connectivity within a community sample of children.	Development and psychopathology	Umbach, Rebecca H; Tottenham, Nim	October 1, 2021	Not Determined
32607126	Create Study	The importance of social factors in the association between physical activity and depression in children.	Child and adolescent psychiatry and mental health	Conley, May I; Hindley, Isabella; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Gee, Dylan G; Casey, B J; Rosenberg, Monica D	January 2020	Not Determined
32605891	Create Study	Prenatal cannabis exposure and sleep outcomes in children 9-10 years of age in the adolescent brain cognitive development SM study.	Sleep health	Winiger, Evan A; Hewitt, John K	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
32603213	Create Study	Neighborhood Deprivation Shapes Motivational-Neurocircuit Recruitment in Children.	Psychological science	Mullins, Teagan S; Campbell, Ethan M; Hogeveen, Jeremy	July 2020	Not Determined
32601990	Create Study	Caffeine intake and cognitive functions in children.	Psychopharmacology	Zhang, Han; Lee, Zu Xuan; Qiu, Anqi	October 2020	Not Determined
32593800	Create Study	Neighborhood deprivation, prefrontal morphology and neurocognition in late childhood to early adolescence.	NeuroImage	Vargas, Teresa; Damme, Katherine S F; Mittal, Vijay A	October 2020	Not Determined
32591777	Create Study	Investigation of Psychiatric and Neuropsychological Correlates of Default Mode Network and Dorsal Attention Network Anticorrelation in Children.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Owens, Max M; Yuan, DeKang; Hahn, Sage; Albaugh, Matthew; Allgaier, Nicholas; Chaarani, Bader; Potter, Alexandra; Garavan, Hugh	November 3, 2020	Not Determined
32575523	Create Study	Reward Responsiveness in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: African Americans'' Diminished Returns of Parental Education.	Brain sciences	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Akhlaghipour, Golnoush; Bazargan, Mohsen; Caldwell, Cleopatra H	June 2020	Not Determined
32553194	Create Study	Parsing Psychiatric Heterogeneity Through Common and Unique Circuit-Level Deficits.	Biological psychiatry	Satterthwaite, Theodore D; Feczko, Eric; Kaczkurkin, Antonia N; Fair, Damien A	July 1, 2020	Not Determined
32541809	Create Study	The ABCD study: understanding the development of risk for mental and physical health outcomes.	Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology	Karcher, Nicole R; Barch, Deanna M	January 2021	Not Determined
32539527	Create Study	Subcortical Brain Volume, Regional Cortical Thickness, and Cortical Surface Area Across Disorders: Findings From the ENIGMA ADHD, ASD, and OCD Working Groups.	The American journal of psychiatry	Boedhoe, Premika S W; van Rooij, Daan; Hoogman, Martine; Twisk, Jos W R; Schmaal, Lianne; Abe, Yoshinari; Alonso, Pino; Ameis, Stephanie H; Anikin, Anatoly; Anticevic, Alan; Arango, Celso; Arnold, Paul D; Asherson, Philip; Assogna, Francesca; Auzias, Guillaume; Banaschewski, Tobias; Baranov, Alexander; Batistuzzo, Marcelo C; Baumeister, Sarah; Baur-Streubel, Ramona; Behrmann, Marlene; Bellgrove, Mark A; Benedetti, Francesco; Beucke, Jan C; Biederman, Joseph; Bollettini, Irene; Bose, Anushree; Bralten, Janita; Bramati, Ivanei E; Brandeis, Daniel; Brem, Silvia; Brennan, Brian P; Busatto, Geraldo F; Calderoni, Sara; Calvo, Anna; Calvo, Rosa; Castellanos, Francisco X; Cercignani, Mara; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany M; Chantiluke, Kaylita C; Cheng, Yuqi; Cho, Kang Ik K; Christakou, Anastasia; Coghill, David; Conzelmann, Annette; Cubillo, Ana I; Dale, Anders M; Dallaspezia, Sara; Daly, Eileen; Denys, Damiaan; Deruelle, Christine; Di Martino, Adriana; Dinstein, Ilan; Doyle, Alysa E; Durston, Sarah; Earl, Eric A; Ecker, Christine; Ehrlich, Stefan; Ely, Benjamin A; Epstein, Jeffrey N; Ethofer, Thomas; Fair, Damien A; Fallgatter, Andreas J; Faraone, Stephen V; Fedor, Jennifer; Feng, Xin; Feusner, Jamie D; Fitzgerald, Jackie; Fitzgerald, Kate D; Fouche, Jean-Paul; Freitag, Christine M; Fridgeirsson, Egill A; Frodl, Thomas; Gabel, Matt C; Gallagher, Louise; Gogberashvili, Tinatin; Gori, Ilaria; Gruner, Patricia; Gürsel, Deniz A; Haar, Shlomi; Haavik, Jan; Hall, Geoffrey B; Harrison, Neil A; Hartman, Catharina A; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Hirano, Yoshiyuki; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Hoexter, Marcelo Q; Hohmann, Sarah; Høvik, Marie F; Hu, Hao; Huyser, Chaim; Jahanshad, Neda; Jalbrzikowski, Maria; James, Anthony; Janssen, Joost; Jaspers-Fayer, Fern; Jernigan, Terry L; Kapilushniy, Dmitry; Kardatzki, Bernd; Karkashadze, Georgii; Kathmann, Norbert; Kaufmann, Christian; Kelly, Clare; Khadka, Sabin; King, Joseph A; Koch, Kathrin; Kohls, Gregor; Konrad, Kerstin; Kuno, Masaru; Kuntsi, Jonna; Kvale, Gerd; Kwon, Jun Soo; Lázaro, Luisa; Lera-Miguel, Sara; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Hoekstra, Liesbeth; Liu, Yanni; Lochner, Christine; Louza, Mario R; Luna, Beatriz; Lundervold, Astri J; Malpas, Charles B; Marques, Paulo; Marsh, Rachel; Martínez-Zalacaín, Ignacio; Mataix-Cols, David; Mattos, Paulo; McCarthy, Hazel; McGrath, Jane; Mehta, Mitul A; Menchón, José M; Mennes, Maarten; Martinho, Mauricio Moller; Moreira, Pedro S; Morer, Astrid; Morgado, Pedro; Muratori, Filippo; Murphy, Clodagh M; Murphy, Declan G M; Nakagawa, Akiko; Nakamae, Takashi; Nakao, Tomohiro; Namazova-Baranova, Leyla; Narayanaswamy, Janardhanan C; Nicolau, Rosa; Nigg, Joel T; Novotny, Stephanie E; Nurmi, Erika L; Weiss, Eileen Oberwelland; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L; O'Hearn, Kirsten; O'Neill, Joseph; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Oranje, Bob; Paloyelis, Yannis; Parellada, Mara; Pauli, Paul; Perriello, Chris; Piacentini, John; Piras, Fabrizio; Piras, Federica; Plessen, Kerstin J; Puig, Olga; Ramos-Quiroga, J Antoni; Reddy, Y C Janardhan; Reif, Andreas; Reneman, Liesbeth; Retico, Alessandra; Rosa, Pedro G P; Rubia, Katya; Rus, Oana Georgiana; Sakai, Yuki; Schrantee, Anouk; Schwarz, Lena; Schweren, Lizanne J S; Seitz, Jochen; Shaw, Philip; Shook, Devon; Silk, Tim J; Simpson, H Blair; Skokauskas, Norbert; Soliva Vila, Juan Carlos; Solovieva, Anastasia; Soreni, Noam; Soriano-Mas, Carles; Spalletta, Gianfranco; Stern, Emily R; Stevens, Michael C; Stewart, S Evelyn; Sudre, Gustavo; Szeszko, Philip R; Tamm, Leanne; Taylor, Margot J; Tolin, David F; Tosetti, Michela; Tovar-Moll, Fernanda; Tsuchiyagaito, Aki; van Erp, Theo G M; van Wingen, Gu (see original citation for additional authors)	September 1, 2020	Not Determined
32539089	Create Study	Phenotype-specific differences in polygenicity and effect size distribution across functional annotation categories revealed by AI-MiXeR.	Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)	Shadrin, Alexey A; Frei, Oleksandr; Smeland, Olav B; Bettella, Francesco; O'Connell, Kevin S; Gani, Osman; Bahrami, Shahram; Uggen, Tea K E; Djurovic, Srdjan; Holland, Dominic; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M	September 15, 2020	Not Determined
32528109	Create Study	The polygenic architecture of schizophrenia - rethinking pathogenesis and nosology.	Nature reviews. Neurology	Smeland, Olav B; Frei, Oleksandr; Dale, Anders M; Andreassen, Ole A	July 1, 2020	Not Determined
32525273	Create Study	Multi-voxel pattern analysis of amygdala functional connectivity at rest predicts variability in posttraumatic stress severity.	Brain and behavior	Fitzgerald, Jacklynn M; Belleau, Emily L; Miskovich, Tara A; Pedersen, Walker S; Larson, Christine L	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
32522466	Create Study	Adverse childhood experiences and psychotic-like experiences are associated above and beyond shared correlates: Findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development study.	Schizophrenia research	Karcher, Nicole R; Niendam, Tara A; Barch, Deanna M	August 2020	Not Determined
32522303	Create Study	Incipient alcohol use in childhood: Early alcohol sipping and its relations with psychopathology and personality.	Development and psychopathology	Watts, Ashley L; Wood, Phillip K; Jackson, Kristina M; Lisdahl, Krista M; Heitzeg, Mary M; Gonzalez, Raul; Tapert, Susan F; Barch, Deanna M; Sher, Kenneth J	October 2021	Not Determined
32511674	Create Study	Association of Prenatal Opioid Exposure With Precentral Gyrus Volume in Children.	JAMA pediatrics	Hartwell, Micah L; Croff, Julie M; Morris, Amanda Sheffield; Breslin, Florence J; Dunn, Kelly	September 2020	Not Determined
32503310	Create Study	Family Socioeconomic Status and Exposure to Childhood Trauma: Racial Differences.	Children (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin	June 2020	Not Determined
32463952	Create Study	Early adolescent gender diversity and mental health in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Potter, Alexandra; Dube, Sarahjane; Allgaier, Nicholas; Loso, Hannah; Ivanova, Masha; Barrios, Lisa C; Bookheimer, Susan; Chaarani, Bader; Dumas, Julie; Feldstein-Ewing, Sarah; Freedman, Edward G; Garavan, Hugh; Hoffman, Elizabeth; McGlade, Erin; Robin, Leah; Johns, Michelle M	February 2021	Not Determined
32455841	Create Study	Parental Education on Youth Inhibitory Control in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study: Blacks'' Diminished Returns.	Brain sciences	Assari, Shervin	May 2020	Not Determined
32451322	Create Study	Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Working Memory in Childhood.	The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience	Rosenberg, Monica D; Martinez, Steven A; Rapuano, Kristina M; Conley, May I; Cohen, Alexandra O; Cornejo, M Daniela; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Meredith, Wesley J; Anderson, Kevin M; Wager, Tor D; Feczko, Eric; Earl, Eric; Fair, Damien A; Barch, Deanna M; Watts, Richard; Casey, B J	June 2020	Not Determined
32445005	Create Study	Reciprocal Influences of HIV and Cannabinoids on the Brain and Cognitive Function.	Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology	Towe, Sheri L; Meade, Christina S; Cloak, Christine C; Bell, Ryan P; Baptiste, Julian; Chang, Linda	December 1, 2020	Not Determined
32443584	Create Study	Minorities'' Diminished Returns of Parental Educational Attainment on Adolescents'' Social, Emotional, and Behavioral Problems.	Children (Basel, Switzerland)	Assari, Shervin; Boyce, Shanika; Caldwell, Cleopatra H; Bazargan, Mohsen	May 2020	Not Determined
32439147	Create Study	Parent versus child report of children''s sexual orientation: associations with psychiatric morbidity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study.	Annals of epidemiology	Clark, Kirsty A; Mennies, Rebekah J; Olino, Thomas M; Dougherty, Lea R; Pachankis, John E	May 2020	Not Determined
32433925	Create Study	Twin studies of brain, cognition, and behavior.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Hewitt, John K	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
32420680	Create Study	Consortium neuroscience of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder: The ENIGMA adventure.	Human brain mapping	Hoogman, Martine; van Rooij, Daan; Klein, Marieke; Boedhoe, Premika; Ilioska, Iva; Li, Ting; Patel, Yash; Postema, Merel C; Zhang-James, Yanli; Anagnostou, Evdokia; Arango, Celso; Auzias, Guillaume; Banaschewski, Tobias; Bau, Claiton H D; Behrmann, Marlene; Bellgrove, Mark A; Brandeis, Daniel; Brem, Silvia; Busatto, Geraldo F; Calderoni, Sara; Calvo, Rosa; Castellanos, Francisco X; Coghill, David; Conzelmann, Annette; Daly, Eileen; Deruelle, Christine; Dinstein, Ilan; Durston, Sarah; Ecker, Christine; Ehrlich, Stefan; Epstein, Jeffery N; Fair, Damien A; Fitzgerald, Jacqueline; Freitag, Christine M; Frodl, Thomas; Gallagher, Louise; Grevet, Eugenio H; Haavik, Jan; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Janssen, Joost; Karkashadze, Georgii; King, Joseph A; Konrad, Kerstin; Kuntsi, Jonna; Lazaro, Luisa; Lerch, Jason P; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Louza, Mario R; Luna, Beatriz; Mattos, Paulo; McGrath, Jane; Muratori, Filippo; Murphy, Clodagh; Nigg, Joel T; Oberwelland-Weiss, Eileen; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L; O'Hearn, Kirsten; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Parellada, Mara; Pauli, Paul; Plessen, Kerstin J; Ramos-Quiroga, J Antoni; Reif, Andreas; Reneman, Liesbeth; Retico, Alessandra; Rosa, Pedro G P; Rubia, Katya; Shaw, Philip; Silk, Tim J; Tamm, Leanne; Vilarroya, Oscar; Walitza, Susanne; Jahanshad, Neda; Faraone, Stephen V; Francks, Clyde; van den Heuvel, Odile A; Paus, Tomas; Thompson, Paul M; Buitelaar, Jan K; Franke, Barbara	January 1, 2022	Not Determined
32414481	Create Study	What Is the Link Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep Disturbance? A Multimodal Examination of Longitudinal Relationships and Brain Structure Using Large-Scale Population-Based Cohorts.	Biological psychiatry	Shen, Chun; Luo, Qiang; Chamberlain, Samuel R; Morgan, Sarah; Romero-Garcia, Rafael; Du, Jingnan; Zhao, Xingzhong; Touchette, Évelyne; Montplaisir, Jacques; Vitaro, Frank; Boivin, Michel; Tremblay, Richard E; Zhao, Xing-Ming; Robaey, Philippe; Feng, Jianfeng; Sahakian, Barbara J	September 2020	Not Determined
32399985	Create Study	Unique longitudinal relationships between symptoms of psychopathology in youth: A cross-lagged panel network analysis in the ABCD study.	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Funkhouser, Carter J; Chacko, Anjali A; Correa, Kelly A; Kaiser, Ariela J E; Shankman, Stewart A	February 2021	Not Determined
32389746	Create Study	Acute Posttrauma Resting-State Functional Connectivity of Periaqueductal Gray Prospectively Predicts Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Webb, Elisabeth K; Huggins, Ashley A; Belleau, Emily L; Taubitz, Lauren E; Hanson, Jessica L; deRoon-Cassini, Terri A; Larson, Christine L	September 1, 2020	Not Determined
32386742	Create Study	Methods and Challenges for Assessing Heterogeneity.	Biological psychiatry	Feczko, Eric; Fair, Damien A	July 1, 2020	Not Determined
32354687	Create Study	Examining Specificity of Neural Correlates of Childhood Psychotic-like Experiences During an Emotional n-Back Task.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	O'Brien, Kathleen J; Barch, Deanna M; Kandala, Sridhar; Karcher, Nicole R	June 2020	Not Determined
32339569	Create Study	Twin studies of brain, cognition, and behavior.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Hewitt, John K	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
32333792	Create Study	Parental Family History of Alcohol Use Disorder and Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition in Children From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research	Lees, Briana; Aguinaldo, Laika; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Infante, Maria Alejandra; Wade, Natasha E; Hernandez Mejia, Margie; Jacobus, Joanna	June 2020	Not Determined
32325210	Create Study	Removal of high frequency contamination from motion estimates in single-band fMRI saves data without biasing functional connectivity.	NeuroImage	Gratton, Caterina; Dworetsky, Ally; Coalson, Rebecca S; Adeyemo, Babatunde; Laumann, Timothy O; Wig, Gagan S; Kong, Tania S; Gratton, Gabriele; Fabiani, Monica; Barch, Deanna M; Tranel, Daniel; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Fair, Damien A; Dosenbach, Nico U F; Snyder, Abraham Z; Perlmutter, Joel S; Petersen, Steven E; Campbell, Meghan C	August 2020	Not Determined
32322677	Create Study	Binge and Cannabis Co-Use Episodes in Relation to White Matter Integrity in Emerging Adults.	Cannabis and cannabinoid research	Wade, Natasha E; Thomas, Alicia M; Gruber, Staci A; Tapert, Susan F; Filbey, Francesca M; Lisdahl, Krista M	March 2020	Not Determined
32307027	Create Study	Impact of 2 Weeks of Monitored Abstinence on Cognition in Adolescent and Young Adult Cannabis Users.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Wallace, Alexander L; Wade, Natasha E; Lisdahl, Krista M	September 2020	Not Determined
32305325	Create Study	Toward a Revised Nosology for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Heterogeneity.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Nigg, Joel T; Karalunas, Sarah L; Feczko, Eric; Fair, Damien A	August 1, 2020	Not Determined
32267484	Create Study	Neurobiology, Clinical Presentation, and Treatment of Methamphetamine Use Disorder: A Review.	JAMA psychiatry	Paulus, Martin P; Stewart, Jennifer L	September 1, 2020	Not Determined
32260480	Create Study	Do Adolescents Use Substances to Relieve Uncomfortable Sensations? A Preliminary Examination of Negative Reinforcement among Adolescent Cannabis and Alcohol Users.	Brain sciences	May, April C; Jacobus, Joanna; Stewart, Jennifer L; Simmons, Alan N; Paulus, Martin P; Tapert, Susan F	April 2020	Not Determined
32257767	Create Study	Behavioral Treatments for Adolescent Cannabis Use Disorder: a Rationale for Cognitive Retraining.	Current addiction reports	Aguinaldo, Laika D; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Gray, Kevin M; Coronado, Clarisa; Lees, Briana; Tomko, Rachel L; Jacobus, Joanna	December 2019	Not Determined
32217469	Create Study	Heterogeneity of executive function revealed by a functional random forest approach across ADHD and ASD.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Cordova, Michaela; Shada, Kiryl; Demeter, Damion V; Doyle, Olivia; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Perrone, Anders; Schifsky, Emma; Graham, Alice; Fombonne, Eric; Langhorst, Beth; Nigg, Joel; Fair, Damien A; Feczko, Eric	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
32201043	Create Study	Genome-wide Association Analysis of Parkinson''s Disease and Schizophrenia Reveals Shared Genetic Architecture and Identifies Novel Risk Loci.	Biological psychiatry	Smeland, Olav B; Shadrin, Alexey; Bahrami, Shahram; Broce, Iris; Tesli, Martin; Frei, Oleksandr; Wirgenes, Katrine V; O'Connell, Kevin S; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Steen, Nils Eiel; Sugrue, Leo; Wang, Yunpeng; Svenningsson, Per; Sharma, Manu; Pihlstrøm, Lasse; Toft, Mathias; O'Donovan, Michael; Djurovic, Srdjan; Desikan, Rahul; Dale, Anders M; Andreassen, Ole A	February 2021	Not Determined
32179028	Create Study	Effect of alcohol use on the adolescent brain and behavior.	Pharmacology, biochemistry, and behavior	Lees, Briana; Meredith, Lindsay R; Kirkland, Anna E; Bryant, Brittany E; Squeglia, Lindsay M	May 2020	Not Determined
32171431	Create Study	Risk and protective factors for childhood suicidality: a US population-based study.	The lancet. Psychiatry	Janiri, Delfina; Doucet, Gaelle E; Pompili, Maurizio; Sani, Gabriele; Luna, Beatriz; Brent, David A; Frangou, Sophia	April 2020	Not Determined
32153355	Create Study	Image-Derived Phenotyping Informed by Independent Component Analysis-An Atlas-Based Approach.	Frontiers in neuroscience	Moradi, Mahdi; Ekhtiari, Hamed; Victor, Teresa A; Paulus, Martin; Kuplicki, Rayus	January 2020	Not Determined
32144045	Create Study	Disruptive Behavior Problems, Callous-Unemotional Traits, and Regional Gray Matter Volume in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Waller, Rebecca; Hawes, Samuel W; Byrd, Amy L; Dick, Anthony S; Sutherland, Matthew T; Riedel, Michael C; Tobia, Michael J; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Laird, Angela R; Gonzalez, Raul	May 2020	Not Determined
32119636	Create Study	Sleep and Women''s Health: Sex- and Age-Specific Contributors to Alcohol Use Disorders.	Journal of women''s health (2002)	Baker, Fiona C; Carskadon, Mary A; Hasler, Brant P	March 2020	Not Determined
32107167	Create Study	Computational Evidence for Underweighting of Current Error and Overestimation of Future Error in Anxious Individuals.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Howlett, Jonathon R; Thompson, Wesley K; Paulus, Martin P	April 2020	Not Determined
32105123	Create Study	An item response theory analysis of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version: Developing a screening form that informs understanding of self-reported psychotic-like experiences in childhood.	Journal of abnormal psychology	Karcher, Nicole R; Perino, Michael T; Barch, Deanna M	April 2020	Not Determined
32102994	Create Study	Parental and social factors in relation to child psychopathology, behavior, and cognitive function.	Translational psychiatry	Zhang, Han; Lee, Zu Xuan; White, Tonya; Qiu, Anqi	February 2020	Not Determined
32098300	Create Study	Assessing the Role of Cannabis Use on Cortical Surface Structure in Adolescents and Young Adults: Exploring Gender and Aerobic Fitness as Potential Moderators.	Brain sciences	Sullivan, Ryan M; Wallace, Alexander L; Wade, Natasha E; Swartz, Ann M; Lisdahl, Krista M	February 2020	Not Determined
32079563	Create Study	A Neurobiological Model of Alcohol Marketing Effects on Underage Drinking.	Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs. Supplement	Courtney, Andrea L; Casey, B J; Rapuano, Kristina M	March 2020	Not Determined
32078973	Create Study	Common and distinct brain activity associated with risky and ambiguous decision-making.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Poudel, Ranjita; Riedel, Michael C; Salo, Taylor; Flannery, Jessica S; Hill-Bowen, Lauren D; Eickhoff, Simon B; Laird, Angela R; Sutherland, Matthew T	April 2020	Not Determined
32046896	Create Study	Sleep Disturbance Predicts Depression Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Initial Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine	Goldstone, Aimée; Javitz, Harold S; Claudatos, Stephanie A; Buysse, Daniel J; Hasler, Brant P; de Zambotti, Massimiliano; Clark, Duncan B; Franzen, Peter L; Prouty, Devin E; Colrain, Ian M; Baker, Fiona C	May 2020	Not Determined
32039857	Create Study	Serial Reaction Time Task Performance in Older Adults with Neuropsychologically Defined Mild Cognitive Impairment.	Journal of Alzheimer''s disease : JAD	Hong, Yue; Alvarado, Rachel L; Jog, Amod; Greve, Douglas N; Salat, David H	January 1, 2020	Not Determined
32033925	Create Study	Polygenic Risk Score-Derived Subcortical Connectivity Mediates Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Diagnosis.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Hermosillo, Robert J M; Mooney, Michael A; Fezcko, Eric; Earl, Eric; Marr, Mollie; Sturgeon, Darrick; Perrone, Anders; Dominguez, Oscar Miranda; Faraone, Stephen V; Wilmot, Beth; Nigg, Joel T; Fair, Damien A	March 1, 2020	Not Determined
32031652	Create Study	Prevalence and Family-Related Factors Associated With Suicidal Ideation, Suicide Attempts, and Self-injury in Children Aged 9 to 10 Years.	JAMA network open	DeVille, Danielle C; Whalen, Diana; Breslin, Florence J; Morris, Amanda S; Khalsa, Sahib S; Paulus, Martin P; Barch, Deanna M	February 2020	Not Determined
32015467	Create Study	Sleep duration, brain structure, and psychiatric and cognitive problems in children.	Molecular psychiatry	Cheng, Wei; Rolls, Edmund; Gong, Weikang; Du, Jingnan; Zhang, Jie; Zhang, Xiao-Yong; Li, Fei; Feng, Jianfeng	August 2021	Not Determined
32005346	Create Study	Sensors Capabilities, Performance, and Use of Consumer Sleep Technology.	Sleep medicine clinics	de Zambotti, Massimiliano; Cellini, Nicola; Menghini, Luca; Sarlo, Michela; Baker, Fiona C	March 2020	Not Determined
31983035	Create Study	White Matter Tract Integrity, Involvement in Sports, and Depressive Symptoms in Children.	Child psychiatry and human development	Gorham, Lisa S; Barch, Deanna M	June 2020	Not Determined
31973781	Create Study	Smaller total brain volume but not subcortical structure volume related to common genetic risk for ADHD.	Psychological medicine	Mooney, Michael A; Bhatt, Priya; Hermosillo, Robert J M; Ryabinin, Peter; Nikolas, Molly; Faraone, Stephen V; Fair, Damien A; Wilmot, Beth; Nigg, Joel T	June 1, 2021	Not Determined
31932788	Create Study	Association of lead-exposure risk and family income with childhood brain outcomes.	Nature medicine	Marshall, Andrew T; Betts, Samantha; Kan, Eric C; McConnell, Rob; Lanphear, Bruce P; Sowell, Elizabeth R	January 2020	Not Determined
31931163	Create Study	Editorial: Family History of Depression and Child Striatal Volumes in the ABCD Study: Promise and Perils of Neuroimaging Research With Large Samples.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Beauchaine, Theodore P	October 1, 2020	Not Determined
31883424	Create Study	Neural mechanisms underlying suicide behavior in youth with bipolar disorder.	Bipolar disorders	Huber, Rebekah S; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A	March 1, 2020	Not Determined
31872334	Create Study	Meta-analytic clustering dissociates brain activity and behavior profiles across reward processing paradigms.	Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience	Flannery, Jessica S; Riedel, Michael C; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Poudel, Ranjita; Salo, Taylor; Hill-Bowen, Lauren D; Laird, Angela R; Sutherland, Matthew T	April 2020	Not Determined
31855253	Create Study	Onset of regular cannabis use and young adult insomnia: an analysis of shared genetic liability.	Sleep	Winiger, Evan A; Huggett, Spencer B; Hatoum, Alexander S; Friedman, Naomi P; Drake, Christopher L; Wright, Kenneth P; Hewitt, John K	May 12, 2020	Not Determined
31841018	Create Study	Factor structure, measurement and structural invariance, and external validity of an abbreviated youth version of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale.	Psychological assessment	Watts, Ashley L; Smith, Gregory T; Barch, Deanna M; Sher, Kenneth J	April 2020	Not Determined
31822320	Create Study	Neuropsychological Trajectories Associated with Adolescent Alcohol and Cannabis Use: A Prospective 14-Year Study.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Infante, M Alejandra; Nguyen-Louie, Tam T; Worley, Matthew; Courtney, Kelly E; Coronado, Clarisa; Jacobus, Joanna	May 2020	Not Determined
31818798	Create Study	Prevalence and correlates of maladaptive guilt in middle childhood.	Journal of affective disorders	Donohue, Meghan Rose; Tillman, Rebecca; Perino, Michael T; Whalen, Diana J; Luby, Joan; Barch, Deanna M	February 2020	Not Determined
31816020	Create Study	Associations Among Body Mass Index, Cortical Thickness, and Executive Function in Children.	JAMA pediatrics	Laurent, Jennifer S; Watts, Richard; Adise, Shana; Allgaier, Nicholas; Chaarani, Bader; Garavan, Hugh; Potter, Alexandra; Mackey, Scott	February 2020	Not Determined
31796137	Create Study	Minnesota Center for Twin and Family Research.	Twin research and human genetics : the official journal of the International Society for Twin Studies	Wilson, Sylia; Haroian, Kevin; Iacono, William G; Krueger, Robert F; Lee, James J; Luciana, Monica; Malone, Stephen M; McGue, Matt; Roisman, Glenn I; Vrieze, Scott	December 2019	Not Determined
31778819	Create Study	Correction of respiratory artifacts in MRI head motion estimates.	NeuroImage	Fair, Damien A; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Snyder, Abraham Z; Perrone, Anders; Earl, Eric A; Van, Andrew N; Koller, Jonathan M; Feczko, Eric; Tisdall, M Dylan; van der Kouwe, Andre; Klein, Rachel L; Mirro, Amy E; Hampton, Jacqueline M; Adeyemo, Babatunde; Laumann, Timothy O; Gratton, Caterina; Greene, Deanna J; Schlaggar, Bradley L; Hagler Jr, Donald J; Watts, Richard; Garavan, Hugh; Barch, Deanna M; Nigg, Joel T; Petersen, Steven E; Dale, Anders M; Feldstein-Ewing, Sarah W; Nagel, Bonnie J; Dosenbach, Nico U F	March 2020	Not Determined
31727084	Create Study	Screen time and problem behaviors in children: exploring the mediating role of sleep duration.	The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity	Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS	November 2019	Not Determined
31700677	Create Study	Sex differences in brain correlates of STEM anxiety.	NPJ science of learning	Gonzalez, Ariel A; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Bartley, Jessica E; Hayes, Timothy; Riedel, Michael C; Salo, Taylor; Bravo, Elsa I; Odean, Rosalie; Nazareth, Alina; Laird, Robert W; Sutherland, Matthew T; Brewe, Eric; Pruden, Shannon M; Laird, Angela R	January 2019	Not Determined
31699293	Create Study	Convergent Evidence for Predispositional Effects of Brain Gray Matter Volume on Alcohol Consumption.	Biological psychiatry	Baranger, David A A; Demers, Catherine H; Elsayed, Nourhan M; Knodt, Annchen R; Radtke, Spenser R; Desmarais, Aline; Few, Lauren R; Agrawal, Arpana; Heath, Andrew C; Barch, Deanna M; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Williamson, Douglas E; Hariri, Ahmad R; Bogdan, Ryan	April 2020	Not Determined
31653478	Create Study	Driven by Pain, Not Gain: Computational Approaches to Aversion-Related Decision Making in Psychiatry.	Biological psychiatry	Paulus, Martin P	February 2020	Not Determined
31648682	Create Study	Erratum.	Biological psychiatry		November 15, 2019	Not Determined
31646343	Create Study	Childhood Obesity, Cortical Structure, and Executive Function in Healthy Children.	Cerebral cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)	Ronan, Lisa; Alexander-Bloch, Aaron; Fletcher, Paul C	April 2020	Not Determined
31634568	Study (868)	Brain Volume Abnormalities in Youth at High Risk for Depression: Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study.	Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry	Pagliaccio, David; Alqueza, Kira L; Marsh, Rachel; Auerbach, Randy P	October 2020	Not Determined
31624235	Create Study	Delineating and validating higher-order dimensions of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Translational psychiatry	Michelini, Giorgia; Barch, Deanna M; Tian, Yuan; Watson, David; Klein, Daniel N; Kotov, Roman	October 2019	Not Determined
31614255	Create Study	Identifying reproducible individual differences in childhood functional brain networks: An ABCD study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Marek, Scott; Tervo-Clemmens, Brenden; Nielsen, Ashley N; Wheelock, Muriah D; Miller, Ryland L; Laumann, Timothy O; Earl, Eric; Foran, William W; Cordova, Michaela; Doyle, Olivia; Perrone, Anders; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Feczko, Eric; Sturgeon, Darrick; Graham, Alice; Hermosillo, Robert; Snider, Kathy; Galassi, Anthony; Nagel, Bonnie J; Ewing, Sarah W Feldstein; Eggebrecht, Adam T; Garavan, Hugh; Dale, Anders M; Greene, Deanna J; Barch, Deanna M; Fair, Damien A; Luna, Beatriz; Dosenbach, Nico U F	December 2019	Not Determined
31561859	Create Study	Brain Changes Induced by Electroconvulsive Therapy Are Broadly Distributed.	Biological psychiatry	Ousdal, Olga Therese; Argyelan, Miklos; Narr, Katherine L; Abbott, Christopher; Wade, Benjamin; Vandenbulcke, Mathieu; Urretavizcaya, Mikel; Tendolkar, Indira; Takamiya, Akihiro; Stek, Max L; Soriano-Mas, Carles; Redlich, Ronny; Paulson, Olaf B; Oudega, Mardien L; Opel, Nils; Nordanskog, Pia; Kishimoto, Taishiro; Kampe, Robin; Jorgensen, Anders; Hanson, Lars G; Hamilton, J Paul; Espinoza, Randall; Emsell, Louise; van Eijndhoven, Philip; Dols, Annemieke; Dannlowski, Udo; Cardoner, Narcis; Bouckaert, Filip; Anand, Amit; Bartsch, Hauke; Kessler, Ute; Oedegaard, Ketil J; Dale, Anders M; Oltedal, Leif; GEMRIC	March 1, 2020	Not Determined
31522280	Create Study	Adolescent Substance Use Disorder Treatment: an Update on Evidence-Based Strategies.	Current psychiatry reports	Fadus MC, Squeglia LM, Valadez EA, Tomko RL, Bryant BE, Gray KM	September 2019	Not Determined
31520123	Create Study	Discovery of shared genomic loci using the conditional false discovery rate approach.	Human genetics	Smeland OB, Frei O, Shadrin A, O'Connell K, Fan CC, Bahrami S, Holland D, Djurovic S, Thompson WK, Dale AM, Andreassen OA	September 2019	Not Determined
31512192	Create Study	Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.	Neuropsychology review	Lees, Briana; Mewton, Louise; Stapinski, Lexine A; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Rae, Caroline D; Teesson, Maree	September 2019	Not Determined
31464996	Create Study	The emerging pattern of shared polygenic architecture of psychiatric disorders, conceptual and methodological challenges.	Psychiatric genetics	Smeland, Olav B; Frei, Oleksandr; Fan, Chun-Chieh; Shadrin, Alexey; Dale, Anders M; Andreassen, Ole A	October 2019	Not Determined
31427753	Create Study	Prediction of neurocognition in youth from resting state fMRI.	Molecular psychiatry	Sripada, Chandra; Rutherford, Saige; Angstadt, Mike; Thompson, Wesley K; Luciana, Monica; Weigard, Alexander; Hyde, Luke H; Heitzeg, Mary	December 2020	Not Determined
31415884	Create Study	Image processing and analysis methods for the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	NeuroImage	Hagler Jr, Donald J; Hatton, SeanN; Cornejo, M Daniela; Makowski, Carolina; Fair, Damien A; Dick, Anthony Steven; Sutherland, Matthew T; Casey, B J; Barch, Deanna M; Harms, Michael P; Watts, Richard; Bjork, James M; Garavan, Hugh P; Hilmer, Laura; Pung, Christopher J; Sicat, Chelsea S; Kuperman, Joshua; Bartsch, Hauke; Xue, Feng; Heitzeg, Mary M; Laird, Angela R; Trinh, Thanh T; Gonzalez, Raul; Tapert, Susan F; Riedel, Michael C; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Hyde, Luke W; Rosenberg, Monica D; Earl, Eric A; Howlett, Katia D; Baker, Fiona C; Soules, Mary; Diaz, Jazmin; de Leon, Octavio Ruiz; Thompson, Wesley K; Neale, Michael C; Herting, Megan; Sowell, Elizabeth R; Alvarez, Ruben P; Hawes, Samuel W; Sanchez, Mariana; Bodurka, Jerzy; Breslin, Florence J; Morris, Amanda Sheffield; Paulus, Martin P; Simmons, W Kyle; Polimeni, Jonathan R; van der Kouwe, Andre; Nencka, Andrew S; Gray, Kevin M; Pierpaoli, Carlo; Matochik, John A; Noronha, Antonio; Aklin, Will M; Conway, Kevin; Glantz, Meyer; Hoffman, Elizabeth; Little, Roger; Lopez, Marsha; Pariyadath, Vani; Weiss, Susan Rb; Wolff-Hughes, Dana L; DelCarmen-Wiggins, Rebecca; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Nagel, Bonnie J; Perrone, Anders J; Sturgeon, Darrick T; Goldstone, Aimee; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Pohl, Kilian M; Prouty, Devin; Uban, Kristina; Bookheimer, Susan Y; Dapretto, Mirella; Galvan, Adriana; Bagot, Kara; Giedd, Jay; Infante, M Alejandra; Jacobus, Joanna; Patrick, Kevin; Shilling, Paul D; Desikan, Rahul; Li, Yi; Sugrue, Leo; Banich, Marie T; Friedman, Naomi; Hewitt, John K; Hopfer, Christian; Sakai, Joseph; Tanabe, Jody; Cottler, Linda B; Nixon, Sara Jo; Chang, Linda; Cloak, Christine; Ernst, Thomas; Reeves, Gloria; Kennedy, David N; Heeringa, Steve; Peltier, Scott; Schulenberg, John; Sripada, Chandra; Zucker, Robert A; Iacono, William G; Luciana, Monica; Calabro, Finnegan J; Clark, Duncan B; Lewis, David A; Luna, Beatriz; Schirda, Claudiu; Brima, Tufikameni; Foxe, John J; Freedman, Edward G; Mruzek, Daniel W; Mason, Michael J; Huber, Rebekah; McGlade, Erin; Prescot, Andrew; Renshaw, Perry F; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah A; Allgaier, Nicholas A; Dumas, Julie A; Ivanova, Masha; Potter, Alexandra; Florsheim, Paul; Larson, Christine; Lisdahl, Krista; Charness, Michael E; Fuemmeler, Bernard; Hettema, John M; Maes, Hermine H; Steinberg, Joel; Anokhin, Andrey P; Glaser, Paul; Heath, Andrew C; Madden, Pamela A; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle; Constable, R Todd; Grant, Steven J; Dowling, Gayathri J; Brown, Sandra A; Jernigan, Terry L; Dale, Anders M	November 2019	Not Determined
31413180	Create Study	24-Hour Movement Behaviors and Impulsivity.	Pediatrics	Guerrero MD, Barnes JD, Walsh JJ, Chaput JP, Tremblay MS, Goldfield GS	September 2019	Not Determined
31385460	Create Study	Cannabis and the developing brain: What does the evidence say?	Birth defects research	Jacobus, Joanna; Courtney, Kelly E; Hodgdon, Elizabeth A; Baca, Rachel	October 2019	Not Determined
31376925	Create Study	Machine Learning and Brain Imaging: Opportunities and Challenges.	Trends in neurosciences	Paulus MP, Kuplicki R, Yeh HW	October 2019	Not Determined
31350420	Create Study	Genetic variation across RNA metabolism and cell death gene networks is implicated in the semantic variant of primary progressive aphasia.	Scientific reports	Bonham, Luke W; Steele, Natasha Z R; Karch, Celeste M; Broce, Iris; Geier, Ethan G; Wen, Natalie L; Momeni, Parastoo; Hardy, John; Miller, Zachary A; Gorno-Tempini, Maria Luisa; Hess, Christopher P; Lewis, Patrick; Miller, Bruce L; Seeley, William W; Manzoni, Claudia; Desikan, Rahul S; Baranzini, Sergio E; Ferrari, Raffaele; Yokoyama, Jennifer S; International FTD-Genomics Consortium (IFGC)	July 2019	Not Determined
31305867	Create Study	Ensuring the Best Use of Data: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Compton, Wilson M; Dowling, Gayathri J; Garavan, Hugh	September 2019	Not Determined
31288867	Create Study	Demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive correlates of BMI in youth: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Psychological medicine	Gray, Joshua C; Schvey, Natasha A; Tanofsky-Kraff, Marian	July 2020	Not Determined
31258099	Create Study	Pubertal development mediates the association between family environment and brain structure and function in childhood.	Development and psychopathology	Thijssen, Sandra; Collins, Paul F; Luciana, Monica	May 2020	Not Determined
31200279	Create Study	The rise of e-cigarettes, pod mod devices, and JUUL among youth: Factors influencing use, health implications, and downstream effects.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Fadus MC, Smith TT, Squeglia LM	August 2019	Not Determined
31156374	Create Study	Automated, Efficient, and Accelerated Knowledge Modeling of the Cognitive Neuroimaging Literature Using the ATHENA Toolkit.	Frontiers in neuroscience	Riedel, Michael C; Salo, Taylor; Hays, Jason; Turner, Matthew D; Sutherland, Matthew T; Turner, Jessica A; Laird, Angela R	January 2019	Not Determined
31153774	Create Study	The Heterogeneity Problem: Approaches to Identify Psychiatric Subtypes.	Trends in cognitive sciences	Feczko, Eric; Miranda-Dominguez, Oscar; Marr, Mollie; Graham, Alice M; Nigg, Joel T; Fair, Damien A	July 1, 2019	Not Determined
31134293	Create Study	Computational approaches and machine learning for individual-level treatment predictions.	Psychopharmacology	Paulus, Martin P; Thompson, Wesley K	May 2021	Not Determined
31110341	Create Study	No evidence for a bilingual executive function advantage in the nationally representative ABCD study.	Nature human behaviour	Dick, Anthony Steven; Garcia, Nelcida L; Pruden, Shannon M; Thompson, Wesley K; Hawes, Samuel W; Sutherland, Matthew T; Riedel, Michael C; Laird, Angela R; Gonzalez, Raul	July 2019	Not Determined
31106219	Create Study	Toward a Neurobiological Basis for Understanding Learning in University Modeling Instruction Physics Courses.	Frontiers in ICT (Lausanne, Switzerland)	Brewe, Eric; Bartley, Jessica E; Riedel, Michael C; Sawtelle, Vashti; Salo, Taylor; Boeving, Emily R; Bravo, Elsa I; Odean, Rosalie; Nazareth, Alina; Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Laird, Robert W; Sutherland, Matthew T; Pruden, Shannon M; Laird, Angela R	May 2018	Not Determined
31094617	Create Study	Gender Moderates Chronic Nicotine Cigarette Effects on Verbal Memory in Young Adults.	Substance use & misuse	Kangiser, Megan M; Lochner, Angelina M; Thomas, Alicia M; Lisdahl, Krista M	January 1, 2019	Not Determined
31079000	Create Study	Anterior cingulate volume reductions in abstinent adolescent and young adult cannabis users: Association with affective processing deficits.	Psychiatry research. Neuroimaging	Maple KE, Thomas AM, Kangiser MM, Lisdahl KM	June 2019	Not Determined
31062126	Create Study	Differential Relationships of Child Anxiety and Depression to Child Report and Parent Report of Electronic Media Use.	Child psychiatry and human development	Fors, Payton Q; Barch, Deanna M	December 2019	Not Determined
31043184	Create Study	Decision-Making as a Latent Construct and its Measurement Invariance in a Large Sample of Adolescent Cannabis Users.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Pacheco-Colón I, Hawes SW, Duperrouzel JC, Lopez-Quintero C, Gonzalez R	August 2019	Not Determined
31034667	Create Study	Cerebral circulation time derived from fMRI signals in large blood vessels.	Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI	Yao, Jinxia Fiona; Wang, James H; Yang, Ho-Ching Shawn; Liang, Zhenhu; Cohen-Gadol, Aaron A; Rayz, Vitaliy L; Tong, Yunjie	November 2019	Not Determined
31014101	Create Study	Brain Imaging of the Cortex in ADHD: A Coordinated Analysis of Large-Scale Clinical and Population-Based Samples.	The American journal of psychiatry	Hoogman, Martine; Muetzel, Ryan; Guimaraes, Joao P; Shumskaya, Elena; Mennes, Maarten; Zwiers, Marcel P; Jahanshad, Neda; Sudre, Gustavo; Wolfers, Thomas; Earl, Eric A; Soliva Vila, Juan Carlos; Vives-Gilabert, Yolanda; Khadka, Sabin; Novotny, Stephanie E; Hartman, Catharina A; Heslenfeld, Dirk J; Schweren, Lizanne J S; Ambrosino, Sara; Oranje, Bob; de Zeeuw, Patrick; Chaim-Avancini, Tiffany M; Rosa, Pedro G P; Zanetti, Marcus V; Malpas, Charles B; Kohls, Gregor; von Polier, Georg G; Seitz, Jochen; Biederman, Joseph; Doyle, Alysa E; Dale, Anders M; van Erp, Theo G M; Epstein, Jeffery N; Jernigan, Terry L; Baur-Streubel, Ramona; Ziegler, Georg C; Zierhut, Kathrin C; Schrantee, Anouk; Høvik, Marie F; Lundervold, Astri J; Kelly, Clare; McCarthy, Hazel; Skokauskas, Norbert; O'Gorman Tuura, Ruth L; Calvo, Anna; Lera-Miguel, Sara; Nicolau, Rosa; Chantiluke, Kaylita C; Christakou, Anastasia; Vance, Alasdair; Cercignani, Mara; Gabel, Matt C; Asherson, Philip; Baumeister, Sarah; Brandeis, Daniel; Hohmann, Sarah; Bramati, Ivanei E; Tovar-Moll, Fernanda; Fallgatter, Andreas J; Kardatzki, Bernd; Schwarz, Lena; Anikin, Anatoly; Baranov, Alexandr; Gogberashvili, Tinatin; Kapilushniy, Dmitry; Solovieva, Anastasia; El Marroun, Hanan; White, Tonya; Karkashadze, Georgii; Namazova-Baranova, Leyla; Ethofer, Thomas; Mattos, Paulo; Banaschewski, Tobias; Coghill, David; Plessen, Kerstin J; Kuntsi, Jonna; Mehta, Mitul A; Paloyelis, Yannis; Harrison, Neil A; Bellgrove, Mark A; Silk, Tim J; Cubillo, Ana I; Rubia, Katya; Lazaro, Luisa; Brem, Silvia; Walitza, Susanne; Frodl, Thomas; Zentis, Mariam; Castellanos, Francisco X; Yoncheva, Yuliya N; Haavik, Jan; Reneman, Liesbeth; Conzelmann, Annette; Lesch, Klaus-Peter; Pauli, Paul; Reif, Andreas; Tamm, Leanne; Konrad, Kerstin; Oberwelland Weiss, Eileen; Busatto, Geraldo F; Louza, Mario R; Durston, Sarah; Hoekstra, Pieter J; Oosterlaan, Jaap; Stevens, Michael C; Ramos-Quiroga, J Antoni; Vilarroya, Oscar; Fair, Damien A; Nigg, Joel T; Thompson, Paul M; Buitelaar, Jan K; Faraone, Stephen V; Shaw, Philip; Tiemeier, Henning; Bralten, Janita; Franke, Barbara	July 1, 2019	Not Determined
31009035	Create Study	Nicotine Effects on White Matter Microstructure in Young Adults.	Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists	Kangiser MM, Thomas AM, Kaiver CM, Lisdahl KM	January 2019	Not Determined
30980042	Create Study	Chronic sleep fragmentation enhances habenula cholinergic neural activity.	Molecular psychiatry	Ge, Feifei; Mu, Ping; Guo, Rong; Cai, Li; Liu, Zheng; Dong, Yan; Huang, Yanhua H	March 1, 2021	Not Determined
30950740	Create Study	Growth Effects on Velopharyngeal Anatomy From Childhood to Adulthood.	Journal of speech, language, and hearing research : JSLHR	Perry, Jamie L; Kollara, Lakshmi; Sutton, Bradley P; Kuehn, David P; Fang, Xiangming	March 25, 2019	Not Determined
30949565	Create Study	Stress exposures, neurodevelopment and health measures in the ABCD study.	Neurobiology of stress	Hoffman, Elizabeth A; Clark, Duncan B; Orendain, Natalia; Hudziak, James; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Dowling, Gayathri J	February 2019	Not Determined
30926513	Create Study	Meta-analytic Evidence for Neural Dysactivity Underlying Sexual Dysfunction.	The journal of sexual medicine	Poeppl, Timm B; Langguth, Berthold; Laird, Angela R; Eickhoff, Simon B	May 2019	Not Determined
30916716	Create Study	Association of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure With Psychosis Proneness Among Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	JAMA psychiatry	Fine, Jeremy D; Moreau, Allison L; Karcher, Nicole R; Agrawal, Arpana; Rogers, Cynthia E; Barch, Deanna M; Bogdan, Ryan	July 2019	Not Determined
30905689	Create Study	Involvement in Sports, Hippocampal Volume, and Depressive Symptoms in Children.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Gorham, Lisa S; Jernigan, Terry; Hudziak, Jim; Barch, Deanna M	May 2019	Not Determined
30875890	Create Study	Do Stand-Biased Desks in the Classroom Change School-Time Activity and Sedentary Behavior?	International journal of environmental research and public health	Swartz AM, Tokarek NR, Lisdahl K, Maeda H, Strath SJ, Cho CC	March 2019	Not Determined
30865236	Create Study	Association Between Childhood Anhedonia and Alterations in Large-scale Resting-State Networks and Task-Evoked Activation.	JAMA psychiatry	Pornpattananangkul, Narun; Leibenluft, Ellen; Pine, Daniel S; Stringaris, Argyris	June 2019	Not Determined
30850130	Create Study	Resting-State Functional Connectivity and Psychotic-like Experiences in Childhood: Results From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Biological psychiatry	Karcher, Nicole R; O'Brien, Kathleen J; Kandala, Sridhar; Barch, Deanna M	July 2019	Not Determined
30846008	Create Study	Assessing callous-unemotional traits: development of a brief, reliable measure in a large and diverse sample of preadolescent youth.	Psychological medicine	Hawes, Samuel W; Waller, Rebecca; Thompson, Wesley K; Hyde, Luke W; Byrd, Amy L; Burt, S Alexandra; Klump, Kelly L; Gonzalez, Raul	February 2020	Not Determined
30793072	Create Study	Cooperating yet distinct brain networks engaged during naturalistic paradigms: A meta-analysis of functional MRI results.	Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)	Bottenhorn, Katherine L; Flannery, Jessica S; Boeving, Emily R; Riedel, Michael C; Eickhoff, Simon B; Sutherland, Matthew T; Laird, Angela R	January 1, 2019	Not Determined
30780067	Create Study	Testing helping behavior and its relationship to antisocial personality and psychopathic traits.	Psychiatry research	Sakai, Joseph T; Raymond, Kristen M; McWilliams, Shannon K; Mikulich-Gilbertson, Susan K	April 2019	Not Determined
30760808	Create Study	Basic Units of Inter-Individual Variation in Resting State Connectomes.	Scientific reports	Sripada, Chandra; Angstadt, Mike; Rutherford, Saige; Kessler, Daniel; Kim, Yura; Yee, Mike; Levina, Elizaveta	February 2019	Not Determined
30610197	Create Study	Genome-wide analysis reveals extensive genetic overlap between schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and intelligence.	Molecular psychiatry	Smeland, Olav B; Bahrami, Shahram; Frei, Oleksandr; Shadrin, Alexey; O'Connell, Kevin; Savage, Jeanne; Watanabe, Kyoko; Krull, Florian; Bettella, Francesco; Steen, Nils Eiel; Ueland, Torill; Posthuma, Danielle; Djurovic, Srdjan; Dale, Anders M; Andreassen, Ole A	April 2020	Not Determined
30595399	Create Study	The structure of cognition in 9 and 10 year-old children and associations with problem behaviors: Findings from the ABCD study''s baseline neurocognitive battery.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Thompson, Wesley K; Barch, Deanna M; Bjork, James M; Gonzalez, Raul; Nagel, Bonnie J; Nixon, Sara Jo; Luciana, Monica	April 2019	Not Determined
30583065	Create Study	Comparing directed functional connectivity between groups with confirmatory subgrouping GIMME.	NeuroImage	Henry, Teague Rhine; Feczko, Eric; Cordova, Michaela; Earl, Eric; Williams, Sandra; Nigg, Joel T; Fair, Damien A; Gates, Kathleen M	March 1, 2019	Not Determined
30580899	Create Study	Fiber pathways supporting early literacy development in 5-8-year-old children.	Brain and cognition	Broce IJ, Bernal B, Altman N, Bradley C, Baez N, Cabrera L, Hernandez G, De Feria A, Dick AS	August 2019	Not Determined
30578952	Create Study	Sexual minority children: Mood disorders and suicidality disparities.	Journal of affective disorders	Blashill, Aaron J; Calzo, Jerel P	March 2019	Not Determined
30573013	Create Study	Adolescent Brain Surface Area Pre- and Post-Cannabis and Alcohol Initiation.	Journal of studies on alcohol and drugs	Infante, M Alejandra; Courtney, Kelly E; Castro, Norma; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Jacobus, Joanna	November 2018	Not Determined
30557152	Create Study	NIH''s Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Alcohol research : current reviews	Alcohol Research: Current Reviews Editorial Staff	January 1, 2018	Not Determined
30481666	Create Study	The frontal aslant tract (FAT) and its role in speech, language and executive function.	Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior	Dick AS, Garic D, Graziano P, Tremblay P	February 2019	Not Determined
30476983	Create Study	Prevalence of Eating Disorders Among US Children Aged 9 to 10 Years: Data From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Rozzell K, Moon DY, Klimek P, Brown T, Blashill AJ	January 2019	Not Determined
30474579	Create Study	Aerobic Fitness Level Moderates the Association Between Cannabis Use and Executive Functioning and Psychomotor Speed Following Abstinence in Adolescents and Young Adults.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Wade, Natasha E; Wallace, Alexander L; Swartz, Ann M; Lisdahl, Krista M	February 2019	Not Determined
30465762	Create Study	The Big Reveal: Precision Mapping Shines a Gigantic Floodlight on the Cerebellum.	Neuron	Fair DA	November 2018	Not Determined
30382511	Create Study	Editors' Commentary for Special Issue: The 2017 CALDAR Summer Institute and International Conference Promoting Global Health-Precision Research in Substance Abuse, HIV, and Care.	Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology	Chang L, Li MD, Hser YI	December 2018	Not Determined
30380617	Create Study	Parental Educational Attainment and Mental Well-Being of College Students; Diminished Returns of Blacks.	Brain sciences	Assari, Shervin	October 2018	Not Determined
30347017	Create Study	Genetic Predisposition vs Individual-Specific Processes in the Association Between Psychotic-like Experiences and Cannabis Use.	JAMA psychiatry	Karcher, Nicole R; Barch, Deanna M; Demers, Catherine H; Baranger, David A A; Heath, Andrew C; Lynskey, Michael T; Agrawal, Arpana	January 2019	Not Determined
30343458	Create Study	Cognitive Deficits in Psychotic Disorders: A Lifespan Perspective.	Neuropsychology review	Sheffield JM, Karcher NR, Barch DM	December 2018	Not Determined
30339913	Create Study	Screen media activity and brain structure in youth: Evidence for diverse structural correlation networks from the ABCD study.	NeuroImage	Paulus, Martin P; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Bagot, Kara; Jacobus, Joanna; Kuplicki, Rayus; Breslin, Florence J; Bodurka, Jerzy; Morris, Amanda Sheffield; Thompson, Wesley K; Bartsch, Hauke; Tapert, Susan F	January 2019	Not Determined
30295694	Create Study	Effects of Cannabis Use and Subclinical ADHD Symptomology on Attention Based Tasks in Adolescents and Young Adults.	Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists	Wallace AL, Wade NE, Hatcher KF, Lisdahl KM	October 2018	Not Determined
30268792	Create Study	Associations between 24 hour movement behaviours and global cognition in US children: a cross-sectional observational study.	The Lancet. Child & adolescent health	Walsh, Jeremy J; Barnes, Joel D; Cameron, Jameason D; Goldfield, Gary S; Chaput, Jean-Philippe; Gunnell, Katie E; Ledoux, Andrée-Anne; Zemek, Roger L; Tremblay, Mark S	November 2018	Not Determined
30268791	Create Study	Convergent influences of lifestyle behaviour on neurocognitive development in children.	The Lancet. Child & adolescent health	Bustamante, Eduardo Esteban	November 2018	Not Determined
30208469	Create Study	Child Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Cohort Study.	JAMA pediatrics	Calzo JP, Blashill AJ	November 2018	Not Determined
30195242	Create Study	The importance of considering polysubstance use: lessons from cocaine research.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Liu, Yiyang; Guazzelli Williamson, Victoria; Setlow, Barry; Cottler, Linda B; Knackstedt, Lori A	November 2018	Not Determined
30159951	Create Study	Laterality of the frontal aslant tract (FAT) explains externalizing behaviors through its association with executive function.	Developmental science	Garic, Dea; Broce, Iris; Graziano, Paulo; Mattfeld, Aaron; Dick, Anthony Steven	March 2019	Not Determined
30025312	Create Study	Orbitofrontal connectivity is associated with depression and anxiety in marijuana-using adolescents.	Journal of affective disorders	Subramaniam, Punitha; Rogowska, Jadwiga; DiMuzio, Jennifer; Lopez-Larson, Melissa; McGlade, Erin; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	October 2018	Not Determined
30006199	Create Study	Volume of the Human Hippocampus and Clinical Response Following Electroconvulsive Therapy.	Biological psychiatry	Oltedal L, Narr KL, Abbott C, Anand A, Argyelan M, Bartsch H, Dannlowski U, Dols A, Van Eijndhoven P, Emsell L, Erchinger VJ, Espinoza R, Hahn T, Hanson LG, Hellemann G, Jorgensen MB, Kessler U, Oudega ML, Paulson OB, Redlich R, Sienaert P, Stek ML, Tendolkar I, Vandenbulcke M, Oedegaard KJ, et al.	October 2018	Not Determined
29977984	Create Study	Sex Differences in the Developmental Neuroscience of Adolescent Substance Use Risk.	Current opinion in behavioral sciences	Heitzeg, Mary M; Hardee, Jillian E; Beltz, Adriene M	October 2018	Not Determined
29946511	Create Study	Abnormal cortical gyrification in criminal psychopathy.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Miskovich, Tara A; Anderson, Nathaniel E; Harenski, Carla L; Harenski, Keith A; Baskin-Sommers, Arielle R; Larson, Christine L; Newman, Joseph P; Hanson, Jessica L; Stout, Daniel M; Koenigs, Michael; Shollenbarger, Skyler G; Lisdahl, Krista M; Decety, Jean; Kosson, David S; Kiehl, Kent A	January 2018	Not Determined
29944961	Create Study	Meta-analytic evidence for a core problem solving network across multiple representational domains.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Bartley JE, Boeving ER, Riedel MC, Bottenhorn KL, Salo T, Eickhoff SB, Brewe E, Sutherland MT, Laird AR	September 2018	Not Determined
29910020	Create Study	The racially diverse affective expression (RADIATE) face stimulus set.	Psychiatry research	Conley, May I; Dellarco, Danielle V; Rubien-Thomas, Estee; Cohen, Alexandra O; Cervera, Alessandra; Tottenham, Nim; Casey, B J	December 2018	Not Determined
29884281	Create Study	Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Khalsa, Sahib S; Adolphs, Ralph; Cameron, Oliver G; Critchley, Hugo D; Davenport, Paul W; Feinstein, Justin S; Feusner, Jamie D; Garfinkel, Sarah N; Lane, Richard D; Mehling, Wolf E; Meuret, Alicia E; Nemeroff, Charles B; Oppenheimer, Stephen; Petzschner, Frederike H; Pollatos, Olga; Rhudy, Jamie L; Schramm, Lawrence P; Simmons, W Kyle; Stein, Murray B; Stephan, Klaas E; Van den Bergh, Omer; Van Diest, Ilse; von Leupoldt, Andreas; Paulus, Martin P; Interoception Summit 2016 participants	June 2018	Not Determined
29884279	Create Study	Taking Aim at Interoception's Role in Mental Health.	Biological psychiatry. Cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Khalsa SS, Feinstein JS, Simmons WK, Paulus MP	June 2018	Not Determined
29879391	Create Study	Neuroimaging Impaired Response Inhibition and Salience Attribution in Human Drug Addiction: A Systematic Review.	Neuron	Zilverstand A, Huang AS, Alia-Klein N, Goldstein RZ	June 2018	Not Determined
29874361	Create Study	Assessment of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version for Measurement of Self-reported Psychoticlike Experiences in Childhood.	JAMA psychiatry	Karcher, Nicole R; Barch, Deanna M; Avenevoli, Shelli; Savill, Mark; Huber, Rebekah S; Simon, Tony J; Leckliter, Ingrid N; Sher, Kenneth J; Loewy, Rachel L	August 2018	Not Determined
29773510	Create Study	Implications of the ABCD study for developmental neuroscience.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Bjork, James M; Luciana, Monica	August 2018	Not Determined
29706313	Create Study	A description of the ABCD organizational structure and communication framework.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Auchter, Allison M; Hernandez Mejia, Margie; Heyser, Charles J; Shilling, Paul D; Jernigan, Terry L; Brown, Sandra A; Tapert, Susan F; Dowling, Gayathri J	August 2018	Not Determined
29703560	Create Study	Recruiting the ABCD sample: Design considerations and procedures.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Garavan H, Bartsch H, Conway K, Decastro A, Goldstein RZ, Heeringa S, Jernigan T, Potter A, Thompson W, Zahs D	August 2018	Not Determined
29680211	Create Study	Outreach and innovation: Communication strategies for the ABCD Study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Hoffman, Elizabeth A; Howlett, Katia D; Breslin, Florence; Dowling, Gayathri J	August 2018	Not Determined
29679914	Create Study	A multi-site proof-of-concept investigation of computerized approach-avoidance training in adolescent cannabis users.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Jacobus J, Taylor CT, Gray KM, Meredith LR, Porter AM, Li I, Castro N, Squeglia LM	June 2018	Not Determined
29655614	Create Study	A brief validated screen to identify boys and girls at risk for early marijuana use.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Loeber, Rolf; Clark, Duncan B; Ahonen, Lia; FitzGerald, Douglas; Trucco, Elisa M; Zucker, Robert A	August 2018	Not Determined
29636283	Create Study	Current, future and potential use of mobile and wearable technologies and social media data in the ABCD study to increase understanding of contributors to child health.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Bagot, K S; Matthews, S A; Mason, M; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Fowler, J; Gray, K; Herting, M; May, A; Colrain, I; Godino, J; Tapert, S; Brown, S; Patrick, K	August 2018	Not Determined
29627333	Create Study	Assessment of culture and environment in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Rationale, description of measures, and early data.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Zucker RA, Gonzalez R, Feldstein Ewing SW, Paulus MP, Arroyo J, Fuligni A, Morris AS, Sanchez M, Wills T	August 2018	Not Determined
29606560	Create Study	Biospecimens and the ABCD study: Rationale, methods of collection, measurement and early data.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Uban KA, Horton MK, Jacobus J, Heyser C, Thompson WK, Tapert SF, Madden PAF, Sowell ER,	August 2018	Not Determined
29567376	Create Study	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study: Imaging acquisition across 21 sites.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Casey BJ, Cannonier T, Conley MI, Cohen AO, Barch DM, Heitzeg MM, Soules ME, Teslovich T, Dellarco DV, Garavan H, Orr CA, Wager TD, Banich MT, Speer NK, Sutherland MT, Riedel MC, Dick AS, Bjork JM, Thomas KM, Chaarani B, Mejia MH, Hagler DJ, Daniela Cornejo M, Sicat CS, Harms MP, et al.	March 2018	Not Determined
29559216	Create Study	Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Lisdahl, Krista M; Sher, Kenneth J; Conway, Kevin P; Gonzalez, Raul; Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Nixon, Sara Jo; Tapert, Susan; Bartsch, Hauke; Goldstein, Rita Z; Heitzeg, Mary	August 2018	Not Determined
29556250	Create Study	Determining Genetic Causal Variants Through Multivariate Regression Using Mixture Model Penalty.	Frontiers in genetics	Sundar, V S; Fan, Chun-Chieh; Holland, Dominic; Dale, Anders M	January 2018	Not Determined
29527590	Create Study	Chronic Stress in Adolescents and Its Neurobiological and Psychopathological Consequences: An RDoC Perspective.	Chronic stress (Thousand Oaks, Calif.)	Sheth, Chandni; McGlade, Erin; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	January 2017	Not Determined
29525452	Create Study	Adolescent neurocognitive development and impacts of substance use: Overview of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) baseline neurocognition battery.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Luciana, M; Bjork, J M; Nagel, B J; Barch, D M; Gonzalez, R; Nixon, S J; Banich, M T	August 2018	Not Determined
29496476	Create Study	Introduction.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Jernigan TL, Brown SA,	August 2018	Not Determined
29484767	Create Study	Dissociable meta-analytic brain networks contribute to coordinated emotional processing.	Human brain mapping	Riedel MC, Yanes JA, Ray KL, Eickhoff SB, Fox PT, Sutherland MT, Laird AR	June 2018	Not Determined
29467408	Create Study	Prediction complements explanation in understanding the developing brain.	Nature communications	Rosenberg, Monica D; Casey, B J; Holmes, Avram J	February 2018	Not Determined
29460352	Create Study	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence	Jernigan TL, Brown SA, Dowling GJ	March 2018	Not Determined
29460349	Create Study	Adolescent Brain Development: Implications for Understanding Risk and Resilience Processes Through Neuroimaging Research.	Journal of research on adolescence : the official journal of the Society for Research on Adolescence	Morris, Amanda Sheffield; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Jacobus, Joanna; Silk, Jennifer S	March 2018	Not Determined
29437252	Create Study	High temporal resolution motion estimation using a self-navigated simultaneous multi-slice echo planar imaging acquisition.	Journal of magnetic resonance imaging : JMRI	Teruel, Jose R; Kuperman, Joshua M; Dale, Anders M; White, Nathan S	February 2018	Not Determined
29337280	Create Study	Behavioral interventions for reducing head motion during MRI scans in children.	NeuroImage	Greene, Deanna J; Koller, Jonathan M; Hampton, Jacqueline M; Wesevich, Victoria; Van, Andrew N; Nguyen, Annie L; Hoyt, Catherine R; McIntyre, Lindsey; Earl, Eric A; Klein, Rachel L; Shimony, Joshua S; Petersen, Steven E; Schlaggar, Bradley L; Fair, Damien A; Dosenbach, Nico U F	May 2018	Not Determined
29315334	Create Study	Immune-related genetic enrichment in frontotemporal dementia: An analysis of genome-wide association studies.	PLoS medicine	Broce, Iris; Karch, Celeste M; Wen, Natalie; Fan, Chun C; Wang, Yunpeng; Tan, Chin Hong; Kouri, Naomi; Ross, Owen A; Höglinger, Günter U; Muller, Ulrich; Hardy, John; International FTD-Genomics Consortium; Momeni, Parastoo; Hess, Christopher P; Dillon, William P; Miller, Zachary A; Bonham, Luke W; Rabinovici, Gil D; Rosen, Howard J; Schellenberg, Gerard D; Franke, Andre; Karlsen, Tom H; Veldink, Jan H; Ferrari, Raffaele; Yokoyama, Jennifer S; Miller, Bruce L; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M; Desikan, Rahul S; Sugrue, Leo P	January 1, 2018	Not Determined
29311006	Create Study	The adolescent brain cognitive development study external advisory board.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Charness, Michael E	August 2018	Not Determined
29198276	Create Study	Does Cannabis Use Cause Declines in Neuropsychological Functioning? A Review of Longitudinal Studies.	Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS	Gonzalez, Raul; Pacheco-Colón, Ileana; Duperrouzel, Jacqueline C; Hawes, Samuel W	October 2017	Not Determined
29197573	Create Study	Development of the emotional brain.	Neuroscience letters	Casey BJ, Heller AS, Gee DG, Cohen AO	December 2017	Not Determined
29182012	Create Study	Validating Online Measures of Cognitive Ability in Genes for Good, a Genetic Study of Health and Behavior.	Assessment	Liu, MengZhen; Rea-Sandin, Gianna; Foerster, Johanna; Fritsche, Lars; Brieger, Katharine; Clark, Christopher; Li, Kevin; Pandit, Anita; Zajac, Gregory; Abecasis, Gonçalo R; Vrieze, Scott	January 2020	Not Determined
29150307	Create Study	Approaching Retention within the ABCD Study.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Feldstein Ewing, Sarah W; Chang, Linda; Cottler, Linda B; Tapert, Susan F; Dowling, Gayathri J; Brown, Sandra A	August 2018	Not Determined
29113758	Create Study	Demographic, physical and mental health assessments in the adolescent brain and cognitive development study: Rationale and description.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Barch, Deanna M; Albaugh, Matthew D; Avenevoli, Shelli; Chang, Linda; Clark, Duncan B; Glantz, Meyer D; Hudziak, James J; Jernigan, Terry L; Tapert, Susan F; Yurgelun-Todd, Debbie; Alia-Klein, Nelly; Potter, Alexandra S; Paulus, Martin P; Prouty, Devin; Zucker, Robert A; Sher, Kenneth J	August 2018	Not Determined
29107609	Create Study	The utility of twins in developmental cognitive neuroscience research: How twins strengthen the ABCD research design.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Iacono, William G; Heath, Andrew C; Hewitt, John K; Neale, Michael C; Banich, Marie T; Luciana, Monica M; Madden, Pamela A; Barch, Deanna M; Bjork, James M	August 2018	Not Determined
29051027	Create Study	The conception of the ABCD study: From substance use to a broad NIH collaboration.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Volkow, Nora D; Koob, George F; Croyle, Robert T; Bianchi, Diana W; Gordon, Joshua A; Koroshetz, Walter J; Pérez-Stable, Eliseo J; Riley, William T; Bloch, Michele H; Conway, Kevin; Deeds, Bethany G; Dowling, Gayathri J; Grant, Steven; Howlett, Katia D; Matochik, John A; Morgan, Glen D; Murray, Margaret M; Noronha, Antonio; Spong, Catherine Y; Wargo, Eric M; Warren, Kenneth R; Weiss, Susan R B	August 2018	Not Determined
29038777	Create Study	The ABCD study of neurodevelopment: Identifying neurocircuit targets for prevention and treatment of adolescent substance abuse.	Current treatment options in psychiatry	Bjork, James M; Straub, Lisa K; Provost, Rosellen G; Neale, Michael C	June 2017	Not Determined
28935096	Create Study	The Effect of Acute Stress on the Calculus of Reward and Punishment.	Biological psychiatry	Paulus MP	October 2017	Not Determined
28900686	Create Study	Changes in marijuana use symptoms and emotional functioning over 28-days of monitored abstinence in adolescent marijuana users.	Psychopharmacology	Jacobus, Joanna; Squeglia, Lindsay M; Escobar, Silvia; McKenna, Benjamin M; Hernandez, Margie Mejia; Bagot, Kara S; Taylor, Charles T; Huestis, Marilyn A	December 2017	Not Determined
28868337	Create Study	The adolescent brain at risk for substance use disorders: a review of functional MRI research on motor response inhibition.	Current opinion in behavioral sciences	Koyama, Maki S; Parvaz, Muhammad A; Goldstein, Rita Z	February 2017	Not Relevant
28838468	Create Study	Computational Dysfunctions in Anxiety: Failure to Differentiate Signal From Noise.	Biological psychiatry	Huang H, Thompson W, Paulus MP	September 2017	Not Determined
28828560	Create Study	Linking tuberous sclerosis complex, excessive mTOR signaling, and age-related neurodegeneration: a new association between TSC1 mutation and frontotemporal dementia.	Acta neuropathologica	Olney, Nicholas T; Alquezar, Carolina; Ramos, Eliana Marisa; Nana, Alissa L; Fong, Jamie C; Karydas, Anna M; Taylor, Joanne B; Stephens, Melanie L; Argouarch, Andrea R; Van Berlo, Victoria A; Dokuru, Deepika R; Sherr, Elliott H; Jicha, Gregory A; Dillon, William P; Desikan, Rahul S; De May, Mary; Seeley, William W; Coppola, Giovanni; Miller, Bruce L; Kao, Aimee W	November 2017	Not Relevant
28803940	Create Study	Real-time motion analytics during brain MRI improve data quality and reduce costs.	NeuroImage	Dosenbach NUF, Koller JM, Earl EA, Miranda-Dominguez O, Klein RL, Van AN, Snyder AZ, Nagel BJ, Nigg JT, Nguyen AL, Wesevich V, Greene DJ, Fair DA	November 2017	Not Determined
28779616	Create Study	Phenotypic and familial associations between childhood maltreatment and cannabis initiation and problems in young adult European-American and African-American women.	Drug and alcohol dependence	Grant, Julia D; Agrawal, Arpana; Werner, Kimberly B; McCutcheon, Vivia V; Nelson, Elliot C; Madden, Pamela A F; Bucholz, Kathleen K; Heath, Andrew C; Sartor, Carolyn E	October 2017	Not Relevant
28716389	Create Study	Biomedical ethics and clinical oversight in multisite observational neuroimaging studies with children and adolescents: The ABCD experience.	Developmental cognitive neuroscience	Clark, Duncan B; Fisher, Celia B; Bookheimer, Susan; Brown, Sandra A; Evans, John H; Hopfer, Christian; Hudziak, James; Montoya, Ivan; Murray, Margaret; Pfefferbaum, Adolf; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	August 2018	Not Determined
28714184	Create Study	Research Review: What have we learned about adolescent substance use?	Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines	Gray, Kevin M; Squeglia, Lindsay M	June 2018	Not Determined
28711985	Create Study	Higher Rates of DZ Twinning in a Twenty-First Century Birth Cohort.	Behavior genetics	Rhea, Sally Ann; Corley, Robin P; Heath, Andrew C; Iacono, William G; Neale, Michael C; Hewitt, John K	September 1, 2017	Not Determined
28641131	Create Study	Children's brain activation during risky decision-making: A contributor to substance problems?	Drug and alcohol dependence	Crowley TJ, Dalwani MS, Sakai JT, Raymond KM, Mcwilliams SK, Banich MT, Mikulich-Gilbertson SK	June 2017	Not Relevant
28438513	Create Study	Rapid-Response Impulsivity Predicts Depression and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Symptomatology at 1-Year Follow-Up in Blast-Exposed Service Members.	Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation	Bjork, James M; Burroughs, Thomas K; Franke, Laura M; Pickett, Treven C; Johns, Sade E; Moeller, F Gerard; Walker, William C	August 2017	Not Determined
28279988	Create Study	Entorhinal Cortex: Antemortem Cortical Thickness and Postmortem Neurofibrillary Tangles and Amyloid Pathology.	AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology	Thaker, A A; Weinberg, B D; Dillon, W P; Hess, C P; Cabral, H J; Fleischman, D A; Leurgans, S E; Bennett, D A; Hyman, B T; Albert, M S; Killiany, R J; Fischl, B; Dale, A M; Desikan, R S	May 2017	Not Determined
28271184	Create Study	Shared genetic risk between corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, and frontotemporal dementia.	Acta neuropathologica	Yokoyama JS, Karch CM, Fan CC, Bonham LW, Kouri N, Ross OA, Rademakers R, Kim J, Wang Y, Höglinger GU, Müller U, Ferrari R, Hardy J, Momeni P, Sugrue LP, Hess CP, James Barkovich A, Boxer AL, Seeley WW, Rabinovici GD, Rosen HJ, Miller BL, Schmansky NJ, Fischl B, et al.	March 2017	Not Relevant
28161313	Create Study	Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature.	NeuroImage	Grayson, David S; Fair, Damien A	October 2017	Not Determined
28018986	Create Study	A Roadmap for the Development of Applied Computational Psychiatry.	Biological psychiatry : cognitive neuroscience and neuroimaging	Paulus MP, Huys QJ, Maia TV	September 2016	Not Relevant
27995817	Create Study	Psychophysiological endophenotypes to characterize mechanisms of known schizophrenia genetic loci.	Psychological medicine	Liu M, Malone SM, Vaidyanathan U, Keller MC, Abecasis G, Mcgue M, Iacono WG, Vrieze SI	December 2016	Not Relevant
27899424	Create Study	Genetic architecture of sporadic frontotemporal dementia and overlap with Alzheimer''s and Parkinson''s diseases.	Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry	Ferrari, Raffaele; Wang, Yunpeng; Vandrovcova, Jana; Guelfi, Sebastian; Witeolar, Aree; Karch, Celeste M; Schork, Andrew J; Fan, Chun C; Brewer, James B; International FTD-Genomics Consortium (IFGC),; International Parkinson's Disease Genomics Consortium (IPDGC),; International Genomics of Alzheimer's Project (IGAP),; Momeni, Parastoo; Schellenberg, Gerard D; Dillon, William P; Sugrue, Leo P; Hess, Christopher P; Yokoyama, Jennifer S; Bonham, Luke W; Rabinovici, Gil D; Miller, Bruce L; Andreassen, Ole A; Dale, Anders M; Hardy, John; Desikan, Rahul S	February 2017	Not Relevant
27862206	Create Study	Malformations of cortical development.	Annals of neurology	Desikan RS, Barkovich AJ	December 2016	Not Relevant
27774503	Create Study	Is biological aging accelerated in drug addiction?	Current opinion in behavioral sciences	Bachi, Keren; Sierra, Salvador; Volkow, Nora D; Goldstein, Rita Z; Alia-Klein, Nelly	February 2017	Not Relevant
27739397	Create Study	Neural predictors of alcohol use and psychopathology symptoms in adolescents.	Development and psychopathology	Brumback TY, Worley M, Nguyen-Louie TT, Squeglia LM, Jacobus J, Tapert SF	November 2016	Not Determined
27539487	Create Study	Neural Predictors of Initiating Alcohol Use During Adolescence.	The American journal of psychiatry	Squeglia LM, Ball TM, Jacobus J, Brumback T, Mckenna BS, Nguyen-Louie TT, Sorg SF, Paulus MP, Tapert SF	August 2016	Not Determined
27503447	Create Study	Effects of Marijuana Use on Brain Structure and Function: Neuroimaging Findings from a Neurodevelopmental Perspective.	International review of neurobiology	Brumback T, Castro N, Jacobus J, Tapert S	January 2016	Not Relevant
27408790	Create Study	Recreational marijuana use impacts white matter integrity and subcortical (but not cortical) morphometry.	NeuroImage. Clinical	Orr JM, Paschall CJ, Banich MT	January 2016	Not Determined
27320959	Create Study	Commentary on the Special Issue on the Adolescent Brain: Incentive-based striving and the adolescent brain.	Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews	Luciana, Monica	November 1, 2016	Not Determined
27288319	Create Study	Neuroimaging cognitive reappraisal in clinical populations to define neural targets for enhancing emotion regulation. A systematic review.	NeuroImage	Zilverstand, Anna; Parvaz, Muhammad A; Goldstein, Rita Z	May 2017	Not Relevant
27175326	Create Study	Comorbid Cannabis and Tobacco Use in Adolescents and Adults.	Current addiction reports	Subramaniam, Punitha; McGlade, Erin; Yurgelun-Todd, Deborah	June 2016	Not Relevant
27001846	Create Study	Individual differences in frontolimbic circuitry and anxiety emerge with adolescent changes in endocannabinoid signaling across species.	Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America	Gee DG, Fetcho RN, Jing D, Li A, Glatt CE, Drysdale AT, Cohen AO, Dellarco DV, Yang RR, Dale AM, Jernigan TL, Lee FS, Casey BJ,	April 2016	Not Determined

helpcenter.collection.publications-tab

Collection - Publications

The number of Publications is displayed in parentheses next to the tab name. Clicking on any of the Publication Titles will open the Publication in a new internet browsing tab.

Collection Owners, Program Officers, and users with Submission or Administrative Privileges for the Collection may mark a publication as either Relevant or Not Relevant in the Status column.

Frequently Asked Questions

How can I determine if a publication is relevant?

Publications are considered relevant to a collection when the data shared is directly related to the project or collection.
Where does the NDA get the publications?

PubMed, an online library containing journals, articles, and medical research. Sponsored by NiH and National Library of Medicine (NLM).

Glossary

Create Study

A link to the Create an NDA Study page that can be clicked to start creating an NDA Study with information such as the title, journal and authors automatically populated.
Not Determined Publication

Indicates that the publication has not yet been reviewed and/or marked as Relevant or Not Relevant so it has not been determined whether an NDA Study is expected.
Not Relevant Publication

A publication that is not based on data related to the aims of the grant/project associated with the Collection or not based on any data such as a review article and, therefore, an NDA Study is not expected to be created.
PubMed

PubMed provides citation information for biomedical and life sciences publications and is managed by the U.S. National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine.
PubMed ID

The PUBMed ID is the unique ID number for the publication as recorded in the PubMed database.
Relevant Publication

A publication that is based on data related to the aims of the grant/project associated with the Collection and, therefore, an NDA Study is expected to be created.

Contact NDA Help Desk

Data Expected List: Mandatory Data Structures

These data structures are mandatory for your NDA Collection. Please update the Targeted Enrollment number to accurately represent the number of subjects you expect to submit for the entire study.

For NIMH HIV-related research that involves human research participants: Select the dictionary or dictionaries most appropriate for your research. If your research does not require all three data dictionaries, just ignore the ones you do not need. There is no need to delete extra data dictionaries from your NDA Collection. You can adjust the Targeted Enrollment column in the Data Expected tab to “0” for those unnecessary data dictionaries. At least one of the three data dictionaries must have a non-zero value.

Data Expected	Targeted Enrollment	Initial Submission	Subjects Submitted	Initial Share	Subjects Shared	Status
No Mandatory Data Expected

To create your project's Data Expected list, use the "+New Data Expected" to add or request existing structures and to request new Data Structures that are not in the NDA Data Dictionary.

If the Structure you need already exists, locate it and specify your dates and enrollment when adding it to your Data Expected list. If you require changes to the Structure you need, select the indicator stating "No, it requires changes to meet research needs," and upload a file containing your requested changes.

If the structure you need is not yet defined in the Data Dictionary, you can select "Upload Definition" and attach the necessary materials to request its creation.

When selecting the expected dates for your data, make sure to follow the standard Data Sharing Regimen and choose dates within the date ranges that correspond to your project start and end dates.

Please visit the Completing Your Data Expected Tutorial for more information.

Data Expected List: Data Structures per Research Aims

These data structures are specific to your research aims and should list all data structures in which data will be collected and submitted for this NDA Collection. Please update the Targeted Enrollment number to accurately represent the number of subjects you expect to submit for the entire study.

Data Expected	Targeted Enrollment	Initial Submission	Subjects Submitted	Initial Share	Subjects Shared	Status
Genomics/omics	10,699	04/24/2017	11,675	06/30/2017	11,674	Approved
Processed MRI Data	11,500	01/15/2018	11,860	01/31/2018	11,826	Approved
Evaluated Data	11,500	01/15/2018	11,849	01/31/2018	11,849	Approved
Imaging (Structural, fMRI, DTI, PET, microscopy)	11,500	04/24/2017	11,855	06/30/2017	11,855	Approved
Wearable Data	150	04/24/2017	8,368	06/30/2017	8,368	Approved
Task Based	4,524	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Med History Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Questionnaire Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	70	01/31/2018	70	Approved
ABCD Task Based Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	11,873	01/31/2018	11,873	Approved
ABCD Substance Use Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Social Adjustment Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Phys Exam Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Diagnostic Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD PTSD Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Sleep Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	120	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Activity Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	5,634	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Socioeconomic Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Personality Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Behavior Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Parenting Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Trauma Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Phys Characteristics Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Demographics Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Cognitive Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	11,867	01/31/2018	11,867	Approved
ABCD Summary Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Treatment Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved
ABCD Psychosis Measures	11,500	01/15/2018	0	01/31/2018	0	Approved

Structure not yet defined

No Status history for this Data Expected has been recorded yet

helpcenter.collection.data-expected-tab

Collection - Data Expected

The Data Expected tab displays the list of all data that NDA expects to receive in association with the Collection as defined by the contributing researcher, as well as the dates for the expected initial upload of the data, and when it is first expected to be shared, or with the research community. Above the primary table of Data Expected, any publications determined to be relevant to the data within the Collection are also displayed - members of the contributing research group can use these to define NDA Studies, connecting those papers to underlying data in NDA.

The tab is used both as a reference for those accessing shared data, providing information on what is expected and when it will be shared, and as the primary tracking mechanism for contributing projects. It is used by both contributing primary researchers, secondary researchers, and NIH Program and Grants Management staff.

Researchers who are starting their project need to update their Data Expected list to include all the Data Structures they are collecting under their grant and set their initial submission and sharing schedule according to the NDA Data Sharing Regimen.

To add existing Data Structures from the Data Dictionary, to request new Data Structure that are not in the Dictionary, or to request changes to existing Data Structures, click "+New Data Expected".

For step-by-step instructions on how to add existing Data Structures, request changes to an existing Structure, or request a new Data Structure, please visit the Completing Your Data Expected Tutorial.

If you are a contributing researcher creating this list for the first time, or making changes to the list as your project progress, please note the following:

Although items you add to the list and changes you make are displayed, they are not committed to the system until you Save the entire page using the "Save" button at the bottom of your screen. Please Save after every change to ensure none of your work is lost.
If you attempt to add a new structure, the title you provide must be unique - if another structure exists with the same name your change will fail.
Adding a new structure to this list is the only way to request the creation of a new Data Dictionary definition.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is an NDA Data Structure?

An NDA Data Structure is comprised of multiple Data Elements to make up an electronic definition of an assessment, measure, questionnaire, etc will have a corresponding Data Structure.
What is the NDA Data Dictionary?

The NDA Data Dictionary is comprised of electronic definitions known as Data Structures.

Glossary

Analyzed Data

Data specific to the primary aims of the research being conducted (e.g. outcome measures, other dependent variables, observations, laboratory results, analyzed images, volumetric data, etc.) including processed images.
Data Item

Items listed on the Data Expected list in the Collection which may be an individual and discrete Data Structure, Data Structure Category, or Data Structure Group.
Data Structure

A defined organization and group of Data Elements to represent an electronic definition of a measure, assessment, questionnaire, or collection of data points. Data structures that have been defined in the NDA Data Dictionary are available at https://nda.nih.gov/general-query.html?q=query=data-structure
Data Structure Category

An NDA term describing the affiliation of a Data Structure to a Category, which may be disease/disorder or diagnosis related (Depression, ADHD, Psychosis), specific to data type (MRI, eye tracking, omics), or type of data (physical exam, IQ).
Data Structure Group

A Data Item listed on the Data Expected tab of a Collection that indicates a group of Data Structures (e.g., ADOS or SCID) for which data may be submitted instead of a specific Data Structure identified by version, module, edition, etc. For example, the ADOS Data Structure Category includes every ADOS Data Structure such as ADOS Module 1, ADOS Module 2, ADOS Module 1 - 2nd Edition, etc. The SCID Data Structure Group includes every SCID Data Structure such as SCID Mania, SCID V Mania, SCID PTSD, SCID-V Diagnosis, and more.
Evaluated Data

A new Data Structure category, Evaluated Data is analyzed data resulting from the use of computational pipelines in the Cloud and can be uploaded directly back to a miNDAR database. Evaluated Data is expected to be listed as a Data Item in the Collection's Data Expected Tab.
Imaging Data

Imaging+ is an NDA term which encompasses all imaging related data including, but not limited to, images (DTI, MRI, PET, Structural, Spectroscopy, etc.) as well as neurosignal data (EEG, fMRI, MEG, EGG, eye tracking, etc.) and Evaluated Data.
Initial Share Date

Initial Submission and Initial Share dates should be populated according to the NDA Data Sharing Terms and Conditions. Any modifications to these will go through the approval processes outlined above. Data will be shared with authorized users upon publication (via an NDA Study) or 1-2 years after the grant end date specified on the first Notice of Award, as defined in the applicable Data Sharing Terms and Conditions.
Initial Submission Date

Initial Submission and Initial Share dates should be populated according to these NDA Data Sharing Terms and Conditions. Any modifications to these will go through the approval processes outlined above. Data for all subjects is not expected on the Initial Submission Date and modifications may be made as necessary based on the project's conduct.
Research Subject and Pedigree

An NDA created Data Structure used to convey basic information about the subject such as demographics, pedigree (links family GUIDs), diagnosis/phenotype, and sample location that are critical to allow for easier querying of shared data.
Submission Cycle

The NDA has two Submission Cycles per year - January 15 and July 15.
Submission Exemption

An interface to notify NDA that data may not be submitted during the upcoming/current submission cycle.

Contact NDA Help Desk

Collection Owners and those with Collection Administrator permission, may edit a collection. The following is currently available for Edit on this page:

Associated Studies

Studies that have been defined using data from a Collection are important criteria to determine the value of data shared. The number of subjects column displays the counts from this Collection that are included in a Study, out of the total number of subjects in that study. The Data Use column represents whether or not the study is a primary analysis of the data or a secondary analysis. State indicates whether the study is private or shared with the research community.

Study NameFilter by Study Name	AbstractFilter by Abstract	Collection/Study SubjectsFilter by Collection/Study Subjects	Data UsageFilter by Data Usage	StateFilter by State
Longitudinal trajectories of attention/deficit hyperactivity disorder diagnoses	Objective: Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is mostly conceptualized as an early-onset neurodevelopmental disorder, in which symptoms decrease steadily into adulthood or remain stable. A recent study following a clinical cohort over 16 years challenged this view, reporting that for most with ADHD, diagnostic status widely fluctuates with age. Here we ask if such a ‘fluctuating’ ADHD subgroup is present in other population-based and clinic-based cohorts. Methods: We examined individual-level diagnostic trajectories in the population-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD: N = 9735), as well as the Neurobehavioral Clinical Research (NCR: N = 258) and Nathan Kline Institute-Rockland (NKI-Rockland: N = 149) cohorts. All participants had three or more assessments spanning different age windows. Subjects were categorized into five ADHD developmental subgroups: fluctuant (defined by showing at least two switches between meeting and not meeting ADHD criteria) remitting, persisting, emerging and never affected. Results: Fluctuant subgroups were found in all cohorts, making up 29% of subjects with ADHD in the ABCD cohort. Discussion: We provide further evidence in three cohorts for the existence of a fluctuant ADHD subgroup, albeit in a minority of cases. This suggests that a subgroup of individuals with ADHD show a natural history more akin to a relapsing-remitting mood disorders than the symptomatic stability or gradual change implicit in the concept of a neurodevelopmental disorder.	11871/12669	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A mega-analytic study of white matter differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder seen across multiple cohorts	Context: Previous research has explored the relationship between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and variations in the brain's white matter tract connections, as observed through structural differences. However, these investigations have produced inconsistent outcomes, which may be attributed to the relatively small participant groups in these studies. Consequently, we embarked on a comprehensive analysis involving over 6000 participants from five distinct cohorts. We aimed to examine white matter microstructure using diffusion tensor imaging in vivo. Approach: Employing a mega-analysis approach, we employed linear mixed models to investigate potential links between ADHD traits and diagnosis with the fractional anisotropy of 42 white matter tracts. We also contrasted these associations against measurements of mood, anxiety, and other outward behavioral issues. Findings: Our study encompassed a total of 6993 participants, aged 6 to 18 years, with a mean age of 10.62 years (standard deviation 1.99). This group included 3368 girls and 3625 boys from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds, including 764 African American individuals, 4146 non-Hispanic White individuals, and 2083 from other racial/ethnic groups. Among these participants, data was available for ADHD and other emotional/behavioral symptoms (N = 6933). Additionally, clinical information was adequate for the diagnosis of ADHD (n = 951) or the absence of such a diagnosis (n = 4884). Our analysis revealed that both ADHD diagnosis and traits were linked to decreased fractional anisotropy in the inferior longitudinal and left uncinate fasciculi (at a statistically adjusted false discovery rate of p < .05). Notably, the observed effect sizes were modest (the most robust association with ADHD traits had a partial r effect size of -0.14, while the most significant difference between cases and controls had a d effect size of -0.3). Conversely, no similar microstructural irregularities were observed in relation to anxiety, mood, or externalizing issues. These findings persisted even when ADHD cases and control subjects were matched based on their in-scanner motion. Conclusion: Although the microstructural distinctions associated with ADHD were evident across the various cohorts, their effects were minor. This underscores the limited clinical usefulness of relying solely on this imaging technique in isolation.	11871/12537	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Youth Screen Media Activity Patterns and Associations With Behavioral Developmental Measures and Resting-state Brain Functional Connectivity	Objective Screen media activity (SMA) consumes considerable time in youth’s lives, raising concerns about the effects it may have on youth development. Disentangling mixed associations between youth’s SMA and developmental measures should move beyond overall screen time and consider types and patterns of SMA. We aimed to identify reliable and generalizable SMA patterns among youth and examine their associations with behavioral developmental measures and developing brain functional connectivity. Method Three waves of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) data were examined. The Lifespan Human Connectome Project in Development (HCP-D) was interrogated as an independent sample. ABCD participants included 11,878 children at baseline. HCP-D participants included 652 children and adolescents. Youth-reported SMA and behavioral developmental measures (neurocognitive performance, behavioral problems, psychotic-like experiences, impulsivity, and sensitivities to punishment/reward) were assessed with validated instruments. We identified SMA patterns in the ABCD baseline data using K-means clustering and sensitivity analyses. The generalizability and stability of the identified SMA patterns were examined in HCP-D data and ABCD follow-up waves, respectively. Relationships were examined between SMA patterns and behavioral and brain (resting-state brain functional connectivity [RSFC]) measures using linear-mixed-effect modelling with false-discovery-rate (FDR) correction. Results SMA data from 11,815 children (Meanage = 119.0 months, SDage = 7.5; 6,159 (52.1%) boys) were examined, and 3,151 (26.7%) demonstrated a video-centric higher-frequency SMA pattern and 8,666 (73.3%) demonstrated a lower-frequency pattern. The SMA patterns were validated in similarly-aged HCP-D youth. Compared to the lower-frequency-SMA-pattern group, the video-centric-higher-frequency-SMA-pattern group showed poorer neurocognitive performance (Beta=-0.12, 95%CI, [-0.08, -0.16], FDR-corrected p<.001), more total behavioral problems (Beta=0.13, 95%CI, [0.09, 0.18], FDR-corrected p<.001), and more psychotic-like experiences (Beta=0.31, 95%CI, [0.27, 0.36], FDR-corrected p<.001). The video-centric-higher-frequency-SMA-pattern group demonstrated higher impulsivity, more sensitivity to punishment/reward and altered RSFC among brain areas implicated previously in cognitive processes. Most of the associations persisted with age in the ABCD data, with more individuals (n=3,378, 30.4%) in the video-centric higher-frequency SMA group at one-year follow-up. A social-communication-centric SMA pattern was observed in HCP-D adolescents. Conclusion Video-centric SMA patterns are reliable and generalizable during late childhood. A higher-frequency-video-entertainment-SMA-pattern group showed altered RSFC and poorer developmental measures that persisted longitudinally. The findings suggest public health strategies aiming to decrease excessive time spent by children on video-entertainment-related SMA are needed. Further studies are needed to examine potential video-centric/social-centric SMA bifurcation to understand dynamic changes and trajectories of SMA patterns and related outcomes developmentally.	11876/12528	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Environmental Risk Factors and Psychotic-like Symptoms in Children Aged 9-11	Objective: Research implicates environmental risk factors, including correlates of urbanicity, deprivation, and environmental toxins, in psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). The current study examined associations between several types of environmental risk factors and PLEs in school-age children, whether these associations were specific to PLEs or generalized to other psychopathology, and examined possible neural mechanisms for significant associations. Method: The current study used data from 10,328 9-11-year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Hierarchical linear models examined associations between PLEs and geocoded environmental risk factors, and whether associations generalized to internalizing/externalizing symptoms. Mediation models examined whether structural MRI abnormalities (e.g., intracranial volume) mediated associations between PLEs and environmental risk factors. Results: The results found specific types of environmental risk factors, namely measures of urbanicity (i.e., drug offense exposure, less perception of neighborhood safety), deprivation (including overall deprivation, rate of poverty, fewer years at residence), and lead exposure risk, were associated with PLEs. These associations showed evidence of stronger associations with PLEs than internalizing/externalizing symptoms (especially overall deprivation, poverty, drug offense exposure, and lead exposure risk). There was evidence that brain volume mediated between 11-25% of the associations between poverty, perception of neighborhood safety, and lead exposure risk with PLEs. Conclusions: These results are the first to find support for neural measures partially mediating the association between PLEs and environmental exposures. Furthermore, the current study replicated and extended recent findings of the association between PLEs and environmental exposures, finding evidence for specific associations with correlates of urbanicity, deprivation, and lead exposure risk.	11879/11898	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A Somato-Cognitive Action Network alternates with effector regions in motor cortex	Motor cortex (M1) was thought to form a continuous somatotopic homunculus extending down precentral gyrus from foot to face representations1,2, despite evidence for concentric functional zones3 and maps of complex actions4. Using precision functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) methods, we discovered that the classic homunculus is interrupted by regions with distinct connectivity, structure, and function, alternating with effector-specific (foot, hand, mouth) areas. These inter-effector regions exhibit decreased cortical thickness and strong functional connectivity to each other, and to the Cingulo-Opercular Network (CON), critical for action5 and physiological control6, arousal7, errors8, and pain9. This inter-digitation of action control-linked and motor effector regions was verified in the three largest fMRI datasets. Macaque and pediatric (newborn, infant, child) precision fMRI suggested cross-species homologues and developmental precursors of the inter-effector system. A battery of motor and action fMRI tasks documented concentric effector somatotopies, separated by the CON-linked inter-effector regions. The inter-effectors lacked movement specificity and co-activated during action planning (coordination of hands and feet), and axial body movement (e.g., abdomen, eyebrows). These results, with prior work demonstrating stimulation-evoked complex actions4 and connectivity to internal organs (e.g., adrenal)10, suggest that M1 is punctuated by a system for whole-body action planning, the Somato-Cognitive Action Network (SCAN). In M1, two parallel systems intertwine forming an integrate-isolate pattern: effector-specific regions (foot, hand, mouth) for isolating fine motor control, and the SCAN for integrating goals, physiology, and body movement.	11782/11892	Secondary Analysis	Shared
ABCD Parental Risk	Multiple forms of parental psychopathology have been associated with differences in subcortical brain volume. However, few studies have considered the role of comorbidity. Here, we examine if alterations in child subcortical brain structure are specific to parental depression, anxiety, mania, or alcohol/substance use parental psychopathology, common across these disorders, or altered by a history of multiple disorders. We examined 6581 children aged 9 to 10 years old from the ABCD study with no history of mental disorders. We found several significant interactions such that the effects of a parental history of depression, anxiety, and substance use problems on amygdala and striatal volumes were moderated by comorbid parental history of another disorder. Interactions tended to suggest smaller volumes in the presence of a comorbid disorder. However, effect sizes were small, and no associations remained significant after correcting for multiple comparisons. Results suggest that associations between familial risk for psychopathology and offspring brain structure in 9–10-year-olds are modest, and relationships that do exist tend to implicate the amygdala and striatal regions and are moderated by a comorbid parental psychopathology history. Several methodological factors, including controlling for intracranial volume and other forms of parental psychopathology and excluding child psychopathology, likely contribute to inconsistencies in the literature.	11858/11892	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 5.0	The ABCD Curated Data Release 5.0 includes high-quality baseline and longitudinal data from ~11,880 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI, and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, mental health, physical health, neurocognition, substance use, novel technology, culture & environment, gender identity and sexual health, and linked external data domains. Data from associated substudies are also included (Social Development, Endocannabinoids, Hurricane Irma). Raw data are available for the neurocognitive and task fMRI studies, and selected data from the physical health and substance use domains. For neuroimaging assessments, this release contains all baseline and 2-year follow-up data, and about half of the 4-year follow-up data. For non-imaging assessments, this release contains complete data from the baseline, 6-month, 1 year, 18-month, 2-year, 30-month, and 3-year follow-up visits, and about half of the cohort for the 4-year and 42-month follow-up visits. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, visit the 5.0 release notes available at https://wiki.abcdstudy.org/release-notes/start-page.html.	11892/11892	Primary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 5.1	The ABCD Curated Data Release 5.1 addresses data quality issues discovered after the Release 5.0. For a detailed description of these changes and all of the measures included in this release, visit the 5.1 release notes available at https://wiki.abcdstudy.org/release-notes/start-page.html. Release 5.1 includes high-quality baseline and longitudinal data from ~11,880 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI, and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, mental health, physical health, neurocognition, substance use, novel technology, culture & environment, gender identity and sexual health workgroups, and linked external data. Data from associated substudies are also included (Social Development, Endocannabinoids, Hurricane Irma). Raw data are available for the neurocognitive and task fMRI studies, and selected data from the physical health and substance use domains. For neuroimaging assessments, this release contains all baseline and 2-year follow-up data, and about half of the 4-year follow-up data. For non-imaging assessments, this release contains complete data from the baseline, 6-month, 1-year, 18-month, 2-year, 30-month, and 3-year follow-up visits, and about half of the cohort for the 4-year and 42-month follow-up visits.	11892/11892	Primary Analysis	Shared
Genetic and Environmental Variation in Continuous Phenotypes in the ABCD Study®	Twin studies yield valuable insights into the sources of variation, covariation and causation in human traits. The ABCD Study® (abcdstudy.org) was designed to take advantage of four universities known for their twin research, neuroimaging, population-based sampling, and expertise in genetic epidemiology so that representative twin studies could be performed. In this paper we use the twin data to: (i) provide initial estimates of heritability for the wide range of phenotypes assessed in the ABCD Study using a consistent direct variance estimation approach, assuring that both data and methodology are sound; and (ii) provide an online resource for researchers that can serve as a reference point for future behavior genetic studies of this publicly available dataset. Data were analyzed from 772 pairs of twins aged 9-10 years at study inception, with zygosity determined using genotypic data, recruited and assessed at four twin hub sites. The online tool provides twin correlations and both standardized and unstandardized estimates of additive genetic, and environmental variation for 14,500 continuously distributed phenotypic features, including: structural and functional neuroimaging, neurocognition, personality, psychopathology, substance use propensity, physical, and environmental trait variables. The estimates were obtained using an unconstrained variance approach, so they can be incorporated directly into meta-analyses without upwardly biasing aggregate estimates. The results indicated broad consistency with prior literature where available and provided novel estimates for phenotypes without prior twin studies or those assessed at different ages. Effects of site, self-identified race/ethnicity, age and sex were statistically controlled. Results from genetic modeling of all 53,172 continuous variables, including 38,672 functional MRI variables, will be accessible via the user-friendly open-access web interface we have established, and will be updated as new data are released from the ABCD Study. This paper provides an overview of the initial results from the twin study embedded within the ABCD Study, an introduction to the primary research domains in the ABCD study and twin methodology, and an evaluation of the initial findings with a focus on data quality and suitability for future behavior genetic studies using the ABCD dataset. The broad introductory material is provided in recognition of the multidisciplinary appeal of the ABCD Study. While this paper focuses on univariate analyses, we emphasize the opportunities for multivariate, developmental and causal analyses, as well as those evaluating heterogeneity by key moderators such as sex, demographic factors and genetic background.	11892/11892	Primary Analysis	Shared
MIND Networks: Robust Estimation of Structural Similarity from Brain MRI	Structural similarity networks are a central focus of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) research into human brain connectomes in health and disease. We present Morphometric INverse Divergence (MIND), a robust method to estimate within-subject structural similarity between cortical areas based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence between the multivariate distributions of their structural features. Compared to the prior approach of morphometric similarity networks (MSNs) on N>10,000 data from the ABCD cohort, MIND networks were more consistent with known cortical symmetry, cytoarchitecture, and (in N=19 macaques) gold-standard tract-tracing connectivity, and were more invariant to cortical parcellation. MIND networks were remarkably coupled with cortical gene co-expression, providing fresh evidence for the unified architecture of brain structure and transcription. Using kinship (N=1282) and genetic data (N=4085), we characterized the heritability of MIND phenotypes, identifying stronger genetic influence on the relationship between structurally divergent regions compared to structurally similar regions. MIND presents a biologically-validated lens for analyzing the structural organization of the cortex using readily-available MRI measurements.	11885/11892	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Morphometry of the lateral orbitofrontal cortex is associated with eating dispositions in early adolescence: findings from a large population-based study	Early adolescence is a critical period for eating behaviors as children gain autonomy around food choice and peer influences increase in potency. From a neurodevelopmental perspective, significant structural changes take place in the prefrontal cortex during this time, including the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), which is involved in socially contextualized decision-making. We examined the morphological features of the OFC in relation to food choice in a sample of 10 309 early adolescent children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Structural parameters of the OFC and insula were examined for relationships with two important aspects of food choice: limiting the consumption of fast/fried food and maximizing the consumption of nutritious foods. Raw, partially adjusted and fully adjusted models were evaluated. Findings revealed that a larger surface area of the lateral OFC was associated with higher odds of limiting fast/fried food consumption in raw [odds ratio (OR) = 1.07, confidence interval (CI): 1.02, 1.12, P = 0.002, PFDR = 0.012], partially adjusted (OR = 1.11, CI: 1.03, 1.19, P = 0.004, PFDR = 0.024) and fully adjusted models (OR = 1.11, CI: 1.03, 1.19, P = 0.006, PFDR = 0.036). In contrast, a larger insula volume was associated with lower odds of maximizing healthy foods in raw (OR = 0.94, CI: 0.91, 0.97, P <0.001, PFDR = 0.003) and partially adjusted (OR = 0.93, CI: 0.88, 0.98, P = 0.008, PFDR = 0.048) models. These findings refine our understanding of the OFC as a network node implicated in socially mediated eating behaviors.	11892/11892	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Sleep mediates the effect of stressful environments on youth development of impulsivity: The moderating role of within default mode network resting-state functional connectivity	Objectives: Youth raised in stressful environments are at increased risk for developing impulsive traits, which are a robust precursor of problem behaviors. Sleep may mediate the link between stress and problem behaviors as it is both sensitive to stress and essential for neurocognitive development underlying behavioral control during adolescence. The default mode network (DMN) is a brain network implicated in stress regulation and sleep. Yet, it is poorly understood how individual differences in resting-state DMN moderate the effect of stressful environments on impulsivity via sleep problems. Methods: Three waves of data spanning two years were obtained from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a national longitudinal sample of 11,878 children (Mage at baseline = 10.1; 47.8% female). Structural equation modeling was used to test (a) the mediating role of sleep at T3 in the link between¬ stressful environments at baseline and impulsivity at T5 and (b) the moderation of this indirect association by baseline levels of within- DMN resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). Results: Sleep problems, shorter sleep duration, and longer sleep latency significantly mediated the link between stressful environments and youth impulsivity. Youth with elevated within-DMN rsFC showed intensified associations between stressful environments and impulsivity via shorter sleep duration. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that sleep health can be a target for preventive intervention and thereby mitigate the link between stressful environments and increased levels of youth impulsivity. Keywords: stressful environments, sleep duration, sleep latency, default mode network, fMRI, resting-state functional connectivity	11892/11892	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Removing scanner effects with a multivariate latent approach - a RELIEF for the ABCD imaging data?	Scan site harmonization is a crucial part of any neuroimaging analysis when data has been pooled across different study sites. Zhang and colleagues recently introduced the multivariate harmonization method RELIEF, aiming to remove explicit and latent scan site effects. Their initial validation in an adult sample showed superior performance compared to established methods. We here sought to investigate utility of RELIEF in harmonizing data from the ABCD study, a widely used resource for developmental brain imaging. We benchmarked RELIEF against unharmonized, ComBat, and CovBat harmonized data and investigated the impact of manufacturer type, sample size, and a narrow sample age range on harmonization performance. We found that in cases where sites with sufficiently large samples were harmonized, RELIEF outperformed other techniques, yet in cases where sites with very small samples were included there was substantial performance variation unique to RELIEF. Our results therefore highlight the need for careful quality control when harmonizing data sets with imbalanced samples like the ABCD cohort. Our comment alongside shared scripts may provide guidance for other scholars wanting to integrate best practices in their ABCD related work.	11820/11891	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prediction of Gender from Longitudinal MRI data via Deep Learning on Adolescent Data Reveals Unique Patterns Associated with Brain Structure and Change over a Two-year Period	Deep learning algorithms for predicting neuroimaging data have shown considerable promise in various applications. Prior work has demonstrated that deep learning models that take advantage of the data's 3D structure can outperform standard machine learning on several learning tasks. However, most prior research in this area has focused on neuroimaging data from adults. Within the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset, a large longitudinal development study, we examine structural MRI data to predict gender and identify gender-related changes in brain structure. Results demonstrate that gender prediction accuracy is exceptionally high (>97%) with training epochs > 200 and that this accuracy increases with age. Brain regions identified as the most discriminative in the task under study include predominantly frontal areas and the temporal lobe. When evaluating gender predictive changes specific to a two-year increase in age, a broader set of visual, cingulate, and insular regions are revealed. Our findings show a robust gender-related structural brain change pattern, even over a small age range. This suggests that it might be possible to study how the brain changes during adolescence by looking at how these changes are related to different behavioral and environmental factors.	11876/11881	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Functional Connectivity Stability: A Signature of Neurocognitive Development and Psychiatric Problems in Children	Brain functional connectivity has been shown to provide a type of fingerprint for adult subjects. However, most studies tend to focus on the connectivity strength rather than its stability across scans. In this study, we performed for the first time a large-scale analysis of within-individual stability of functional connectivity (FC) using 9071 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development database. Functional network connectivity (FNC) was extracted via a fully automated independent component analysis framework. We found that children's FNC is robust and stable with high similarity across scans and serves as a fingerprint that can identify an individual child from a large group. The robustness of this finding is supported by replicating the identification in the two-year follow-up session and between longitudinal sessions. More interestingly, we discovered that the within-individual FNC stability was predictive of cognitive performance and psychiatric problems in children, with higher FNC stability correlating with better cognitive performance and fewer dimensional psychopathology. The overall results indicate that the FNC of children also shows reliable within-individual stability, acting as a fingerprint for distinguishing participants, regardless of significant growth and development in the children's brain. FC stability can be a valuable imaging marker to predict early cognitive and psychiatric behaviors in children.	11876/11880	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Pubertal timing, neighborhood income, and mental health in boys and girls: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	"Introduction: Pubertal timing is associated with mental health in adolescence. However, limited research has examined the roles of neighborhood context and sex difference in this association. The present study fills this research gap by examining sex-specific relationships between pubertal timing, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and neighborhood context in a population-based sample of early adolescents in the US. We hypothesize that early pubertal timing is associated with more internalizing and externalizing problems and that the association varies by sex and neighborhood family income. Methods: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is a large (N = 11,875), well-characterized, and diverse sample of 9-10-year-old children recruited across 21 sites in the US. Pubertal timing was assessed by the average of parent-and youth-reported Pubertal Developmental Scale, then standardized within sex and age. Internalizing (e.g., depression and anxiety) and externalizing (e.g., rule-breaking, aggressive) behaviors were measured at 1-year follow-up using the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. We used linear mixed effects models to study interactions between pubertal timing and neighborhood median family income in predicting internalizing and externalizing behaviors measured 1 year later. We adjusted for household income, parental educational attainment, child sociodemographic characteristics, and family history of depression, and years of residence in the neighborhood. Results: In girls, earlier pubertal timing was associated with more internalizing (β = 0.06, p < 0.001) and externalizing problems (β = 0.07, p < 0.001) at 1-year follow-up, not moderated by neighborhood income. In boys, earlier pubertal timing was associated with more externalizing problems among youth living in high-income neighborhoods, but not among those in low-income neighborhoods (interaction-p=0.006). Conclusion: Results suggest that pubertal timing may affect youth mental health differentially in boys and girls, depending on the neighborhood contexts. These findings highlight the importance of both biological and social forces in shaping adolescent mental health and, thus, have public health and clinical implications for health promotion.	11879/11879	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Relationship between obstructive sleep disordered breathing and childhood behavioral problems is mediated by frontal lobe structure	Parents frequently report behavioral problems among children who snore. Our understanding of the relationship between symptoms of obstructive sleep disordered breathing (oSDB)—e.g. snoring—and childhood behavioral problems attributable to brain structural alterations is limited. Therefore, we examined the relationships among oSDB symptoms, problem behaviors and brain morphometry in a diverse dataset comprising 10,140 preadolescents. We demonstrate that the symptoms of oSDB predicted composite and domain-specific behavioral measures. Cortical morphometric alterations demonstrating the strongest negative associations with oSDB symptoms are most pronounced within the frontal lobe. The relationships between oSDB symptoms and behavioral measures are mediated by significantly smaller volumes of multiple frontal lobe regions. These results provide population-level evidence for regional structural alterations in cortical gray matter accompanying problem behaviors in children with oSDB.	11879/11879	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Reward Processing in Children with Psychotic-like Experiences	Alterations to striatal reward pathways have been identified in individuals with psychosis. They are hypothesised to be a key mechanism that generates psychotic symptoms through the production of aberrant attribution of motivational salience and are proposed to result from accumulated childhood adversity in combination with genetic risk making the striatal system hyper-responsive to stress. However, few studies have examined whether children with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) also exhibit these alterations, limiting our understanding of how differences in reward processing relate to hallucinations and delusional ideation in childhood. Consequently, we examined whether psychotic-like experiences and psychotic-like-experience-related distress were associated with reward-related activation in the nucleus accumbens. The sample consisted of children (N = 6,676) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aged 9-10 years who had participated in the Monetary Incentive Delay (MID) task in functional MRI. We used robust mixed-effects linear regression models to investigate the relationship between PLEs and nucleus accumbens activation during reward anticipation and reward outcome stages of the MID task. Analyses were adjusted for gender, household income, ethnicity, affective symptoms, movement in the scanner, pubertal development, scanner ID, subject and family ID. There was no association between PLEs and alterations to anticipation-related or outcome-related striatal reward processing. We discuss the implications for developmental models of psychosis and suggest a developmental delay model of how psychotic-like experiences may arise at this stage of development.	11879/11879	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Widespread attenuating changes in brain connectivity associated with the general factor of psychopathology in 9- and 10-year-olds	Objective: Convergent research identifies a general factor (“P factor”) that confers transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology. Large-scale networks are key organizational units of the human brain. However, studies of altered network connectivity patterns associated with the P factor are limited, especially in early adolescence when most mental disorders are first emerging Method: The sample consisted of 11,875 9- and 10-year olds from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, of whom 6,593 had high quality resting state scans. Network contingency analysis was used to identify altered interconnections associated with the P factor among 16 large-scale networks. These connectivity changes were then further characterized with quadrant analysis that quantified the directionality of P factor effects in relation to neurotypical patterns of positive versus negative connectivity across connections. Results: The P factor was associated with altered connectivity across 28 network cells (i.e., sets of connections linking pairs of networks); pPERMUTATION-values<0.05 FDR-corrected for multiple comparisons. Higher P factor scores were associated with hypoconnectivity within default network and hyperconnectivity between default network and multiple control networks. Among connections within these 28 significant cells, the P factor was predominantly associated with “attenuating” effects (67%; pPERMUTATION<0.0002), i.e., reduced connectivity at neurotypically positive connections and increased connectivity at neurotypically negative connections. Conclusion: The general factor of psychopathology produces attenuating changes across multiple networks including default network, involved in spontaneous responses, and control networks involved in cognitive control. These results clarify mechanisms of transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology and invite further research into developmental causes of distributed attenuated connectivity.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development DEAP Study (ABCD) release 3.0	The purpose of the RDS file is for the implementation of DEAP for the most current release of ABCD Study data (Data Release 3.0). The variable names in DEAP have been modified from the official NDA variable names to make them easier to search using the data ontology implemented in the Explore module in DEAP. These DEAP names are listed as aliases in the NDA 3.0 release files. RDS 3.0 includes 292 tables. Details are in the official Data Release 3.0 release update notes.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 3.0	The ABCD Curated Data Release 3.0 includes high quality baseline and early longitudinal data from ~11,800 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, mental health, physical health, neurocognition, substance use, mobile technology, and culture & environment domains. For neuroimaging assessments, this release contains all baseline data and half of the 2-year follow-up (second imaging timepoint). For non-imaging assessments, this release contains baseline and follow-up data for the 6-month and 1 year visits on the full participant cohort, as well as interim data for the 18-month, 2-year, and 30-month visits. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, download the Curated Data Release 3.0 Summary document.	11878/11878	Primary Analysis	Shared
Brain structure, phenotypic and genetic correlates of reading performance	Reading is an evolutionarily recent development that recruits and tunes brain circuitry connecting primary- and language-processing regions. We investigated whether metrics of the brain’s physical structure correlate with reading performance and whether genetic variants affect this relationship. To this aim, we used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development dataset (n = 9,013) of 9–10-year-olds and focused on 150 measures of cortical surface area (CSA) and thickness. Our results reveal that reading performance is associated with nine measures of brain structure including relevant regions of the reading network. Furthermore, we show that this relationship is partially mediated by genetic factors for two of these measures: the CSA of the entire left hemisphere and, specifically, of the left superior temporal gyrus CSA. These effects emphasize the complex and subtle interplay between genes, brain and reading, which is a partly heritable polygenic skill that relies on a distributed network.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Brain-Wide Functional Connectivity Patterns Support General Cognitive Ability and Mediate Effects of Socioeconomic Status in Youth	General cognitive ability (GCA) is an individual difference dimension linked to important academic, occupational, and health-related outcomes, and its development is strongly linked to differences in socioeconomic status (SES). Complex abilities of the human brain are realized through interconnections among distributed brain regions, but brain-wide connectivity patterns associated with GCA in youth, and the influence of SES on these connectivity patterns, is poorly understood. The present study examined functional connectomes from 5,937 9- and 10-year-olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) multi-site study. Using multivariate predictive modeling methods, we identified whole-brain functional connectivity patterns linked to GCA. In leave-one-site-out cross-validation, we found these connectivity patterns exhibited strong and statistically reliable generalization at 19 out of 19 held-out sites accounting for 18.0% of the variance in GCA scores (cross-validated partial η2). GCA-related connections were remarkably dispersed across all brain networks: Across 120 sets of connections linking pairs of large-scale networks, significantly elevated GCA-related connectivity was found in 110 of them, and differences in levels of GCA-related connectivity across the brain were modest. Consistent with prior work, socioeconomic status was a strong predictor of GCA in this sample, and we found that distributed GCA-related brain connectivity patterns significantly statistically mediated this relationship (mean proportion mediated: 15.6%, p<2x10-16). These results suggest that socioeconomic status and GCA are related to broad and diffuse differences in functional connectivity architecture during early adolescence, potentially suggesting a mechanism through which socioeconomic status influences cognitive development.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Breastfeeding duration is associated with larger cortical gray matter volumes in children from the ABCD study	Background: Despite the numerous studies in favor of breastfeeding for its benefits in cognition and mental health, the long-term effects of breastfeeding on brain structure are still largely unknown. Our main objective was to study the relationship between breastfeeding duration and cerebral gray matter volumes. We also explored the potential mediatory role of brain volumes on behavior. Methods: We analyzed 7,860 magnetic resonance images of children 9–11 years of age from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset in order to study the relationship between breastfeeding duration and cerebral gray matter volumes. We also obtained several behavioral data (cognition, behavioral problems, prodromal psychotic experiences, prosociality, impulsivity) to explore the potential mediatory role of brain volumes on behavior. Results: In the 7,860 children analyzed (median age=9 years and11 months; 49.9% female), whole-brain voxel-based morphometry analyses revealed an association mainly between breastfeeding duration and larger bilateral volumes of the pars orbitalis and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. In particular, the association with the left pars orbitalis and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex proved to be very robust to the addition of potentially confounding covariates, random selection of siblings, and splitting the sample in two. The volume of the left pars orbitalis and the left lateral orbitofrontal cortex appeared to mediate the relationship between breastfeeding duration and the negative urgency dimension of the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Global gray matter volumes were also significant mediators for behavioral problems as measured with the Child Behavior Checklist. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that breastfeeding is a relevant factor in the proper development of thebrain, particularly for the pars orbitalis and lateral orbitofrontal cortex regions. This, in turn, may impact impulsive personality and mental health in early puberty.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Characterizing the Neural Correlates of Response Inhibition and Error Processing in Children with Symptoms of Irritability and/or Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in the ABCD Study®	Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), characterized by symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity, is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with executive dysfunctions, including response inhibition and error processing. Research has documented a common co-occurrence between ADHD and pediatric irritability. The latter is more characterized by affective symptoms, specifically frequent temper outbursts and low frustration tolerance relative to typically developing peers. Shared and nonshared neural correlates of youths with varied profiles of ADHD and irritability symptoms during childhood remain largely unknown. This study first classified a large sample of youths in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study at baseline into distinct phenotypic groups based on ADHD and irritability symptoms (N=11,748), and then examined shared and nonshared neural correlates of response inhibition and error processing during the Stop Signal Task in a subset of sample with quality neuroimaging data (N=5,948). Latent class analysis (LCA) revealed four phenotypic groups, i.e., high ADHD with co-occurring irritability symptoms (n=787, 6.7%), moderate ADHD with low irritability symptoms (n=901, 7.7%), high irritability with no ADHD symptoms (n=279, 2.4%), and typically developing peers with low ADHD and low irritability symptoms (n=9,781, 83.3%). Latent variable modeling revealed group differences in the neural coactivation network supporting response inhibition in the fronto-parietal regions, but limited differences in error processing across frontal and posterior regions. These neural differences were marked by decreased coactivation in the irritability only group relative to youths with ADHD and co-occurring irritability symptoms and typically developing peers during response inhibition. Together, this study provided initial evidence for differential neural mechanisms of response inhibition associated with ADHD, irritability, and their co-occurrence. Precision medicine attending to individual differences in ADHD and irritability symptoms and the underlying mechanisms are warranted when treating affected children and families.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Child Reward Neurocircuitry and Parental Substance Use History: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Substance use research has focused on family history of alcohol use disorders but less on other addictions in biological family members. We examined how parental substance use history relates to reward system functioning, specifically nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and putamen activation at age 9-10 in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. This research hopes to address limitations in prior literature by focusing analyses on a large, substance-naïve sample. We included ABCD participants with valid Monetary Incentive Delay task fMRI Baseline data and parent substance use history at project baseline from Data Release 2.0 (N =10,622). Parent-history-positive (PH+) participants had one or both biological parents with a history of two+ problems with alcohol (n = 741; PH+A) and/or other drugs (n = 638; Ph+D). Of participants who were parent-history-negative (PH-) for alcohol and/or drugs, a stratified random sample based on six sociodemographic variables was created and matched to the PH+ group (PH-A n = 699; PH-D n = 615). The contrast of interest was anticipation of a large reward vs. neutral response. PH+A youth had more activation in the right NAcc during large reward anticipation than PH-A. PH+D youth showed enhanced left putamen activation during large reward anticipation than PH-D youth. Bayesian hypothesis testing showed moderate evidence (BF > 3) in favor of the null hypothesis. These findings suggest that pre-adolescents whose biological parents had a history of substance-related problems show small differences in reward processing compared to their PH- peers.	10622/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Companion animals and profiles of peer social behavior in adolescence	Introduction Relationships with companion animals have been associated with higher levels of prosocial behavior and lower levels of socioemotional difficulties for children and adolescents. Companion animals may be supportive of developing prosocial behavior in youth through practice with positive social interactions and the development of empathy and reciprocity skills. The goal of this study was to use a person‐centered approach to investigate if living with a pet (including pet species) is associated with profiles of adolescent peer social behaviors (i.e., prosocial, aggressive), and size of their peer network. Methods This study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®, a large, nationally representative data set of American adolescents. Results In a cross‐sectional sample of 5218 adolescents, we found that youth clustered into four different distinct profiles of peer social behavior. Female youth living with dogs were less likely to be in the High Aggression profile as compared to youth without pets or youth with other types of pets. However, having a pet was not associated with whether youth were in the profiles characterized by prosocial behaviors or size of peer network. Conclusions Overall, future research should explore how gender intersects with companion animal interactions—both in terms of frequency of interactions as well as relationship quality/emotional attachment—as well as examine these relationships over time to assess causality.	6251/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Daily caffeinated soda intake is associated with impaired working memory and higher impulsivity in children	Caffeinated soda contains two addictive substances, sugar and caffeine, and is the most preferred route of caffeine consumption among children. While the negative impacts of caffeinated soda on children’s physical health have been well documented, it remains unexplored if habitual caffeinated soda intake is associated with intellectual capacities in children. Here, we investigated the behavioral and neural correlates of daily consumption of caffeinated soda on neurocognitive functions including working memory, impulsivity, and reward processing. We rigorously tested the link between caffeinated soda intake and the neurocognitive functions by applying machine learning and hierarchical linear regression to a large dataset from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N=3,966; age=9-10 years). The results showed that daily consumption of caffeinated soda in children was associated with impaired working memory and higher impulsivity, and increased amygdala activation during the emotional working memory task. The machine learning results also showed hypoactivity in the nucleus accumbens and the posterior cingulate cortex during reward processing. These results suggest that daily caffeinated soda intake in childhood is associated with impaired neurocognitive functioning, which has significant implications for public health recommendations.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Depression and Psychosis Risk Shared Vulnerability for Motor Abnormalities	Backgrounds: Motor abnormalities are a strong indicator of emerging neural network abnormalities and may provide critical early indications of psychopathology risk. In fact, motor abnormalities, such as motor slowing and agitation, are widely recognized as features of several neurodevelopmental disorders. However, our understanding of motor pathology in the course of depression remains poorly developed. Methods: 10,835 adolescents from the ABCD study were used to explore the relationship between motor abnormalities and depression. These analyses leveraged the rich data available in the ABCD dataset by examining several motor and depression metrics. Depression variables included measures of current symptom dimensions, familial risk, and current diagnoses. In a similarly expansive approach, multiple measures of motor abnormalities were assessed, including early motor delay, coordination, motor slowing, and motor agitation. Finally, motor network connectivity assessed whether current depression symptoms are associated with motor network abnormalities for 8,940 individuals. For all analyses, psychosis variables were used as a comparison. Results: Early developmental motor delays were associated with current depression diagnoses, current symptoms, and a familial risk loading for depression. Current motor abnormality symptoms were also each associated with all depression metrics, including current diagnoses, current symptoms, and familial risk loading. Motor network connectivity was also related to current depression symptom levels. Conclusions: Motor development and symptoms are critically related to depression symptoms, diagnoses, and familial risk loading. Motor function may reflect core biological vulnerability to depression as evidenced by familial risk and motor network connectivity. Finally, individuals with familial risk for psychosis and depression showed the greatest motor abnormalities.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Development Over the Digital Divide: A Longitudinal Expansion of Empathy Development in Adolescents	This study aims to expand on Vossen and Valkenberk (2016). More information to come	11878/11878	Primary Analysis	Shared
Diminished returns in the ABCD data	There are two major explanations for health inequalities: Differential exposures and differential effects. Differential exposures try to explain poverty and increased stress as a mechanism for racial and health inequalities. Differential effects refer to the observations that resources, assets, and risk factors do not have identical effects across population groups. Marginalization-related Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggest that because of structural racism, segregation, and social stratification, SES effects are weaker for Black, Latinx, Asian, Native American, immigrant, and LGBT families than US-born heterosexual non-Latino White families. We have already shown that due to lower SES effects, risk remains disproportionately high in marginalized groups, even when they have the resources, meaning that inequalities sustain across the class lines.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Emotion Dysregulation and Right Pars Orbitalis Constitute a Neuropsychological Pathway to Attention- Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	Emotion dysregulation is common in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), which is known to be clinically heterogeneous. However, it remains unclear whether emotion dysregulation represents a neuropsychological pathway to ADHD. Here, using a large population-based cohort (𝑛=6,053) we showed that emotion dysregulation was associated with ADHD symptoms (partial eta2 = 0.21) and this persisted after controlling for the cognitive and motivational deficits. Emotion dysregulation mediated the association between smaller surface area of the right pars orbitalis and greater ADHD symptoms at one-year follow-up, indicating an emotion pathway for ADHD. This pathway was associated with immune responses by both transcriptomic analyses and white blood cell markers. In an independent clinical sample for ADHD (n=672), the emotion pathway improved the case/control classification accuracy. These findings suggest that emotion dysregulation is a core symptom and route to ADHD, which may not respond to the current pharmacological treatments for ADHD.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Getting a good night’s sleep: Sleep duration and quality impacts DMN connectivity in youth	Sleep plays an integral role in healthy development. Inadequate sleep has been linked to poorer emotion regulation and increased risk of psychopathology. Alarmingly, 58% of middle school children are sleeping less than the recommended amount of 9-12 hours based on guidelines from the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. Prior neuroimaging studies in adults link poor sleep to variation within and between key neurocognitive networks, particularly connectivity of the default mode network (DMN). The DMN is implicated in self-reference and rumination, and disruptions in DMN connectivity are associated with risk of psychiatric disorders. Importantly, many psychiatric disorders begin during childhood and adolescence, and functional connectivity within and between neurocognitive networks undergo dramatic changes across childhood and adolescence. However, few studies have examined the impact of sleep on DMN connectivity in youth. This study included 3798 youth (11.9±0.6 years, 47.5% female, 78.9% White, 12.3% Black American, 4.5% Asian) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a longitudinal experiment across 21 sites in the United States. To maximize sample size with both neuroimaging and objective sleep data (Fitbit watch activity tracker), we included data from the ABCD 2-year follow-up time point. Within and between network resting state functional connectivity (rsFC) was measured between the DMN and core neurocognitive networks (i.e., dorsal attention network [DAN], frontoparietal network [FPN], and salience network [SN]). Average sleep duration was measured over 13.1±6.5 days. Pearson’s R correlations were used to test for associations between sleep duration and within and between network rsFC of the DMN.On average, youth slept 7.4±0.7 hours (range: 3-14.1 hours), which is below the recommend 9-12 hours. Total sleep duration was positively correlated with within-network DMN rsFC and negatively correlated with rsFC between the DMN and the DAN and FPN. Sleep duration was not associated with rsFC between DMN and the SN.These findings are consistent with a previous neuroimaging study of sleep deprivation in adults, showing similar patterns of altered within and between network connectivity of the DMN. Given that altered DMN connectivity has been associated with risk of psychopathology, altered DMN connectivity during development may play a role in the link between poor sleep and the development of psychiatric disorders. This study contributes to a growing body of research demonstrating the importance of healthy sleep habits in youth. Future directions will include behavioral indices and additional measures of sleep quality.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Impact of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure on the Salience Network and Other Core Neurocognitive Networks	Cannabis use has become common practice among pregnant women and during the pre-conception period and around 1/3 of THC in the plasma undergoes cross-placental transfer upon cannabis smoking during pregnancy. Prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with cognitive, motor, and social deficits that last into the adulthood of offspring. Further, the eCB system is implicated in risk of anxiety disorders and other comorbid conditions, such as depression. The proposed study leveraged large-scale data from the ABCD study to examine the impact of prenatal cannabis exposure on childhood anxiety symptoms and resting-state functional connectivity within and between the salience network (SN) and other core neurocognitive networks The study includes over 11,000 participants between the ages of 9 and 10 and information on brain development is collected with the use of structural and functional neuroimaging. Prenatal cannabis use was assessed based on the parents’ retrospective report on whether they used it before and/or after their knowledge of pregnancy. Prenatal cannabis exposure on childhood anxiety which was measured by the Childhood Behavior Checklist. Neural activation within the regions of interest were examined using functional magnetic resonance data collected during the well-vetted emotional n-back task. 10,864 had no prenatal cannabis exposure. 309 used cannabis before knowledge of pregnancy, 137 used cannabis after knowledge of pregnancy. We examined the impact of prenatal cannabis exposure (before or after knowledge of pregnancy) on resting-state functional connectivity within and between the salience network (SN) and other core neurocognitive networks (i.e., default mode network [DMN], frontoparietal network [FPN], cingulo-opercular network [CON], ventral attention network [VAN], dorsal attention network [DAN]). Prenatal cannabis exposure before knowledge of pregnancy was associated with lower within network connectivity of the SN, and lower between network connectivity of the SN and VAN. Prenatal cannabis exposure was not associated with altered SN connectivity with other networks. Prenatal cannabis exposure is associated with disrupted connectivity within and between brain networks associated with attention and salience monitoring. Evidence from this study can be used to discourage pregnant women from the recreational use of cannabis. If women are informed on prenatal cannabis exposures effect on child anxiety and altered neurodevelopment, this may prevent them from continued cannabis use during this period.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Impact of trauma exposure and endocannabinoid signaling on frontolimbic white matter pathways in children	The endocannabinoid system (eCB) is present and functional in early pregnancy and plays a key role in modulating pre- and post-natal brain development, including myelination processes. Recent studies in adolescents and adults link a common variant (C385A) in the gene encoding fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) with higher eCB levels, lower anxiety, and altered frontolimbic development. Frontolimbic white matter pathways demonstrate a protracted maturational course across childhood and adolescence, are associated with anxiety symptoms, and shown to be sensitive to the effects of environmental stress. Here, we examined the impact of the FAAH C385A polymorphism and trauma exposure on anxiety and integrity of frontolimbic white matter pathways in children. We leveraged data collected from the ongoing large-scale NIH Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (n = 10,774; M ± SD age = 9.92 ± 0.62 years; 47.9% female; 54.3% White, 13.8% Black, 19.3% Hispanic, 2.1% Asian, 10.4% Other). Saliva samples were used for genotyping and parents reported on their child’s anxiety symptoms and trauma exposure using the Child Behavior Checklist and the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (K-SADS) traumatic events screener, respectively. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was estimated from DTI data for frontolimbic white matter pathways. Overall, 43.4% of youth were FAAH A-allele carriers or homozygotes (52.1% were CC homozygotes), and 35.7% of youth were exposed to trauma (64.3% unexposed). Trauma-exposed youth demonstrated higher anxiety symptoms and higher FA of the right and left uncinate fasciculus and corpus callosum (forceps minor), as compared to trauma-naïve youth. There was no main effect of the FAAH C385A variant or trauma x FAAH interaction on anxiety symptoms. However, there was a main effect of FAAH genotype on FA in the left and right fornix and left parahippocampal cingulum, such that FA was higher in CC homozygotes as compared to A-alleles. There was also a significant trauma x FAAH interaction for FA in the left and right fornix, right uncinate fasciculus, corpus callosum, and right parahippocampal cingulum. Follow-up analyses in gene groups separately demonstrated that the effects of trauma on white matter integrity were significant in the CC (but the not A-allele) group. In particular, trauma-exposed CC homozygotes demonstrated greater FA than trauma-naïve CC homozygotes. These results highlight the role of trauma exposure and endocannabinoid signaling in modulating frontolimbic development and anxiety risk.	11787/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Is Executive Dysfunction a Risk Marker or Consequence of Psychopathology? A Test of Executive Function as a Prospective Predictor and Outcome of General Psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study.	A general psychopathology (‘p’) factor captures shared variation across mental disorders. One hypothesis is that poor executive function (EF) contributes to p. Although EF is related to p concurrently, it is unclear whether EF predicts or is a consequence of p. For the first time, we examined prospective relations between EF and p in 9,845 preadolescents (aged 9-12) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® longitudinally over two years. We identified higher-order factor models of psychopathology at baseline and one- and two-year follow-up waves. Consistent with previous research, a cross-sectional inverse relationship between EF and p emerged. Using residualized-change models, baseline EF prospectively predicted p factor scores two years later, controlling for prior p, sex, age, race/ethnicity, parental education, and family income. Baseline p factor scores also prospectively predicted change in EF two years later. Tests of specificity revealed that bi-directional prospective relations between EF and p were largely generalizable across externalizing, internalizing, neurodevelopmental, somatization, and detachment symptoms. EF consistently predicted change in externalizing and neurodevelopmental symptoms. These novel results suggest that executive dysfunction is both a risk marker and consequence of general psychopathology. EF may be a promising transdiagnostic intervention target to prevent the onset and maintenance of psychopathology.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Latent Profiles of Youth Brain Structure as Markers for Psychopathology	Brain structure is often related to psychopathology through massive univariate approaches on multiple brain regions or confirmatory approaches on a priori defined regions. However, psychopathological disorders are neurobiologically heterogenous such that a single clinical presentation may have multiple possible biological markers. Univariate approaches may not be able to detect these effects as they seek a single directional effect of a particular region across the population. Here, we use latent profile analysis to identify subgroups of youth with more homogenous brain structure in order to examine how distinct neuroanatomical profiles may relate to youth psychopathology. We included volume measures for bilateral accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus and thickness measures for four orbitofrontal regions. Results indicate that distinct profiles of youth neuroanatomy are associated with concurrent and future psychopathology, suggesting that utilizing homogenous patterns of multiple brain regions is a valid alternative to structural univariate approaches.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Longitudinally stable, brain-based predictive models mediate the relationships between childhood cognition and socio-demographic, psychological and genetic factors.	Cognitive abilities are one of the major transdiagnostic domains in the National Institute of Mental Health's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC). Following RDoC's integrative approach, we aimed to develop brain-based predictive models for cognitive abilities that (a) are developmentally stable over years during adolescence and (b) account for the relationships between cognitive abilities and socio-demographic, psychological and genetic factors. For this, we leveraged the unique power of the large-scale, longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (n ~ 11 k) and combined MRI data across modalities (task-fMRI from three tasks: resting-state fMRI, structural MRI and DTI) using machine-learning. Our brain-based, predictive models for cognitive abilities were stable across 2 years during young adolescence and generalisable to different sites, partially predicting childhood cognition at around 20% of the variance. Moreover, our use of ‘opportunistic stacking’ allowed the model to handle missing values, reducing the exclusion from around 80% to around 5% of the data. We found fronto-parietal networks during a working-memory task to drive childhood-cognition prediction. The brain-based, predictive models significantly, albeit partially, accounted for variance in childhood cognition due to (1) key socio-demographic and psychological factors (proportion mediated = 18.65% [17.29%–20.12%]) and (2) genetic variation, as reflected by the polygenic score of cognition (proportion mediated = 15.6% [11%–20.7%]). Thus, our brain-based predictive models for cognitive abilities facilitate the development of a robust, transdiagnostic research tool for cognition at the neural level in keeping with the RDoC's integrative framework.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Morphology of the prefrontal cortex predicts body composition in early adolescence: cognitive mediators and environmental moderators in the ABCD Study	Morphological features of the lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) in late childhood and early adolescence may provide important clues as to the developmental etiology of clinical conditions such as obesity. Body composition measurements and structural brain imaging were performed on 11 226 youth at baseline (age 9 or 10 years) and follow-up (age 11 or 12 years). Baseline morphological features of the lateral PFC were examined as predictors of body composition. Findings revealed reliable associations between middle frontal gyrus volume, thickness and surface area and multiple indices of body composition. These findings were consistent across both time points and remained significant after covariate adjustment. Cortical thicknesses of the inferior frontal gyrus and lateral orbitofrontal cortex were also reliable predictors. Morphology effects on body composition were mediated by performance on a non-verbal reasoning task. Modest but reliable moderation effects were observed with respect to environmental self-regulatory demand after controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, income and methodological variables. Overall findings suggest that PFC morphology is a reliable predictor of body composition in early adolescence, as mediated through select cognitive functions and partially moderated by environmental characteristics.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Motor abnormalities, depression risk, and clinical course in adolescence	Background: Motor abnormalities, such as psychomotor agitation and retardation, are widely recognized as core features of depression. However, it is not currently known if motor abnormalities connote risk for depression. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a nationally representative sample of youth (n=10,835, 9–11 years old), the present paper examines whether motor abnormalities are associated with (a) depression symptoms in early adolescence, (b) familial risk for depression (familial risk loading), and (c) future depression symptoms. Motor abnormalities measures included traditional (DSM) motor signs such as psychomotor agitation and retardation as well as other motor domains such as developmental motor delays and dyscoordination. Results: Traditional motor abnormalities were less prevalent (agitation=3.2%, retardation=0.3%) than non-traditional domains (delays=13.79%, coordination=35.5%) among adolescents. Motor dysfunction was associated with depression symptoms (Cohen’s Ds=0.02 to 0.12). Familial risk for depression was related to motor abnormalities (Cohen’s Ds=0.08 to 0.27), with the exception of motor retardation. Family vulnerability varied in sensitivity to depression risk (e.g., retardation: .53%; dyscoordination: 32.05%). Baseline endorsement of motor abnormalities predicted future depression symptoms at one-year follow-up. Conclusions: These findings suggest that motor abnormalities mark vulnerability to depression and may be useful clinical tools in identifying depression risk in early adolescence.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Neighborhood safety is associated with anxiety symptoms and variation in emotion processing neurocircuitry in children	While the literature has long established the relationship between the environment and mental health, less is known about the neural correlates underlying these associations. Emotion-related disorders, such as anxiety, commonly begin during childhood and adverse environments, such as living in dangerous neighborhoods, can increase risk for anxiety. Moreover, how children perceive their environment is a determinant for their overall health. This study aims to understand the relationships among perceived neighborhood safety, anxiety, and emotion processing neurocircuitry in a large, demographically diverse sample of children. The current study used cross-sectional baseline survey and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 11,878 9-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (48% female; 65% White, 15% Black). Children self-reported on their neighborhood safety using the Youth Neighborhood Safety/Crime Survey. Child anxiety was estimated using the Child Behavior Checklist. The primary neuroimaging outcome variables were blood oxygen-level dependent response in emotion processing brain regions of interest (ROIs) during an emotional n-back task: amygdala, hippocampus, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the insula. We estimated neural response via mean beta weights in each ROI to (1) threatening vs. neutral faces, (2) positive vs. neutral faces, and (3) overall response to emotional faces. Regression models examined whether neighborhood safety predicted anxiety symptoms and neural response in ROIs, and if neural responses, predicted anxiety. Overall, lower neighborhood safety was associated with greater anxiety symptoms in children. Children living in less safe neighborhoods also demonstrated greater left amygdala and right hippocampus reactivity to emotional faces and to positive faces, and lower dACC and insula reactivity to emotional faces. Lower insula reactivity was also associated with higher anxiety, but insula reactivity did not mediate the association between neighborhood safety and anxiety. Given the role of the amygdala and hippocampus in emotion reactivity, and the dACC and insula in top-down emotion regulation, lower neighborhood safety may be associated with greater emotion reactivity and poorer top-down regulation. These results demonstrate that neighborhood safety predicts anxiety and variation in emotion processing neurocircuitry in children- which may also have public health implications. Future interventions aiming toward neighborhood safety may be a promising approach for improving mental health and moderating neurodevelopment in children.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Obesogenic Environment	Ecological theories suggest environmental, social, and individual factors interact to cause obesity. Yet, many analytic techniques, such as multilevel modeling, require manual specification of interacting factors, making them inept in their ability to search for interactions. This paper shows evidence that an explainable artificial intelligence approach, commonly employed in genomics research, can address this problem. The method entails using random intersection trees to decode interactions learned by random forest models. Here, this approach is used to extract interactions between features of a multi-level environment from random forest models of waist-to-height ratios using 11,112 participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. This study shows that methods used to discover interactions between genes can also discover interacting features of the environment that impact obesity. This new approach to modeling ecosystems may help shine a spotlight on combinations of environmental features that are important to obesity, as well as other health outcomes.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms among Children in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Clinical, Cognitive, and Brain Connectivity Correlates	Background. Childhood obsessive-compulsive symptoms (OCS) are common and can be an early risk marker for Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study provides a unique opportunity to characterize OCS in a large, normative sample of school-age children and to explore, dimensionally, cortico-striatal and task-control circuits implicated in pediatric OCD. Method. The ABCD Study acquired data from 9-10-year-olds (N=11,876). Linear mixed-effects models probed associations between OCS (Child Behavior Checklist) and cognition (NIH Toolbox), brain structure (subcortical volume, cortical thickness), white matter (diffusion tensor imaging), and resting-state functional connectivity. Results. OCS scores showed good psychometric properties, high prevalence, and related to familial/parental factors, including family conflict. Higher OCS related to better cognitive performance (b=0.06, t(9966.60)=6.28, p<.001, n2p=0.01), particularly verbal, when controlling for ADHD, which related to worse performance. OCS did not significantly relate to brain structure but did relate to lower superior cortico-striate tract fractional anisotropy (b=-0.03, t=-3.07, p=.002, n2p=0.02). Higher OCS related to altered functional connectivity, including weaker within dorsal attention network connectivity (b=-0.04, t(7262.87)=-3.71, p<.001, n2p=0.002) and weaker dorsal attention-default mode anti-correlation (b=0.04, t(7251.95)=3.94, p<.001, n2p=0.002). Dorsal attention-default mode connectivity predicted OCS at 1-year (b=-0.04, t(2407.61)=-2.23, p=.03, n2p=0.03). Conclusions. OCS are common and may persist throughout childhood. Cortico-striatal and attention network connectivity are likely mechanisms in the subclinical-to-clinical spectrum of OCS. Understanding correlates and mechanisms of OCS may elucidate their role in childhood psychiatric risk and suggest potential utility of neuroimaging, e.g. dorsal attention-default mode connectivity, for identifying children at increased risk for OCD.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal substance exposure and child health: Understanding the role of environmental factors, genetics, and brain development	This current study examined the interactions of 4 most common prenatal substance exposures (PSE), which are coffee, alcohol, tobacco and cannabis with poly-environmental and genetic factors and is the first to establish the comprehensive pathway map of the PSE in the context of both poly-environmental and genetic factors and adolescent brain structure. Using the large cohort from the ABCD study, this study not only demonstrates that PSE is widely associated with offspring health, but also elucidates the existence of possible modifiable factors for those who have already had the PSE. Associations of prenatal alcohol exposure with more physical and psychological impairment, impulsivity, and better cognitive performance, and associations of prenatal coffee exposure with more externalizing and total problems remained significant after adjustment for poly-environmental and -genetic risks while associations of prenatal marijuana/tobacco exposure diminished. While prenatal alcohol exposure was associated with a larger total cortical volume and regional volumes, prenatal tobacco exposure was associated with a smaller total cortical volume and surface area, smaller regional volumes and surface areas. Prenatal coffee exposure was associated with larger postcentral gyrus volume, smaller regional volume and surface area in the pericalcarine cortex, thinner superior frontal gyrus and rostral middle frontal gyrus, thicker right lingual gyrus and isthmus-cingulate cortex.Of the four PSE, environmental factors contributed to more health associations of prenatal tobacco exposure via moderation and mediation, while genetic factors confounded more health associations of prenatal marijuana exposure. The brain mediation analysis found that at baseline, cortical volume in the right middle temporal gyrus mediated the association of prenatal alcohol exposure with externalizing problems, whereas cortical volume in the right postcentral gyrus mediated the association of prenatal coffee exposure with externalizing problems.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Psychiatric Disorders in Grandchildren with Two Previous Generations Affected: a Replication in Big Data	Importance: Three-generation family studies of depression have established added risk for offspring with two, compared to one or none, previous generations affected. Rigorous in methodology, these studies are few and sample-limited. Consequently, the three-generation family risk paradigm established in family studies can be a critical neuropsychiatric tool if similar transmission patterns are reliably demonstrated with the family history method. Objective: To examine the effects of multigenerational family history of depression on lifetime depressive disorders and other psychopathology in children. Design, Setting, and Participants: Secondary analyses of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study data. Retrospective, cross-sectional reports on psychiatric functioning among 11,200 children (G3, mean age 9.9 years; 48.8% female), and parent reports on parents’ (G2) and grandparents’ (G1) depression history. Main Outcomes and Measures: Four risk categories were created, reflecting how many prior generations were affected with depression: (1) Neither G1 nor G2, (2) only G1, (3) only G2, and (4) G1 and G2. Lifetime prevalence and relative risks for psychiatric disorders in G3 based on child and caregiver reporters, according to familial risk category derived from G1 and G2’s depression history. Results: By parent reports, G3 depressive disorder prevalence (95% CI) across risk categories 1-4 were: 3.8 (3.2-4.3), 5.5 (4.3-7.1), 10.4 (8.6-12.6), 13.3 (11.6-15.2); Cochran Armitage trend=243.77, p<.0001. G3 suicidal behavior prevalence was, respectively, 5.0 (4.5-5.6), 7.2 (5.8-8.9), 12.1(10.1-14.4), 15.0(13.2-17.0); CA=188.66, p<.0001. By child reports, G3 depressive disorder across risk categories were 4.8 (4.3-5.5), 4.3 (3.2-5.7), 6.3 (4.9-8.1), 7.0 (5.8-8.5); CA=9.01, p<.01; for suicidal behaviors, 7.4 (6.7-8.2), 7.0 (5.6-8.6), 9.8 (8.1-12.0), 13.8 (12.1-15.8), CA=46.69, p<.0001. Similar patterns were observed for other disorders for both parent and child reports, and across sex, socioeconomic status and race/ethnicity. Conclusions and Relevance: Consistent with previous family study findings, having multiple prior affected generations further increases risk for childhood psychopathology. Furthermore, these findings are detectable even at prepubertal ages, and exist in diverse racial/ethnic and socioeconomic groups. Clinically they underscore the need for screening for family history in pediatric settings, and highlight implications for biological research with homogenous subgroups using MRI or genetic analyses.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Psychotic-like experiences and polygenic liability in the ABCD Study®	Background: The current study examined whether psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) during childhood are associated with several psychopathology-related polygenic scores (PGS) generally associated with psychopathology (e.g., psychosis) risk, and additionally examined possible neural and behavioral mechanisms for significant associations. Methods: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study baseline data from children with European ancestry (n=4,650; ages 9-10; 46.8% female) were used to estimate associations between PLEs (i.e., both total and presence of significantly distressing) and PGS for psychopathology (i.e., schizophrenia, psychiatric cross-disorder risk, PLEs) and related phenotypes (i.e., educational attainment [EDU]), birth-weight, inflammation). We also assessed evidence that variability in brain structure indices (i.e., volume, cortical thickness, surface area), as well as behaviors proximal to PGS (e.g., cognition for EDU), indirectly linked PGS to PLEs using mediational models. Results: Total and significantly distressing PLEs were associated with EDU and cross-disorder PGS (all %ΔR2s=0.202-0.660%; pFDRs<0.006). Significantly distressing PLEs were also associated with higher schizophrenia and PLEs PGS (both %ΔR2=0.120-0.171%; pFDRs<0.03). There was evidence consistent with global brain volume metrics and cognitive performance indirectly linking EDU PGS to PLEs (proportion mediated:3.33-32.22%). Conclusions: Total and significantly distressing PLEs were associated with genomic risk indices associated with broad-spectrum psychopathology risk (i.e., EDU and cross-disorder PGS). Significantly distressing PLEs were associated with genomic risk for psychosis (i.e., schizophrenia, PLEs). Global brain volume metrics and PGS-proximal behaviors represent promising putative intermediary phenotypes that may contribute to genomic risk for psychopathology. Broadly, polygenic scores derived from genome-wide association studies of adult samples generalize to indices of psychopathology risk among children.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Rare copy number variants in males and females with childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	While childhood attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is more prevalent in males than females, genetic contributors to this effect have not been established. Here, we explore sex differences in the contribution of common and/or rare genetic variants to ADHD. Participants were from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (N=1,253 youth meeting DSM-5 criteria for ADHD [mean age=11.46 years [SD=0.87]; 31% female] and 5,577 unaffected individuals [mean age= 11.42 years [SD=0.89]; 50% female], overall 66% White, non-Hispanic (WNH), 19% Black/African American, and 15% other races. Logistic regression tested for interactions between sex (defined genotypically) and both rare copy number variants (CNV) and polygenic (common variant) risk in association with ADHD. There was a significant interaction between sex and the presence of a CNV deletion larger than 200 kb, both in the entire cohort (β = -0.74, CI = [-1.27 to -0.20], FDR-corrected p = 0.048) and, at nominal significance levels in the WNH ancestry subcohort (β = -0.86, CI = [-1.51 to -0.20], p = 0.010). Additionally, the number of deleted genes interacted with sex in association with ADHD (whole cohort. β = -0.13, CI = [-0.23 to -0.029], FDR-corrected p = 0.048; WNH. β = -0.17, CI = [-0.29 to -0.050], FDR-corrected p = 0.044) as did the total length of CNV deletions (whole cohort. β = -0.12, CI = [-0.19 to -0.044], FDR-corrected p = 0.028; WNH. β = -0.17, CI = [-0.28 to -0.061], FDR-corrected p = 0.034). This sex effect was driven by increased odds of childhood ADHD for females but not males in the presence of CNV deletions. No similar sex effect was found for CNV duplications or polygenic risk scores. The association between CNV deletions and ADHD was partially mediated by measures of cognitive flexibility. In summary, CNV deletions were associated with increased odds for childhood ADHD in females, but not males.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Replication of Associations With Psychotic-Like Experiences in Middle Childhood From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	The fields of psychology and psychiatry are increasingly recognizing the importance of replication efforts. The current study aimed to replicate previous findings examining the construct validity and psychometric properties of a psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) measure in middle childhood using an independent subset of the baseline Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) sample. Using a remainder baseline sample of 7013 nine- to eleven-year-old children with complete data, we examined measurement invariance across race/ethnicity and sex, and examined the associations between the Prodromal Questionnaire Brief-Child Version (PQ-BC) and other measures of PLEs, internalizing symptoms, neuropsychological test performance, and developmental milestones, to determine whether previously obtained results replicated in this nonoverlapping baseline sample subset. The results replicated measurement invariance across ethnicity and sex, and analyses again found higher PQ-BC scores for African American (β = .364, 95% CI = 0.292, 0.435) and Hispanic (β = .255, 95% CI = 0.185, 0.324) groups. We also replicated that higher PQ-BC scores were associated with psychosis risk measures, higher rates of child-reported internalizing symptoms (Distress: β = .378, 95% CI = 0.357,0.398), neuropsychological test performance deficits (eg, working memory; Distress: β = −.069, 95% CI = −0.096, −0.042), and motor (Distress: β = .026, 95% CI = 0.003, 0.049) and speech (Distress: β = .042, 95% CI = 0.018, 0.065) developmental milestone delays. The current results replicated many findings from the original study examining the PQ-BC. We replicated evidence for mean differences in race/ethnicity, and associations with other PLE measures, greater internalizing symptoms, cognitive impairments, and developmental milestone delays. These findings indicate robust and reliable associations between PLEs and hypothesized correlates can be found in middle childhood nonclinical samples.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Risk Factors for the Development of Multisite Pain in Children	Objective: Chronic pain has economic costs on par with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and cancer. Despite this impact on the health care system and increasing awareness of the relationship between pain and mortality, efforts to identify simple symptom-based risk factors for the development of pain, particularly in children, have fallen short. This is critically important as pain that manifests during childhood often persists into adulthood. To date, no longitudinal studies have examined symptoms in pain-free children that presage a new, multisite manifestation of pain in the future. We hypothesized that female sex, sleep problems, and heightened somatic symptoms complaints at baseline would be associated with the risk of developing new multisite pain 1 year later. Methods: Symptom assessments were completed by parents of youth (ages 9 to 10) enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Multivariate logistic regression models focused on children who developed multisite pain 1 year later (n=331) and children who remained pain free (n=3335). Results: Female sex (odds ratio [OR]=1.35; 95% CI, 1.07, 1.71; P =0.01), elevated nonpainful somatic symptoms (OR=1.17; 95% CI, 1.06, 1.29; P <0.01), total sleep problems (OR=1.20; 95% CI, 1.07, 1.34; P <0.01), and attentional issues (OR=1.22; 95% CI, 1.10, 1.35; P <0.001) at baseline were associated with new multisite pain 1 year later. Baseline negative affect was not associated with new multisite pain. Discussion: Identifying symptom-based risk factors for multisite pain in children is critical for early prevention. Somatic awareness, sleep and attention problems represent actionable targets for early detection, treatment, and possible prevention of multisite pain in youth.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social problems and brain structure trajectories following childhood mild traumatic brain injury	Childhood traumatic brain injury (pTBI), even mild (mTBI), is associated with risk of developing social problems, including aggressive behaviors and social cognitive deficits, which may profoundly impact the child’s quality of life [Zamani et al., 2019]. The maturation of the neural bases of social behaviors and cognition, sometimes referred to as “the social brain”, is protracted, continuing throughout childhood and adolescence, and correlates with increasing capacity for social information processing [Blakemore, 2012]. Therefore, pTBI may disrupt the expected developmental trajectory of the social brain structure that could manifest as development of social problems. However, limited sample sizes and cross-sectional designs generally used in the neuroimaging study of pTBI so far [Zamani et al., 2019], prevented from exploring developmental trajectories following pTBI. The present study aims to examine the longitudinal development of social problems and cortical thickness in social brain regions following pediatric mTBI using data from the large population-based cohort study Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) [Casey et al., 2018]).	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Wearable Assessment of Adolescent Mental Health	Background: Adolescence is characterized by alterations in biobehavioral functioning, during which individuals are at heightened risk for onset of psychopathology, particularly internalizing disorders. Researchers have proposed using digital technologies to index daily biobehavioral functioning, yet there is a dearth of research examining how wearable metrics are associated with mental health. Methods: We preregistered analyses using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study dataset using wearable data collection in 5,686 adolescents (123,862 person days or 2,972,688 person hours) to determine whether wearable indices of resting heart rate (RHR), step count, and sleep duration as well as variability in these measures were cross-sectionally associated with internalizing symptomatology. All models were also run controlling for age, sex, body mass index, socioeconomic status, and race. We then performed prospective analyses on a subset of this sample (n = 143) across 25 months that had Fitbit data available at Baseline and Follow Up in order to explore directionality of effects. Results: Cross-sectional analyses revealed a small, yet significant effect size (R2=0.053) that higher RHR, lower step count and step count variability, and greater variability in sleep duration were associated with greater internalizing symptoms. Cross-lagged panel model analysis revealed that there were no prospective associations between wearable variables and internalizing symptoms (partial R2=0.026), but greater internalizing symptoms and higher RHR predicted lower step count 25 months later (partial R2=0.010), while higher RHR also predicted lower step count variability 25 months later (partial R2=0.008). Conclusions: Findings indicate that wearable indices concurrently associate with internalizing symptoms during early adolescence, while a larger sample size is likely required to accurately assess prospective or directional effects between wearable indices and mental health. Future research should capitalize on the temporal resolution provided by wearable devices to determine the intensive longitudinal relations between biobehavioral risk factors and acute changes in mental health.	11878/11878	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Abundant pleiotropy across neuroimaging modalities identified through a multivariate genome-wide association study	Pleiotropy is abundantly observed across spatially distributed brain characteristics derived from one neuroimaging modality (e.g. structural, functional or diffusion MRI). However, the majority of pleiotropic effects acts across rather than only within domains, suggesting that loci and genes potentially show distributed effects across neuroimaging modalities. Investigating such effects could shed light on a potential common aetiology of brain morphology, activity, connectivity, and tissue composition. Here we show extensive overlap across neuroimaging modalities at genome-wide significant variant and gene level and, when jointly analysed using Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest), a boost in locus and gene discovery beyond the union of previously identified effects for each modality.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 4.0	The ABCD Curated Data Release 4.0 includes high-quality baseline and early longitudinal data from ~11,800 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, mental health, physical health, neurocognition, substance use, mobile technology, and culture & environment domains. For neuroimaging assessments, this release contains all baseline data and half of the 2-year follow-up (second imaging timepoint). For non-imaging assessments, this release contains baseline and follow-up data for the 6-month, 1 year, 18-month visits on the full participant cohort, as well as interim data for the 2-year, 30-month, 3-year, and 42-month visits. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, download the Curated Data Release 4.0 Summary document.	11877/11877	Primary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Verbal Memory as a Psychosis Endophenotype: a Genome-wide Association Study in an Ancestrally Diverse Sample	Verbal memory impairment is one of the most prominent cognitive deficits in psychosis. However, few studies have investigated the genetic basis of verbal memory in a neurodevelopmental context, and most genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have been conducted in European-ancestry populations. We conducted a GWAS on verbal memory in a maximum 11,017 participants aged 8.9 to 11.1 years in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, recruited from a diverse population in the United States. Verbal memory was assessed by the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test, which included three measures of verbal memory: immediate recall, short-delay recall, and long-delay recall. We adopted a mixed-model approach to perform a joint GWAS of all participants, adjusting for ancestral background and familial relatedness. The inclusion of participants from all ancestries increased the power of the GWAS. Two novel genome-wide significant associations were found for short-delay and long-delay recall verbal memory. In particular, one locus (rs9896243) associated with long-delay recall was mapped to the NSF (N-Ethylmaleimide Sensitive Factor, Vesicle Fusing ATPase) gene, indicating the role of membrane fusion in adolescent verbal memory. Based on the GWAS in the European subset, we estimated the SNP-heritability to be 15% to 29% for the three verbal memory traits. We found that verbal memory was genetically correlated with schizophrenia, providing further evidence supporting verbal memory as an endophenotype for psychosis.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Alcohol Use Disorder Polygenic Risk Scores and Trajectories of Childhood Externalizing Behaviors: Examining the Role of Parenting and Family Conflict in the ABCD Study	Alcohol use disorders (AUD) are prevalent and associated with negative consequences. Understanding how genetic risk for AUD manifests in childhood and interacts with the environment is crucial to inform early interventions. We examined the independent and interactive effects of AUD polygenic scores (AUD-PGS), parenting behaviors (i.e., monitoring and acceptance), and family conflict on trajectories of childhood externalizing problems using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study across Waves 1-3 (Mage=9.92, 10.92, 12.00). Latent growth curve models were conducted separately for White (n=5,910), Black/African American (n=1,692), and Hispanic (n=1,786) subgroups, controlling for age, sex, parental education and income, and genetic ancestry principal components. Externalizing behaviors on average decreased over time (slope B=-0.62/-0.58/-0.90, p = <.001/.002/.017, for White/Black/Hispanic), with intercept and slope negatively correlated (r=-.33/-.39/-.31, p = <.001/.006/.041, for White/Black/Hispanic). Family conflict (B=0.16/0.10/0.12, p = <.001/.015/<.001, for White/Black/Hispanic) and parental acceptance (B=-0.07/-0.06, p = <.001/.006, for White/Hispanic) predicted baseline externalizing; family conflict (B=-0.11, p = <.001, for White) and parental monitoring (B=0.10, p = .017, for Black) predicted the slope of externalizing behaviors. There were no significant main effects of AUD-PGS for any subgroup. For Hispanic youth, there was an interaction between AUD-PGS and family conflict (B=-0.05, p = .024); family conflict was more strongly associated with baseline externalizing when AUD-PGS was low (B=.17, p <.001) than when AUD-PGS was high (B=.07, p = .064). Results indicate the important role of family context in influencing childhood externalizing behaviors.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between genetic risk for adult suicide attempt and suicidal behaviors in young children in the US	Importance Suicide rates have been increasing among youth in the US. While the heritability of suicide risk is well established, there is limited understanding of how genetic risk is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in young children. Objective To examine whether genetic susceptibility to suicide attempts (SAs) is associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in children. Design, Setting, and Participants This case-control study examined data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a population-based longitudinal study of 11 878 US children enrolled at age 9 and 10 years from September 2016 to November 2018. Youth reports of suicidal ideation (SI) and SAs were obtained from the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia at baseline and 2 subsequent years. After conservative quality control of genotype data, this analysis focused on 4344 unrelated individuals of European ancestry. Data analysis was conducted from November 2020 to February 2022. Main Outcomes and Measures Children’s lifetime experiences of SI and SAs were assessed each year from ages 9 to 10 years to ages 11 to 12 years. Polygenic risk scores (PRSs) for SAs were calculated for ABCD study participants based on the largest genome-wide association study of SA cases and controls of European ancestry (total sample n = 518 612). Results Of 4344 children of European ancestry (2045 [47.08%] female; mean [SD] age, 9.93 [0.62] years), significant associations were found between children’s SA PRSs and their lifetime SAs with the most robust association in the follow-up year 2 (odds ratio, 1.43 [95% CI, 1.18-1.75]; corrected P = 1.85 × 10−3; Nagelkerke pseudo R2 = 1.51%). These associations remained significant after accounting for children’s sociodemographic backgrounds, psychopathology symptoms, parental histories of suicide and mental health, and PRSs for major depression and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (likelihood ratio test P < .05). Children’s depressive mood and aggressive behavior were the most significant partial mediators of SA genetic risk on SAs (mediation analysis P < 1 × 10−16). Children’s behavioral problems, such as attention problems, rule-breaking behavior, and social problems, also partially mediated the association of SA PRSs with SAs (mediation analysis false discover rate < 0.05). Conclusions and Relevance This study’s findings indicate that there may be genetic factors associated with SA risk across the life span and suggest behaviors and conditions through which the risk could be mediated in childhood. Further research is warranted to examine whether incorporating genetic data could improve the identification of children at risk for suicide.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Attention-mediated genetic influences on psychotic symptomatology in adolescence	Attention problems are among the earliest precursors of schizophrenia (SCZ). Here we examine relationships between multi-trait polygenic scores (PGS), psychotic spectrum symptoms, and attention-related phenotypes in adolescence (n=11,855, mean baseline age: 9.93). Across three biennial visits, greater attentional variability and altered functional connectivity were associated with severity of psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). In adolescents of European ancestry, neuropsychiatric and cognitive PGS were associated with greater PLE severity and greater attentional variability; notably, the effect of multi-trait PGS on PLEs weakened over time. Attentional variability partially mediated relationships between multi-trait PGS and PLEs, explaining 4-16% of these associations. Lastly, multi-trait PGS parsed by developmental co-expression patterns were significantly associated with greater PLE severity, though effect sizes were larger for genome-wide PGS. Our findings suggest that broad neurodevelopmental liability is implicated in pathophysiology of psychotic spectrum symptomatology in adolescence, and attentional variability may act as an intermediate between risk variants and symptom expression.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Atypical Functional Network Properties and Associated Dimensions of Youth Psychopathology During Rest and Task Performance	Background When brain networks deviate from typical development, this is thought to contribute to varying forms of psychopathology. However, research has been limited by the reliance on discrete diagnostic categories that overlook the potential for psychological comorbidity and the dimensional nature of symptoms. Methods The present study examined the topology of functional networks in association with four bifactor-defined psychopathology dimensions—general psychopathology, internalizing symptoms, conduct problems, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms—via the Child Behavioral Checklist in a sample of 3,568 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study). Local and global graph theory metrics were calculated at rest and during tasks of reward processing, inhibition, and working memory. Results Greater ADHD symptoms were associated with reduced modularity across rest and tasks, as well as reduced local efficiency in motor networks at rest. Results survive sensitivity analyses for medication and socioeconomic status. Greater conduct problem symptoms were associated with reduced modularity on working memory and reward processing tasks; however, these results did not persist after sensitivity analyses. General psychopathology and internalizing symptoms showed no significant network associations. Conclusions Our findings suggest reduced efficiency in topology in those with greater ADHD symptoms across four critical cognitive states, with conduct problems also showing network deficits, although less consistently. This may suggest modularity deficits are a neurobiological marker of externalizing behavior in youth. Such specificity has not been demonstrated before using graph theory metrics and has the potential to redefine our understanding of network deficits in children with psychopathology symptoms.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
COVID-19-related financial strain and adolescent mental health	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has induced a host of crises worldwide, including an economic recession and a global mental health crisis. The specific effects of recession on youth mental health are understudied. We aimed to examine the mechanisms by which pandemic-related financial strain may affect mental health in a diverse sample of American adolescents. Methods: We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®), a large, longitudinal study of diverse US adolescents which collected data before and during the pandemic (N=9,720, mean age 12·9 years, 18·2% Black). Linear mixed-effects models tested associations of financial strain (household wage loss and youth-reported financial stress) with depressive symptomatology over time, covarying for multiple confounders including pre-pandemic socioeconomic status and pandemic-related environmental factors. Longitudinal mediation analyses examined potential mechanisms leading from wage loss to youth mental health. Findings: Financial strain was highly prevalent, especially among low-income participants, with over >70% of the total sample reporting lost wages. Both wage loss and financial stress were positively and significantly associated with depressive symptomatology over time (Estimate=0·04, P=0·014; Estimate=0·17, P<0·001; respectively). The association between financial stress and depressive symptomatology was robust to the addition of multiple environmental confounders (Estimate=0·16, P<0·001). Both family-level (family conflict) and individual-level (financial stress) factors mediated the relationship between wage loss and depressive symptomatology. Interpretation: The financial effects of COVID-19 have taken a significant toll on youth mental health, which seems to be driven mostly by youth-reported financial stress. In families that lost wages, financial stress and familial factors mediated the relationship between wage loss and mental health over time. Findings highlight financial stress as a key driver of youth mental health and identify familial factors as critical targets for intervention to mitigate mental health risk in periods of recession.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Characterizing alcohol expectancies in the ABCD Study: Associations with sociodemographic factors, the immediate social environment, and genetic propensities	Alcohol expectancies (AEs) are associated with likelihood of alcohol initiation and subsequent alcohol use disorders. It is unclear whether genetic predisposition to alcohol use and/or related traits contributes to shaping how one expects to feel when drinking alcohol. We used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to examine associations between genetic propensities (i.e., polygenic risk for problematic alcohol use, depression, risk-taking), sociodemographic factors (i.e., parent income), and the immediate social environment (i.e., peer use and disapproval toward alcohol) and positive and negative AEs in alcohol-naïve children (max analytic N = 5,352). Mixed-effect regression models showed that age, parental education, importance of the child’s religious beliefs, adverse childhood experiences, and peer disapproval of alcohol use were associated with positive and/or negative AEs, to varying degrees. Overall, our results suggest several familial and psychosocial predictors of AEs but little evidence of contributions from polygenic liability to problematic alcohol use or related phenotypes.	11877/11877	Primary Analysis	Shared
Genome-wide analysis of a model-derived binge eating disorder phenotype identifies risk loci and implicates iron metabolism	Binge eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder, yet its genetic architecture remains largely unknown. Studying BED is challenging because it is often comorbid with obesity, a common and highly polygenic trait, and it is underdiagnosed in biobank data sets. To address this limitation, we apply a supervised machine-learning approach (using 822 cases of individuals diagnosed with BED) to estimate the probability of each individual having BED based on electronic medical records from the Million Veteran Program. We perform a genome-wide association study of individuals of African (n = 77,574) and European (n = 285,138) ancestry while controlling for body mass index to identify three independent loci near the HFE, MCHR2 and LRP11 genes and suggest APOE as a risk gene for BED. We identify shared heritability between BED and several neuropsychiatric traits, and implicate iron metabolism in the pathophysiology of BED. Overall, our findings provide insights into the genetics underlying BED and suggest directions for future translational research.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Joint Polygenic and Environmental Risks for Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and ADHD Symptom Dimensions	Background: ADHD is associated with both polygenic liability and environmental exposures, both intrinsic to the family, such as family conflict, and extrinsic, such as air pollution. However, much less is known about the interplay between environmental and genetic risks relevant to ADHD—a better understanding of which could inform both mechanistic models and clinical prediction algorithms. Methods: Two independent data sets, the population-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) (N=11,876) and the case-control Oregon-ADHD-1000 (N=1449), were used to examine additive (G+E) and interactive (GxE) effects of selected polygenic risk scores (PRS) and environmental factors in a cross-sectional design. Genetic risk was measured using PRS for nine mental health disorders/traits. Exposures included family income, family conflict/negative sentiment, and geocoded measures of area deprivation, lead exposure risk, and air pollution exposure (nitrogen dioxide and fine particulate matter). Results: ADHD PRS and family conflict jointly predicted concurrent ADHD symptoms in both cohorts. Additive-effects models, including both genetic and environmental factors, explained significantly more variation in symptoms than any individual factor alone (joint R2=0.091 for total symptoms in ABCD; joint R2=0.173 in Oregon-ADHD-1000; all delta-R2 p-values <2e-7). Significant effect size heterogeneity across ancestry groups was observed for genetic and environmental factors (e.g., Q=9.01, p=0.011 for major depressive disorder PRS; Q=13.34, p=0.001 for area deprivation). GxE interactions observed in the full ABCD cohort suggested stronger environmental effects when genetic risk is low, though they did not replicate. Conclusions: Reproducible additive effects of PRS and family environment on ADHD symptoms were found, but GxE interaction effects were not replicated and appeared confounded by ancestry. Results suggest future work should study perinatal and childhood exposure measures jointly, and highlight the potential value of combined exposure and PRS in clinical prediction algorithms. The observed differences in risks across ancestry groups warrant further study to avoid health care disparities.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Peer Victimization (Bullying) on Mental Health, Behavioral Problems, Cognition and Academic Performance in Preadolescent Children in the ABCD Study	Objective: Peer victimization is a substantial early life stressor linked to psychiatric symptoms and poor academic performance. However, the sex-specific cognitive or behavioral outcomes of bullying have not been well-described in preadolescent children. Methods: Using the baseline dataset of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study 2.0.1 data repository (N=11,875), we evaluated associations between parent-reported bullying victimization, suicidality (suicidal ideation, intent, and/or behavior), and non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), as well as internalizing and externalizing behavioral problems, cognition, and academic performance. Results: Of the 11,015 9-10-year-old children included in the analyses (5,263 girls), 15.3% experienced bullying victimization, as reported by the primary caregiver. Of these, boys were more likely to be bullied than girls (odds ratio [OR], 1.2 [95% CI, 1.1-1.3]; P=0.004). Children who were bullied were more likely to display NSSI or passive suicidality (OR, 2.4 [95% CI, 2.0-2.9]; P<0.001) and active suicidality (OR, 3.4 [95% CI, 2.7-4.2]; P<0.001). Bullied children also had lower cognitive scores, greater behavioral problems, and poorer grades (P<0.001). Across all participants, boys had poorer grades and greater behavioral problems than girls; however, bullied boys had greater behavioral problems than girls in several areas (P<0.001). Compared to their non-bullied peers, bullied children with greater non-suicidal self-injury or suicidality also had greater behavioral problems and poorer grades (P<0.001). Conclusions: These findings highlight the sex-specific effects of bullying, and the negative associations of bullying victimization with cognitive performance, behavioral problems, and academic performance. Future longitudinal studies will identify the natural history and neural correlates of these deficits during adolescence.	11013/11877	Primary Analysis	Shared
Polygenic Effects on Individual Rule Breaking, Peer Rule Breaking, and Alcohol Sips across Early Adolescence in the ABCD Study	Genetic influences can underlie risky and delinquent behavior during adolescence as well as contribute to peer behavior via gene-environment correlations (rGE), which collectively increases risk for alcohol use. However, little research has examined this in early adolescence and even fewer studies exist in large diverse racial/ethnic populations. Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study at age 11-12 (Mage=11.55; range 10-14) and age 12-13 (Mage=12.42; range 11-14) were used to examine a cross-time cross-lagged model in which polygenic scores for risky behavior were considered predictors of individual rule breaking, peer rule breaking, and alcohol sips. This was examined separately in European American (n=5113; 47% female), African American (n=1159; 50% female), and Hispanic (n=1624; 48% female) subgroups accounting for age, gender, site, income, and genetic principal components. In European Americans, polygenic scores were associated with individual and peer rule breaking at both ages. Individual and peer rule breaking were associated with one another within and across time. In African American and Hispanic subgroups, polygenic scores were associated with individual rule breaking at age 11-12. Individual and peer rule breaking were associated at age 11-12 in both subgroups and age 12-13 in the Hispanic subgroup. In all subgroups, peer rule breaking at 12-13 was associated with alcohol sips at 12-13. Results indicate that individual and peer rule breaking can influence one another within and across time with rGE likely implicated in European Americans. As a result, peer rule breaking can contribute to alcohol sips in early adolescence.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Polygenic Risk for MDD and Adolescent Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms: Examining the Moderating Role of Parenting and Family Environment.	Prior research suggests that depressive and anxiety disorders may possess shared genetic liability. Moreover, family and parenting factors may moderate the genetic effect of adult major depressive disorder (MDD) on depressive and anxious symptoms in childhood. We examined the independent and interactive effects of polygenic scores for adult MDD(MDD-PGS), family conflict, and parental acceptance on depressive and anxiety symptoms among children. Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study at Wave 1 (Mage = 9.92) among European Ancestry (EA) and African Ancestry (AA) children. Hierarchical linear regression models were conducted separately for EA (n = 8,327) and AA (n = 2,387) subgroups, controlling for age, sex, parental education, and genetic ancestry principal components. MDD-PGS was associated with both depressive (B=.062, p>.001) and anxious symptoms (B=.085, p>.001) among EA adolescents, MDD-PGS was not significantly associated with depressive nor anxiety symptoms among AA adolescents. Higher parental acceptance was associated with lower depressive symptoms among AA and EA adolescents. Lower family conflict and greater parental acceptance was associated with lower anxiety symptoms for EA adolescents. Among AA adolescents, parental acceptance moderated the association between MDD-PGS and depressive symptoms (B=.07, p=.033) such that greater parental acceptances buffered associations between MDD-PGS and depressive symptoms. Results demonstrate shared genetic vulnerability for depression and anxiety among EA adolescents and an important effect of parenting and family context in influencing childhood internalizing behaviors among White and Black/African American adolescents.	11877/11877	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal development has stable and consistent effects on the human brain throughout the lifespan	Human fetal development has been associated with brain health at later stages. It is unknown whether and how consistently growth in utero, as indexed by birth weight (BW), relates to lifespan brain characteristics and changes, and to what extent these influences are of a genetic and/or environmental nature. We hypothesized that associations of BW and structural brain characteristics persist through the lifespan, with topographically consistent effects across samples of varying age and origin, that BW is not protective against atrophy in aging, and that effects are partly environmental. The associations of BW and cortical surface, thickness, volume and their change were investigated vertex-wise in one developmental (ABCD), one older adult and aging (UKB) and one lifespan (LCBC) sample. In total, 5794 persons (4-82 years, w/ 386 monozygotic twins), were followed for up to 8.3 years, yielding 12,088 brain MRIs. Positive associations between BW and cortical surface area and volume were remarkably stable through the lifespan, within and across samples of different origin, with spatial correlations in the range r = .51- .79. In contrast, there was modest and no consistent effect of BW on brain changes. Effects of BW discordance in the monozygotic twin subsample indicated the effects were partly environmental. In conclusion, the influence of prenatal growth on cortical topography is stable through the lifespan, and is reliably seen in development, adulthood, and aging. These findings support early life influence on the brain through the lifespan according to a threshold model of brain reserve, rather than a maintenance model.	11877/11877	Primary Analysis	Shared
'Harmless' adversarial network harmonization approach for removing site effects and improving reproducibility in neuroimaging studies	Multi-site collaboration, which gathers together samples from multiple sites, is a powerful way to overcome the small-sample problem in the neuroimaging field and has the potential to discover more robust and reproducible biomarkers. However, confounds among the datasets caused by various site-specific factors may dramatically reduce the cross-site reproducibility performance. To properly remove confounds while improving cross-site task performances, we propose a maximum classifier discrepancy generative adversarial network (MCD-GAN) that combines the advantages of generative models and maximum discrepancy theory. The mechanisms of MCD-GAN and how it harmonizes the dataset are visualized using simulated data. The performance of MCD-GAN was also compared with state-of-the-art methods (e.g., ComBat, cycle-GAN) within Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset. Result demonstrates that the proposed MCD-GAN can effectively improve the cross-site gender classification performance by harmonizing site effects. Our proposed framework is also suitable for various classification/prediction tasks and is promising to facilitate the cross-site reproducibility of neuroimaging studies.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
An open-access accelerated adult equivalent of the ABCD Study neuroimaging dataset (a-ABCD).	As public access to longitudinal developmental datasets like the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development StudySM (ABCD Study®) increases, so too does the need for resources to benchmark time-dependent effects. Scan-to-scan changes observed with repeated imaging may reflect development but may also reflect practice effects, day-to-day variability in psychological states, and/or measurement noise. Resources that allow disentangling these time-dependent effects will be useful in quantifying actual developmental change. We present an accelerated adult equivalent of the ABCD Study dataset (a-ABCD) using an identical imaging protocol to acquire magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural, diffusion-weighted, resting-state and task-based data from eight adults scanned five times over five weeks. We report on the task-based imaging data (n = 7). In-scanner stop-signal (SST), monetary incentive delay (MID), and emotional n-back (EN-back) task behavioral performance did not change across sessions. Post-scan recognition memory for emotional n-back stimuli, however, did improve as participants became more familiar with the stimuli. Functional MRI analyses revealed that patterns of task-based activation reflecting inhibitory control in the SST, reward success in the MID task, and working memory in the EN-back task were more similar within individuals across repeated scan sessions than between individuals. Within-subject, activity was more consistent across sessions during the EN-back task than in the SST and MID task, demonstrating differences in fMRI data reliability as a function of task. The a-ABCD dataset provides a unique testbed for characterizing the reliability of brain function, structure, and behavior across imaging modalities in adulthood and benchmarking neurodevelopmental change observed in the open-access ABCD Study.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Application of Network Approaches in the Development of Childhood Psychopathology	Background: Psychopathology in youth is highly prevalent and associated with psychopathology in adulthood. However, the developmental trajectories of psychopathology symptoms, including potential gender differences, are markedly underspecified. Methods: The present study employed a directed network approach, specifically panel graphical vector autoregressive models, to investigate longitudinal relationships among eight transdiagnostic symptom domains and gender differences across three timepoints, each separated by one year, in a developmentally homogenous sample of youth participants (n = 6,414; mean baseline age = 10.0 years; Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study). Results: Anxious/depressed problems and aggressive behaviors were central symptoms and most predictive of increases in other symptom clusters at later timepoints. Rule-breaking behaviors, aggressive behaviors, and withdrawn/depressed problems emerged as bridge symptoms between externalizing and internalizing problems. Results supported cascade models in which externalizing problems predicted future internalizing problems, but internalizing problems also significantly predicted future externalizing problems, which is contrary to cascade models. Network structure, symptom centrality, and patterns of bridge symptoms differed between female and male participants, suggesting gender differences in the developmental trajectories of youth psychopathology. Conclusions: Results provide new insights into symptom trajectories and associated gender differences that may provide promising pathways for understanding disorder (dis)continuity and co-occurrence. The central and bridge symptoms identified here may have important implications for screening and early intervention for youth psychopathology.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association between mild traumatic brain injury, brain structure, and mental health outcomes in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Background: Children that experience a mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) are at an increased risk of neural alterations that can deteriorate mental health. We test the hypothesis that mTBI is associated with psychopathology and that structural brain metrics (e.g., volume, area) meaningfully mediate the relation in an adolescent population. Methods: We analyzed behavioral and brain MRI data from 11,876 children who participated in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Mixed-effects models were used to examine the longitudinal association between mTBI and mental health outcomes. Bayesian methods were used to investigate brain regions that are intermediate between mTBI and symptoms of poor mental health. Results: There were 199 children with mTBI and 527 with possible mTBI across the three ABCD Study visits. There was a 7% (IRR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.13) and 15% (IRR = 1.16, 95% CI: 1.05, 1.26) increased risk of emotional or behavioral problems in children that experienced possible mTBI or mTBI, respectively. Possible mTBI was associated with a 17% (IRR: 1.17, 95% CI: 0.99, 1.40) increased risk of experiencing distress following a psychotic-like experience. We did not find any brain regions that meaningfully mediated the relationship between mTBI and mental health outcomes. Analysis of volumetric measures found that approximately 2% to 5% of the total effect of mTBI on mental health outcomes operated through total cortical volume. Image intensity measure analyses determined that approximately 2% to 5% of the total effect was mediated through the left-hemisphere of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Conclusion: Results indicate an increased risk of emotional and behavioral problems in children that experienced possible mTBI or mTBI. Mediation analyses did not elucidate the mechanisms underlying the association between mTBI and mental health outcomes.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association between racial/ethnic discrimination and pubertal development in early adolescence	Racial health disparities in the United States are a major concern, with Black or African Americans experiencing more morbidity and mortality at earlier ages compared to White Americans. More data is needed on the biological underpinnings of this phenomenon. One potential explanation for racial health disparities is that of accelerated aging, which is associated with increased stress exposure. Black Americans face disproportionate levels of environmental stress, specifically racial/ethnic discrimination. Here we investigated associations between self-reported experiences of discrimination and pubertal development (PD) in a diverse sample of young American adolescents (N = 11,235, mean age 10.9 years, 20.5% Black participants) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Compared to their non-Black counterparts, Black youth experienced more racial/ethnic discrimination in the past year (10.4% vs 3.1%) and had a greater likelihood of being in late/post-pubertal status (3.6% vs 1.5% in boys, 21.3% vs 11.4% in girls). In both sexes, multivariable regression models run in the full sample revealed a cross-sectional association of experiences of racial/ethnic discrimination with pubertal development (boys: standardized beta [β]=0.123, P < .001; girls: β = 0.110, P < .001) covarying for demographics, BMI, and dietary habits. Associations remained significant when controlling for multiple other environmental confounders including other forms of (non-racial/ethnic) discrimination and other environmental adversities including poverty and negative life events, and when using parent-reported assessment of pubertal development. Furthermore, racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with elevated estradiol levels in girls (β = 0.057, P = .002). Findings suggest an association between experiences of discrimination and pubertal development that is independent of multiple environmental stressors. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to establish causal mechanism.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of Cyber-victimization and Cyber-bullying with Suicidality in Early Adolescence: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Importance: Adolescent suicidality (i.e., suicidal ideation or attempt) is a major health concern. Cyber-victimization and cyber-bullying have become increasingly prevalent and are associated with mental health burden, but their roles as independent suicidality risk factors remain unclear. Data is needed to clarify their unique contribution to teen suicidality to inform suicide prevention efforts. Objective: To examine whether cyber-victimization and cyber-bullying are distinct stressors divergent from other forms of peer victimization and aggression in their association with suicidality in early adolescence. Design, Setting, and Participants: Cross-sectional analysis of data (collected July 2018- January 2021) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (ABCD Study®), a large, diverse sample of US children (age 10-13 years). Exposure: Experiences of cyber-victimization and cyber-bullying. Main Outcomes and Measures: Youth-reported suicidality (past/present as reported in the ABCD Study 2-year follow-up assessment). Covariates included demographics, established environmental risk and protective factors for youth suicidality, psychopathology, and offline peer victimization and aggression experiences. Results: Among 10 414 ABCD Study participants included in the analysis, 796 endorsed suicidality (7.6%). A total of 930 (8.9%) reported cyber-victimization and 96 (0.9%) reported cyber-bullying, of whom 66 also endorsed cyber-victimization. Controlling for demographics, cyber-victimization was associated with suicidality (odds ratio [OR]=4.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.5-5.1, P<.001), while cyber-bullying was not (OR=1.5, 95%CI 0.8-2.3, P=.3). Cyber-victimization remained associated with suicidality when accounting for negative life events, family conflict, parental monitoring, school environment, and racial/ethnic discrimination (OR=2.5, 95%CI 2-3, P<.001); and when further covarying for internalizing and externalizing psychopathology (OR=1.8, 95%CI 1.4-2.4, P<.001). Both offline (i.e., traditional) peer victimization and peer aggression were associated with suicidality (OR=1.5, 95%CI 1.1-2 for both, controlling for all covariates described above). When including both online cyber-victimization and offline peer experiences, cyber-victimization remained associated with suicidality (OR=1.7, 95%CI 1.3-2.2, P<.001, controlling for all covariates). Conclusions and relevance: In this cross-sectional study, cyber-victimization, but not cyber-bullying, was associated with suicidality in early adolescence. The association was significant over and above other suicidality risk factors, including offline victimization/aggression. Findings can inform adolescent suicide prevention strategies and suggest that clinicians and educational staff working with this population routinely evaluate for adolescents’ cyber-victimization.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of Gray Matter Volumes with General and Specific Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children	Childhood is an important time for the manifestation of psychopathology. Psychopathology is characterized by considerable comorbidity which is mirrored in the underlying neural correlates of psychopathology. Both common and dissociable variations in brain volume have been found across multiple mental disorders in adult and youth samples. However, the majority of these studies used samples with broad age ranges which may obscure developmental differences. The current study examines associations between regional gray matter volumes (GMV) and psychopathology in a large sample of children with a narrowly defined age range. We used data from 9607 children 9–10 years of age collected as part of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study). A bifactor model identified a general psychopathology factor that reflects common variance across disorders and specific factors representing internalizing symptoms, ADHD symptoms, and conduct problems. Brain volume was acquired using 3T MRI. After correction for multiple testing, structural equation modeling revealed nearly global inverse associations between regional GMVs and general psychopathology and conduct problems, with associations also found for ADHD symptoms (p fdr-values ≤ 0.048). Age, sex, and race were included as covariates. Sensitivity analyses including total GMV or intracranial volume (ICV) as covariates support this global association, as a large majority of region-specific results became nonsignificant. Sensitivity analyses including income, parental education, and medication use as additional covariates demonstrate largely convergent results. These findings suggest that globally smaller GMVs are a nonspecific risk factor for general psychopathology, and possibly for conduct problems and ADHD as well.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of adverse prenatal exposure burden with child psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Objective: Numerous adverse prenatal exposures have been individually associated with risk for psychiatric illness in the offspring. However, such exposures frequently co-occur, raising questions about their cumulative impact. We evaluated effects of cumulative adverse prenatal exposure burden on psychopathology risk in school-aged children. Methods: Using baseline surveys from the U.S.-based Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (7,898 non-adopted, unrelated children from 21 sites, age 9–10, and their primary caregivers), we examined 8 retrospectively-reported adverse prenatal exposures in relation to caregiver-reported total and subscale Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) scores. We also assessed cumulative effects of these factors on CBCL total as a continuous measure, as well as on odds of clinically significant psychopathology (CBCL total ≥60), in both the initial set and a separate ABCD sample comprising an additional 696 sibling pairs. Analyses were conducted before and after adjustment for 14 demographic and environmental covariates. Results: In minimally and fully adjusted models, 6 exposures (unplanned pregnancy; maternal alcohol, marijuana, and tobacco use early in pregnancy; pregnancy complications; and birth complications) independently associated with significant but small increases in CBCL total score. Among these 6, none increased the odds of crossing the threshold for clinically significant symptoms by itself. However, odds of exceeding this threshold became significant with 2 exposures (OR = 1.86, 95% CI 1.47–2.36), and increased linearly with each level of exposure (OR = 1.39, 95% CI 1.31–1.47), up to 3.53-fold for ≥4 exposures versus none. Similar effects were observed in confirmatory analysis among siblings. Within sibling pairs, greater discordance for exposure load associated with greater CBCL total differences, suggesting that results were not confounded by unmeasured family-level effects. Conclusion: Children exposed to multiple common, adverse prenatal events showed dose-dependent increases in broad, clinically significant psychopathology at age 9–10. Fully prospective studies are needed to confirm and elaborate upon this pattern.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations Between Neighborhood Disadvantage, Resting-State Functional Connectivity, and Behavior in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study: The Moderating Role of Positive Family and School Environments	Background Neighborhood disadvantage has consistently been associated with mental health and cognitive function, in addition to alterations in brain function and connectivity. However, positive environmental influences may buffer these effects. The aim of this study was to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC), the moderating role of positive parenting and school environment, and relationships between disadvantage-associated rsFC patterns and mental health and cognition. Methods In this preregistered study, we tested this hypothesis in a large sample of 7618 children (aged 9–10 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Specifically, we analyzed the relationship between neighborhood disadvantage and system-level FC. We also tested whether positive family and school environmental factors and sex moderated effects. Finally, we investigated multivariate relationships between disadvantage-associated rsFC patterns and cognition and mental health. Results Disadvantage was associated with widespread alterations in FC across both higher-order (e.g., default mode network and dorsal attention network) and sensorimotor functional systems, some of which were moderated by positive environments. Implicated connections showed multivariate associations with behavior, whereby disadvantage-associated rsFC was generally associated with worse cognition and mental health. Disadvantage-associated connections also predicted variation in cognitive scores using machine learning models. Conclusions Our findings shed light on potential mechanisms (i.e., alteration of neural circuitry) through which neighborhood disadvantage may affect youth cognition and mental well-being. This work highlights the importance of positive family and school environments in mitigating some of these effects.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations Between Resting State Functional Brain Connectivity and Childhood Anhedonia: A Reproduction and Replication Study	Background: Previously, a study using a sample of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)® study from the earlier 1.0 release found differences in several resting state functional MRI (rsfMRI) brain connectivity measures associated with children reporting anhedonia. Here, we aim to reproduce, replicate, and extend the previous findings using data from the later ABCD study 4.0 release, which includes a significantly larger sample. Methods: To reproduce and replicate the previous authors’ findings, we analyzed data from the ABCD 1.0 release (n = 2437), from an independent subsample from the newer ABCD 4.0 release (excluding individuals from the 1.0 release) (n = 6456), and from the full ABCD 4.0 release sample (n = 8866). Additionally, we assessed whether using a multiple linear regression approach could improve replicability by controlling for the effects of comorbid psychiatric conditions and sociodemographic covariates. Results: While the previously reported associations were reproducible, effect sizes for most rsfMRI measures were drastically reduced in replication analyses (including for both t-tests and multiple linear regressions) using the ABCD 4.0 (excluding 1.0) sample. However, 2 new rsfMRI measures (the Auditory vs. Right Putamen and the Retrosplenial-Temporal vs. Right-Thalamus-Proper measures) exhibited replicable associations with anhedonia and stable, albeit small, effect sizes across the ABCD samples, even after accounting for sociodemographic covariates and comorbid psychiatric conditions using a multiple linear regression approach. Conclusion: The most statistically significant associations between anhedonia and rsfMRI connectivity measures found in the ABCD 1.0 sample tended to be non-replicable and inflated. Contrastingly, replicable associations exhibited smaller effects with less statistical significance in the ABCD 1.0 sample. Multiple linear regressions helped assess the specificity of these findings and control the effects of confounding covariates.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between adolescent pain and psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study	Pain and psychopathology co-occur in adolescence, but the directionality and etiology of these associations are unclear. Using the pain questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 10,414 children [770 twin pairs] aged 12 to 13), we estimated longitudinal, co-twin control, and twin models to evaluate the nature of these associations. In two-wave cross-lag panel models, there were small cross-lag effects that suggested bidirectional associations. However, the co-twin control models suggested that most associations were familial. Pain at age 12 and 13 was mostly environmental (A = 0-12%, C = 15-30%, E = 70-73%) and the twin models suggested that associations with psychopathology were primarily due to shared environmental correlations. The exception was externalizing, which had a phenotypic prospective effect on pain, a significant within-family component, and a non-shared environmental correlation at age 12. Environmental risk factors may play a role in pain-psychopathology co-occurrence. Future studies can examine risk factors such as stressful life events.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between parental socioeconomic status and children’s cognitive skills are mostly broad and non-specific	Parental socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established predictor of children’s neurocognitive development. Several theories propose that certain cognitive skills are particularly vulnerable. However, this can be challenging to test, because cognitive assessments are not pure measures of distinct neurocognitive processes, and scores across different tests are often highly correlated. Aside from one previous study (Tucker-Drob, 2013), little research has tested if associations between SES and cognition are explained by differences in general cognitive ability rather than specific cognitive skills. Using structural equation modelling, we tested if parental SES is associated with individual cognitive test scores after controlling for latent general cognitive ability. Data from three large-scale cohorts totalling over 16,360 participants from the UK and USA (ages 6-19) was used. Associations between SES and cognitive test scores can mainly, but not fully, be explained through general cognitive ability. Socioeconomic advantage was associated with particularly strong vocabulary performance, not explained by general ability. The reverse was observed for some executive function tests. Better characterizing relationships between cognition and adversity is a crucial first step toward designing interventions to narrow socioeconomic gaps.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations of Family Distress, Family Income, and Acculturation on Pediatric Cognitive Performance Using the NIH Toolbox: Implications for Clinical and Research Settings	Objective: There is growing recognition that the use of conventional norms (e.g., age, sex, years of education, race) as proxies to capture a broad range of sociocultural variability on cognitive performance is suboptimal, limiting sample representativeness. The present study evaluated the incremental utility of family income, family conflict, and bidimensional acculturation beyond the established associations of age, gender, maternal years of education, and race on cognitive performance. Method: Hierarchical linear regressions evaluated the incremental utility of sociocultural factors on National Institute of Health Toolbox (NIH-TB) cognitive performance in a nationally representative sample of pre-adolescent children (n = 11,878; Mage = 10.0 years; Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study). A regression-based norming procedure was implemented for significant models. Paired-sample t-tests were used to compare original and newly created demographically corrected T-scores. Results: Nearly all regression models predicted performance on the NIH-TB subtests and composite scores (p < .005). Greater family income and lower family conflict predicted better performance, although the effect sizes were small by traditional standards (r < .05). Acculturation scores did not explain additional variance in cognitive performance. Lastly, there were no significant differences between the original and newly created demographically corrected T-scores (Mdiff < 0.50). Conclusions: The present study highlights that, although family income, family conflict, and bidimensional acculturation have been shown to routinely influence cognitive performance in preadolescent children, the NIH-TB appears to be highly robust to individual differences in sociocultural factors in children between ages 9–10. Contextual and temporal implications of the present results are discussed.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations of polygenic risk for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder with general and specific dimensions of childhood psychological problems and facets of impulsivity	A polygenic risk score (PRS) for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has been found to be associated with ADHD in multiple studies, but also with many other dimensions of problems. Little is known, however, about the processes underlying these transdiagnostic associations. Using data from the baseline and 1-year follow-up assessments of 9- to 10-year-old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, associations were assessed between an ADHD PRS and both general and specific factors of psychological problems defined in bifactor modeling. Additionally, prospective mediated paths were tested from the ADHD PRS to dimensions of problems in the follow-up assessment through baseline measures of executive functioning (EF) and two facets of impulsivity: lower perseverance and greater impulsiveness in the presence of surgent positive emotions. Previous findings of modest but significant direct associations of the ADHD PRS with the general factor of psychological problems were replicated in both assessments in 4,483 children of European ancestry. In addition, significant statistical mediation was found from the ADHD PRS to the general factor, specific ADHD, and conduct problems in the follow-up assessment through each of the two facets of impulsivity. In contrast, EF did not statistically mediate associations between the ADHD PRS and psychological problems. These results suggest that polygenic risk transdiagnostically influences both psychological problems and facets of impulsivity, perhaps partly through indirect pathways via facets of impulsivity.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Brain Structure Relations with Psychopathology Trajectories in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study®	Objective: A general psychopathology (‘p’) factor captures shared variation across mental disorders. Structural neural alterations have been associated with p concurrently, but less is known about whether these alterations relate to within-person change in p over time, especially during preadolescence, a period of neurodevelopmental changes. Methods: We examined whether baseline brain structure was prospectively related to the trajectory of p and specific forms of psychopathology over two years in 9,220 preadolescents (aged 9-10 at baseline) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study®. We conducted longitudinal multilevel models to determine whether baseline brain structure (volume, surface area, thickness) was associated with between-person differences and within-person change in p (from a higher-order confirmatory factor model) and internalizing, externalizing, neurodevelopmental, somatization, and detachment factor scores (from a correlated factors model) over three study waves. Results: Smaller global volume and surface area, but not thickness, were associated with higher between-person levels of p, which persisted over time. None of the brain structure measures related to within-person change in p. Lower baseline cortical thickness was associated with steeper decreases in internalizing psychopathology, which was driven by lower thickness within sensorimotor and temporal regions. Conclusions: These novel results identify specific brain structure features that might contribute to transdiagnostic psychopathology development in preadolescence. Children with smaller total brain volume and surface area may be vulnerable to persistent general psychopathology during preadolescence. Cortical thinning reflective of pruning and myelination in sensorimotor and temporal brain regions specifically may protect against increases in internalizing, but not general psychopathology during preadolescence.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Brain network coupling associated with high cognitive performance for children in poverty	We analyzed resting-state fMRI from children ages 9–10 years in the ABCD dataset. We examined links between resting-state functional coupling between two brain networks, lateral frontoparietal network (LFPN) and default mode network (DMN) and children’s cognitive performance. For children from households defined as being above poverty (family of 4 with income > $25,000, or family of 5+ with income > $35,000), we replicated prior findings; that is, we found that better performance on cognitive tests correlated with weaker LFPN-DMN coupling. For children from households defined as being in poverty, the direction of association was reversed, on average: better performance was instead directionally related to stronger LFPN-DMN connectivity, though there was considerable variability. Among children in households below poverty, the direction of this association was predicted in part by features of their environments, such as school type and parent-reported neighborhood safety. These results highlight the importance of including representative samples in studies of child cognitive development.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Brain structural covariation linked to screen media activity and externalizing behaviors in children	Background and Aims Screen media activity (SMA) may impact neurodevelopment in youth. Cross-sectionally, SMA has been linked to brain structural patterns including cortical thinning in children. However, it remains unclear whether specific brain structural co-variation patterns are related to SMA and other clinically relevant measures such as psychopathology, cognition and sleep in children. Methods Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) participants with useable baseline structural imaging (N = 10,691; 5,107 girls) were analyzed. We first used the Joint and Individual Variation Explained (JIVE) approach to identify cortical and subcortical covariation pattern(s) among a set of 221 brain features (i.e., surface area, thickness, or cortical and subcortical gray matter (GM) volumes). Then, the identified structural covariation pattern was used as a predictor in linear mixed-effect models to investigate its associations with SMA, psychopathology, and cognitive and sleep measures. Results A thalamus-prefrontal cortex (PFC)-brainstem structural co-variation pattern (circuit) was identified. The pattern suggests brainstem and bilateral thalamus proper GM volumes covary more strongly with GM volume and/or surface area in bilateral superior frontal gyral, rostral middle frontal, inferior parietal, and inferior temporal regions. This covariation pattern highly resembled one previously linked to alcohol use initiation prior to adulthood and was consistent in girls and boys. Subsequent regression analyses showed that this co-variation pattern associated with SMA (β = 0.107, P = 0.002) and externalizing psychopathology (β = 0.117, P = 0.002), respectively. Discussion and Conclusions Findings linking SMA-related structural covariation to externalizing psychopathology in youth resonate with prior studies of alcohol-use initiation and suggest a potential neurodevelopmental mechanism underlying addiction vulnerability.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Caffeine intake and cognitive functions in children	Rationale: There is a growing concern over excessive caffeine use and the development of caffeine use disorder in children. Objectives: This study aimed to identify the association between caffeine intake and cognitive functioning in children. Methods: This study included 11,718 youths aged 9–10 years with cognitive and caffeine intake information that were extracted from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The ABCD study is a longitudinal cohort study that started in 2017 that aims to understand the relationships between substance use and neurocognition in youths living in the USA. Cognitive measures were obtained through the 7 core cognitive instruments from the NIH toolbox (vocabulary comprehension, reading decoding, inhibitory control, working memory, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and episodic memory). Associations between caffeine intake and the seven cognitive functions were examined using multiple regression models. Results: Our study revealed that caffeine intake negatively correlated with all the seven cognitive measures. After adjustment for age, gender, sleep, and socioeconomic status (SES), caffeine intake was still found to be negatively associated with most of the cognitive functions, such as vocabulary comprehension, working memory, cognitive flexibility, processing speed, and episodic memory, except reading decoding, and inhibitory control. Conclusions: As beverages with caffeine are consumed frequently, controlling their intake may reduce risk for nonoptimal cognitive development in children.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Characterizing sleep in youth: Evidence from the ABCD Study	Background: Previous research has shown that sleep disturbance and shorter sleep length are associated with a greater risk for mental disorders and other poor health outcomes in adolescents. Shorter sleep duration may be a predictor of anxiety disorders in youth and sleep disturbances have been found to be highly prevalent among children with mood, anxiety, substance use, and other behavior disorders. Because of the established relationship between sleep problems and poor mental and physical health outcomes, it is important to understand what factors contribute to poor sleep in youth. Method: Participants were a part of the ABCD Study, a large-scale longitudinal study in the United States that follows children ages 9-11 over 10 years (n = 9,279). The study aims to examine developmental changes across multiple domains, including brain structure and function, cognition, behavior, and mental health in children and caregivers. To best estimate the longitudinal predictors of poor sleep, 82 distinct variables were used in ML analyses. The present study used the “wisdom of crowds” approach, combining predictions from various base learners (prediction algorithms) by meta ensemble. To train the stacked ensemble model, repeated nested cross-validation (rNCV) was used; the inner loop trained the base learners and the stacked model, while the outer loop was used to assess model performance and variable importance (VI). Three base learners were applied in the inner loop for each training set: elastic net, support vector regression (SVR), and conditional inference forest (CIF). After identifying the variables of highest importance using the ML model, follow-up analyses were conducted using linear mixed effects models variables of interest. Results: Using ML, we identify a model with 82 variables that explains 18.71% of variance in sleep length, 66.86% of variance in sleep delay, and 35.05% of variance in sleep disturbances. The five most important variables as identified by ML for predicting sleep length, delay, and disturbance are as follows: Sleep length: race, Native American community contact, household income under $50,000, family history of mental illness, and weekday screen time; Sleep delay: child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, child symptoms of mania, parent internalizing symptoms, and parent age; Sleep disturbance: child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, child symptoms of mania, and parent internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Conclusion: These results confirm prior research indicating that youth with existing internalizing and externalizing symptoms and socioeconomic deprivation are at greatest risk for poor sleep health and further emphasize the demand for more research devoted to identifying protective factors for these populations.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Classification of suicidal thoughts and behaviour in children: results from penalized logistic regression analyses in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study	Background: Despite efforts to predict suicide risk in children, the ability to reliably identify who will engage in suicide thoughts or behaviours has remained unsuccessful. Aims: We apply a novel machine-learning approach and examine whether children with suicide thoughts or behaviours could be differentiated from children without suicide thoughts or behaviours based on a combination of traditional (sociodemographic, physical health, social-environmental, clinical psychiatric) risk factors, but also more novel risk factors (cognitive, neuroimaging and genetic characteristics). Method: The study included 5885 unrelated children (50% female, 67% White, 9-11 years of age) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We performed penalised logistic regression analysis to distinguish between: (a) children with current or past suicide thoughts or behaviours; (b) children with a mental illness but no suicide thoughts or behaviours (clinical controls); and (c) healthy control children (no suicide thoughts or behaviours and no history of mental illness). The model was subsequently validated with data from seven independent sites involved in the ABCD study (n = 1712). Results: Our results showed that we were able to distinguish the suicide thoughts or behaviours group from healthy controls (area under the receiver operating characteristics curve: 0.80 child-report, 0.81 for parent-report) and clinical controls (0.71 child-report and 0.76-0.77 parent-report). However, we could not distinguish children with suicidal ideation from those who attempted suicide (AUROC: 0.55-0.58 child-report; 0.49-0.53 parent-report). The factors that differentiated the suicide thoughts or behaviours group from the clinical control group included family conflict, prodromal psychosis symptoms, impulsivity, depression severity and history of mental health treatment. Conclusions: This work highlights that mostly clinical psychiatric factors were able to distinguish children with suicide thoughts or behaviours from children without suicide thoughts or behaviours. Future research is needed to determine if these variables prospectively predict subsequent suicidal behaviour.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Co-occurring Symptom Trajectories and their relation to Sex, Race, Ethnicity and Healthcare Utilization in the Cohort of Young Adolescents in the ABCD Study®	Importance: Co-occurring physical and psychological symptoms during early adolescence may increase vulnerability to symptom persistence into adulthood. Objective: Describe co-occurring Pain, Psychologic and Sleep disturbance Symptom (Pain-PSS) trajectories in a diverse cohort of young adolescents and the impact of symptom trajectory on healthcare utilization Design: Secondary analysis of longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® data collected between 2016-2022 Setting: 21 research sites across the U.S. Participants: 11,473 young adolescents (52.5% male; baseline age 9.91 ± 0.63 years) with 2-4 complete annual symptom assessments Main outcome and measures: Four-year symptom trajectories were derived from multivariate latent growth curve analyses. Pain, Psychologic (depression and anxiety), and Sleep disturbance Symptoms (Pain-PSS) were measured using subscales from the Child Behavior Checklist and the Sleep Disturbance Scale of Childhood. Medical history and DSM-5 items measured non-routine medical and mental healthcare utilization. Results: Four No Pain-PSS and 5 Pain-PSS trajectories were supported with good/excellent model fit (predicted probabilities 0.87-0.96). Most children (81%) had asymptomatic or low/intermittent/single symptom trajectories. One in 5 had moderate-high co-occurring symptom trajectories that persisted or worsened. Black, Other Race, and Hispanic children had lower relative risk of having moderate-high co-occurring symptom trajectories. Less than half of youth with moderate-high co-occurring symptom trajectories utilized non-routine healthcare, despite higher utilization compared to asymptomatic children (e.g., 49% High Pain/High PSS vs. 27% asymptomatic had non-routine medical care, adj.OR 2.43 [95% CI 1.97, 2.99]; 46% High Pain/High PSS vs. 4% asymptomatic utilized mental health services, adj.OR 26.84 [95% CI 17.89, 40.29]). Black youth were less likely to report non-routine medical (adj.OR 0.61 [95% CI 0.52, 0.71] or mental healthcare (adj.OR 0.68 [95% CI 0.54, 0.87]), while Hispanic youth were less likely than non-Hispanic youth to have utilized mental healthcare (adj.OR 0.59 [95% CI 0.47, 0.73]). Lower household income lowered the odds of non-routine medical care (adj.OR 0.87 [95% CI 0.77, 0.99]) but not mental healthcare. Conclusion/Relevance: One in five young adolescents experienced moderate-high, co-occurring symptom trajectories, but less than half utilized non-routine medical or mental healthcare. Findings suggest a need for innovative and equitable intervention approaches to decrease the potential for symptom persistence during adolescence.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Cognitive performance in children and adolescents with psychopathology traits: a cross-sectional multi-cohort study in the general population	Background: Psychopathology and cognitive development are closely related. Assessing the relationship between multiple domains of psychopathology and cognitive performance can elucidate which cognitive tasks are related to specific domains of psychopathology. This can help build theory and improve clinical decision making in the future. Methods: The study included 13,841 children and adolescents drawn from two large population-based samples (Generation R and ABCD studies). We assessed the cross-sectional relationship between three psychopathology domains (internalizing, externalizing, dysregulation profile (DP)) and four cognitive domains (vocabulary, fluid reasoning, working memory and processing speed) and the full-scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ). Lastly, differential associations between symptoms of psychopathology and cognitive performance by sex were assessed. Results: Internalizing symptoms were related to worse performance in working memory and processing speed, but better performance in the verbal domain. Externalizing and DP symptoms were related to poorer global cognitive performance. Notably, those in the DP subgroup had a 5.0 point lower IQ than those without behavioral problems. Cognitive performance was more heavily affected in boys than in girls given comparable levels of psychopathology. Conclusions: We provide evidence for globally worse cognitive performance in children and adolescents with externalizing and DP symptoms, with those in the DP subgroup being most heavily affected.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Comparing two measures of neighborhood quality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Purpose: There is widespread recognition of the importance and complexity of measuring neighborhood contexts within research on child psychopathology. In this study, we assessed the cross-sectional associations between two measures of neighborhood quality and internalizing and externalizing behaviors in preadolescence. Methods: Drawing on baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (n = 10,577 preadolescents), we examined two multi-component assessments of neighborhood quality in relation to children’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms: the Area Deprivation Index (ADI), which measures socioeconomic adversity, and the Child Opportunity Index 2.0 (COI), which measures economic, educational, and environmental opportunity. Both measures were categorized into quintiles. We then used mixed-effects linear regression models to examine bivariate and adjusted associations. Results: The bivariate associations displayed strong inverse associations between the COI and ADI and externalizing symptoms, with a graded pattern of fewer externalizing behaviors with increasing neighborhood quality. Only the ADI was associated with externalizing behaviors in models adjusted for child and family characteristics. We did not observe a clear association between either measure of neighborhood quality and internalizing behaviors in bivariate or adjusted models. Conclusion: Neighborhood quality, as measured by the COI and ADI, was associated with externalizing behaviors in preadolescent children. The association using the ADI persisted after adjustment for family-level characteristics, including financial strain. Our results indicate that different assessments of neighborhood quality display distinct associations with preadolescent behavioral health. Future research is needed to assess the association between neighborhood quality and behavior trajectories and to identify place-based intervention strategies.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Continuity and discontinuity of sleep problems in relation to psychopathology: a latent transition analysis approach between childhood and adolescence	Importance: Sleep problems are bidirectionally and prospectively associated with symptoms of psychopathology in childhood and adolescence. Whether these relationships are specific to discrete profiles of sleep problems and discrete symptoms of psychopathology is currently unclear. Objective: To characterize individual changes in profiles of sleep problems and their prospective relationships to psychopathology across the transition from childhood to adolescence. Design: This longitudinal observational study utilized baseline and 2-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). Individuals were assessed for a range of sleep problems at both waves and categorized into profiles via latent profile analysis. The stability and change in these profiles over time was assessed via latent transition analysis. Logistic regression models examined whether psychopathology symptoms were cross-sectionally associated with profile membership, and whether transitions between profiles were associated with changes in psychopathology over time. Setting: Multicenter community setting. Participants: 10,389 individuals from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) were analyzed at baseline (aged 9-11 years) and two-year follow-up. Exposures: Sleep problems were assessed at both baseline and follow-up via the parent-reported Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (SDSC). Main Outcomes and Measures: Psychopathology scores at both baseline and follow-up were assessed using the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist. Results: A total of 10,389 individuals were categorized into four latent profiles of sleep problems at both waves: a low disturbance profile (labelled ‘low disturbance’), an onset and maintenance problem profile (‘onset/maintenance problems’), a moderate and non-specific disturbance profile (‘mixed disturbance’), and a high disturbance profile (‘high disturbance’). Individuals comprising the three more severe problem profiles displayed a greater risk for concurrent psychopathology symptoms. Transitions between sleep profiles over time predicted prospective psychopathology scores, but not vice versa. Conclusions and Relevance: There are substantial changes in sleep problems across the transition to adolescence that are predictive of later psychopathological outcomes. Sleep profiles could be targeted in future intervention and treatment programs to improve sleep- and mental health-related outcomes across development.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Contributions of PTSD polygenic risk and environmental stress to suicidality in preadolescents	Suicidal ideation and attempts (i.e., suicidality) are complex behaviors driven by environmental stress, genetic susceptibility, and their interaction. Preadolescent suicidality is a major health problem with rising rates, yet its underlying biology is understudied. Here we studied effects of genetic stress susceptibility, approximated by the polygenic risk score (PRS) for post-traumatic-stress-disorder (PTSD), on preadolescent suicidality in participants from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. We further evaluated PTSD-PRS effects on suicidality in the presence of environmental stressors that are established suicide risk factors. Analyses included both European and African ancestry participants using PRS calculated based on summary statistics from ancestry- specific genome-wide association studies. In European ancestry participants (N = 4,619, n = 378 suicidal), PTSD- PRS was associated with preadolescent suicidality (odds ratio [OR] = 1.12, 95%CI 1–1.25, p = 0.038). Results in African ancestry participants (N = 1,334, n = 130 suicidal) showed a similar direction but were not statistically significant (OR = 1.21, 95%CI 0.93–1.57, p = 0.153). Sensitivity analyses using non-psychiatric polygenic score for height and using cross-ancestry PTSD-PRS did not reveal any association with suicidality, supporting the specificity of the association of ancestry-specific PTSD-PRS with suicidality. Environmental stressors were robustly associated with suicidality across ancestries with moderate effect size for negative life events and family conflict (OR 1.27–1.6); and with large effect size (OR ~ 4) for sexual-orientation discrimination. When combined with environmental factors, PTSD-PRS showed marginal additive effects in explaining variability in suicidality, with no evidence for G × E interaction. Results support use of cross-phenotype PRS, specifically stress- susceptibility, as a genetic marker for suicidality risk early in the lifespan.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Correction to Moore et al. (2020)	Reports an error in "Criterion validity and relationships between alternative hierarchical dimensional models of general and specific psychopathology" by Tyler M. Moore, Antonia N. Kaczkurkin, E. Leighton Durham, Hee Jung Jeong, Malerie G. McDowell, Randolph M. Dupont, Brooks Applegate, Jennifer L. Tackett, Carlos Cardenas-Iniguez, Omid Kardan, Gaby N. Akcelik, Andrew J. Stier, Monica D. Rosenberg, Donald Hedeker, Marc G. Berman and Benjamin B. Lahey (Journal of Abnormal Psychology, Advanced Online Publication, Jul 16, 2020, np). In the article (http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/abn0000601), an acknowledgment is missing from the author note. The missing acknowledgement is included in the erratum.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Criterion Validity and Relationships between Alternative Hierarchical Dimensional Models of General and Specific Psychopathology	Psychopathology can be viewed as a hierarchy of correlated dimensions. Many studies have supported this conceptualization, but they have used alternative statistical models with differing interpretations. In bifactor models, every symptom loads on both the general factor and one specific factor (e.g., internalizing), which partitions the total explained variance in each symptom between these orthogonal factors. In second-order models, symptoms load on one of several correlated lower-order factors. These lower-order factors load on a second-order general factor, which is defined by the variance shared by the lower-order factors. Thus, the factors in second-order models are not orthogonal. Choosing between these valid statistical models depends on the hypothesis being tested. Because bifactor models define orthogonal phenotypes with distinct sources of variance, they are optimal for studies of shared and unique associations of the dimensions of psychopathology with external variables putatively relevant to etiology and mechanisms. Concerns have been raised, however, about the reliability of the orthogonal specific factors in bifactor models. We evaluated this concern using parent symptom ratings of 9-10 year olds in the ABCD Study. Psychometric indices indicated that all factors in both bifactor and second-order models exhibited at least adequate construct reliability and estimated replicability. The factors defined in bifactor and second-order models were highly to moderately correlated across models, but have different interpretations. All factors in both models demonstrated significant associations with external criterion variables of theoretical and clinical importance, but the interpretation of such associations in second-order models was ambiguous due to shared variance among factors.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Demographic and Mental Health Assessments in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study: Updates and Age-Related Trajectories	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study of 11,880 youth incorporates a comprehensive range of measures assessing predictors and outcomes related to mental health across childhood and adolescence in participating youth, as well as information about family mental health history. We have previously described the logic and content of the mental health assessment battery at Baseline and 1-year follow-up. Here, we describe changes to that battery and issues and clarifications that have emerged, as well as additions to the mental health battery at the 2-, 3-, 4-, and 5-year follow-ups. We capitalize on the recent release of longitudinal data for caregiver and youth report of mental health data to evaluate trajectories of dimensions of psychopathology as a function of demographic factors. For both caregiver and self-reported mental health symptoms, males showed age-related decreases in internalizing and externalizing symptoms, while females showed an increase in internalizing symptoms with age. Multiple indicators of socioeconomic status (caregiver education, family income, financial adversity, neighborhood poverty) accounted for unique variance in both caregiver and youth-reported externalizing and internalizing symptoms. These data highlight the importance of examining developmental trajectories of mental health as a function of key factors such as sex and socioeconomic environment.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Dentate Gyrus Microstructure is associated with Resilience after Exposure to Maternal Stress Across Two Human Cohorts	Background: Maternal stress (MS) is a well-documented risk factor for impaired emotional development in offspring. Rodent models implicate the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus in the effects of MS on offspring depressive-like behaviors, but mechanisms in humans remain unclear. Here, we test across two independent cohorts whether MS is associated with depressive symptoms and with DG micro- and macro-structural alterations in offspring. Methods: We analyzed DG DTI mean diffusivity (DG-MD) and volume in a 3-Generation Family Risk for Depression study (TGS; n=69, mean age 35.0) and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; n=5196, mean age 9.9) using generalized estimating equation models and mediation analysis. MS was assessed by the Parenting Stress Index (in TGS) and a measure compiled from the Adult Response Survey (ABCD). PHQ-9 and rumination scales (TGS) and Child Behavior Checklist (ABCD) measured offspring depressive symptoms at follow-up. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia–Lifetime interview measured depression diagnoses. Results: Across cohorts, MS was associated with future symptoms and higher DG-MD (indicating disrupted microstructure) in offspring. Higher DG-MD was associated with higher symptom scores measured 5 years (TGS) and 1-year (ABCD) after MRI. In ABCD, DG-MD is increased in high-MS offspring who have depressive symptoms at follow-up, but not in offspring who remain resilient or whose mother had low MS. Conclusions: Converging results across two independent samples extend previous rodent studies and suggest a role for the DG in exposure to MS and offspring depression.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Developmental Milestones of Infancy and Associations with Later Childhood Neurodevelopmental Outcomes in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	The age at attaining infancy developmental milestones has been associated with later neurodevelopmental outcomes, but evidence from large and diverse samples is lacking. We investigated this by analyzing data of 5360 singleton children aged 9–10 from 17 states in the US enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study during 2016–2020. Delays in four milestones (first roll over, unaided sitting, unaided walking, and speaking first words) were defined using the 90th percentile of age at attainment reported by children’s biological mothers. Childhood neurocognitive function was measured by research assistants using the NIH toolbox, and children reported their behavioral problems using the Brief Problem Monitor. Linear mixed-effects models were employed to investigate the association between delays in single or multiple milestones and childhood neurobehavioral outcomes. Delays in first roll over, unaided sitting, or walking were associated with poorer childhood neurocognitive function, while delay in speaking first words was associated with both poorer neurocognitive function and behavioral problems. Children who had delays in both motor and language milestones had the worst neurocognitive function and behavioral outcomes. Our results suggest that delays in motor and language milestone attainment during infancy are predictive of childhood neurobehavioral outcomes.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Developmental brain changes during puberty and associations with mental health problems	Our understanding of the mechanisms relating pubertal timing to mental health problems via brain development remains rudimentary. Longitudinal data was sourced from ∼11,500 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (age 9–13years). We built models of “brain age” and “puberty age” as indices of brain and pubertal development. Residuals from these models were used to index individual differences in brain development and pubertal timing, respectively. Mixed-effects models were used to investigate associations between pubertal timing and regional and global brain development. Mediation models were used to investigate the indirect effect of pubertal timing on mental health problems via brain development. Earlier pubertal timing was associated with accelerated brain development, particularly of subcortical and frontal regions in females and subcortical regions in males. While earlier pubertal timing was associated with elevated mental health problems in both sexes, brain age did not predict mental health problems, nor did it mediate associations between pubertal timing and mental health problems.This study highlights the importance of pubertal timing as a marker associated with	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Differences in social determinants of health in youth with lifetime history and new incidence of traumatic brain injury	Background/Rationale: According to the CDC, children are most often injured during vehicle crashes, falls, and assault rendering them susceptible to traumatic brain injury (TBI). Each year, 1 million US children seek care for concussion and more severe TBI with an estimated $5,000 in health care costs per pediatric TBI patient. Concussed children experience the burden of greater academic and social problems as well as physical, cognitive, and emotional symptoms. However, little is known about sociocultural factors that might predispose children to head injuries. Main Objective: To examine the hypothesis that a greater proportion of adolescents with more social disadvantages will experience TBI. Design: Secondary data analysis of a nationwide prospective cohort study. Setting: Twenty-one research centers recruiting from schools across the US. Participants: 11,869 children ages 8-11 years enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (excluded 9 participants with unknown TBI history). Main Outcome Measures: Parents completed in English or Spanish the Ohio State University TBI Identification Method, a survey of TBI history in their child. To be considered a TBI, head injuries had to have altered mental status (loss of consciousness or amnesia). Social determinants of health (SDoH) were sex, household income (<, =, or > $50,000–75,000), primary caregiver education (<, =, or > high school), lack of access to basic needs (food, phone, utilities, doctor, dentist, rent), and eviction. Associations among dichotomized TBI variables and SDoH (8 binomial and 2 ordinal variables) were evaluated using chi-square tests. TBI variables included (1) history of TBI reported at enrollment (TBI+/TBI-), (2) TBI+ with vs. without hospital visit, and (3) history of new TBI reported at 1-year follow-up. Results: For those with a lifetime history of TBI at enrollment (389/11,869, 3%), there was a greater presence of males (p = .002), higher parent educational attainment (p = .001), and greater income (p < .001). A greater proportion of those with TBI treatment in the hospital had household incomes of $50,000–75,000 than those with TBI never treated in the hospital, and a lesser proportion of TBI+ treated in the hospital had incomes >$75,000 (p = .020). For those sustaining a new TBI in the ensuing year (n = 118), there was a greater prevalence of higher parent educational attainment (p = .006) and greater income (p = .030). Conclusions/Future Directions: Utilizing a nationwide study of nearly 12,000 adolescent-caregiver dyads revealed a paradoxical socioeconomic risk pattern for TBI. Parents with greater educational attainment and income more commonly report that their child had TBI both retrospectively at enrollment and prospectively at 1-year follow-up. Findings also hint at socioeconomic factors that may contribute to presenting to an ED for a child’s TBI, although this should be further investigated. Future research should examine the factors that drive ED admission for pediatric TBI and whether increased parent awareness might improve TBI identification in children. Additional studies of SDoH would aid in clarifying these relationships.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
E-cigarette and combustible tobacco use among children with asthma and their peers in the ABCD study	Children with asthma are more likely to use e-cigarettes and combustible tobacco and may hold more positive smoking expectancies than their peers. Study aims were to i) compare rates of e- cigarette and combustible tobacco use; ii) compare smoking expectancies and other risk factors between children with and without asthma; and iii) examine the association of asthma status and other risk factors with subsequent use. The sample consisted of 6,251 children from ABCD’s 4.0 release; M age = 12.90 years; 52.73% male, 58.25% White. 1.10% of children with asthma had used e-cigarettes or combustible tobacco compared to 1.81% of children without asthma. We found no significant association between smoking expectancies, other risk factors, and asthma status. We found an association of peer use and sensation seeking with use at 2- or 3-year follow- up. Findings contribute to a better understanding of child asthma, e-cigarette and combustible tobacco use, and smoking expectancies.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effects of Parental Internalizing and Externalizing Behavior Problems on Children’s Limbic Brain Structures—An MRI Study	Parental behavior problems have long-term effects on children’s limbic brain structures and functions. Parental behavior problems-related brain changes in children may lead to mental disorders and behavior dysfunction later in life. However, our understanding of the relationship between parental behavior and children’s brain structures is less obvious when children and adolescents are studied in a general population without mental disorders. The majority of studies on the relationship between parental behavior and adolescent brain structure have been focused on severe forms of the following parental behavior problems: (1) internalizing behavior associated with mood and anxiety disorders, and (2) externalizing behavior associated with substance use and violence. A few studies examined the effect of normative variations or subtle differences in parental behavior. Therefore, we utilized a large study—Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)—to determine relationships between normative variation in parental internalizing and externalizing behavior and limbic brain structures in children and adolescents without mental disorders. Quantile (median) regression models were used to compute associations between parental behavior and children’s limbic structures. We found that parental internalizing and externalizing behaviors are uniquely associated with children’s limbic structures after adjustment for biological confounders and parental socioeconomic status. Our findings indicate that normative parental behavior may have a significant early influence on limbic structures of normally developing children and adolescents. Accelerated or delayed limbic structure maturation may account for children’s and adolescents’ behavioral inadequacies and a risk of developing specific mood disorders or substance abuse problems later in life.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effects of sleep duration on neurocognitive development in early adolescents in the USA: a propensity score matched, longitudinal, observational study	Background Although the American Academy of Sleep Medicine suggests at least 9 h of sleep per day for 6–12-year-olds, children in recent generations often report sleeping less than this amount. Because early adolescence is a crucial period for neurocognitive development, we aimed to investigate how insufficient sleep affects children's mental health, cognition, brain function, and brain structure over 2 years. Methods In this propensity score matched, longitudinal, observational cohort study, we obtained data from a population-based sample of 9–10-year-olds from 21 US study sites in the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Participants were categorised as having sufficient sleep or insufficient sleep on the basis of a cutoff of 9 h sleep per day. Using propensity score matching, we matched these two groups of participants on 11 key covariates, including sex, socioeconomic status, and puberty status. Participants were excluded from our analysis if they did not pass a baseline resting-state functional MRI quality check or had missing data for the covariates involved in propensity score matching. Outcome measures retrieved from the ABCD study were behavioural problems, mental health, cognition, and structural and resting-state functional brain measures, assessed at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. We examined group differences on these outcomes over those 2 years among all eligible participants. We then did mediation analyses of the neural correlates of behavioural changes induced by insufficient sleep. Findings Between Sept 1, 2016, and Oct 15, 2018, 11 878 individuals had baseline data collected for the ABCD study, of whom 8323 were eligible and included in this study (4142 participants in the sufficient sleep group and 4181 in the insufficient sleep group). Follow-up data were collected from July 30, 2018, to Jan 15, 2020. We identified 3021 matched sufficient sleep–insufficient sleep pairs at baseline and 749 matched pairs at 2-year follow-up, and observed similar differences between the groups in behaviour and neural measures at both timepoints; the effect sizes of between-group differences in behavioural measures at these two timepoints were significantly correlated with each other (r=0·85, 95% CI 0·73–0·92; p<0·0001). A similar pattern was observed in resting-state functional connectivity (r=0·54, 0·45–0·61; p<0·0001) and in structural measures (eg, in grey matter volume r=0·61, 0·51–0·69; p<0·0001). We found that cortico–basal ganglia functional connections mediate the effects of insufficient sleep on depression, thought problems, and crystallised intelligence, and that structural properties of the anterior temporal lobe mediate the effect of insufficient sleep on crystallised intelligence. Interpretation These results provide population-level evidence for the long-lasting effect of insufficient sleep on neurocognitive development in early adolescence. These findings highlight the value of early sleep intervention to improve early adolescents' long-term developmental outcomes. Funding National Institutes of Health.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effortful control protects against genetic liability for ADHD: Longitudinal results from the ABCD study in the United States	Background: Effortful control, the ability to regulate complex and goal-directed behavior, may protect individuals from developing mental health symptoms. This study tested the potential for strong effortful control and executive functioning to buffer the effects of genetic liability for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Methods: Data from the prospectively-collected Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD)® study were used to examine whether caregiver-rated effortful control and executive functioning moderated the association between familial ADHD risk and later ADHD symptoms in a sample of children (N = 6,133; ages 9-10 years at baseline). Two independent variables were considered to compare the predictive powers of specific (family ADHD) and broad (family psychopathology) risk factors. Two additional moderating variables (surgency, negative affect) were tested to examine specificity of effortful control and executive functioning as moderators. All variables of interest were measured on a continuum. Results: Strong effortful control and executive functioning each negated the association between genetic liability and later ADHD symptoms. Model estimates for ADHD-specific and broad-psychopathology genetic risk were comparable. The moderator effect was specific to effortful control and executive functioning, and was not found for two other temperamental dimensions, surgency and negative affect. Conclusions: Etiological models of heritable psychiatric disorders, such as ADHD, should consider interacting effects of genetic factors and individual traits, such as effortful control and executive functioning. Clinical prevention and intervention efforts may target self-regulation skills in children to buffer against genetic liability for ADHD.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Estimating the Association Between Exposome and Psychosis as Well as General Psychopathology: Results From the ABCD Study	Background The exposome comprises all nongenetic factors an individual is exposed to across their lifespan. Research suggests that exposomic vulnerability for schizophrenia is associated not only with psychosis but also, to a degree, with general psychopathology. Here, we investigated to what degree exposome factors are associated with psychosis and general psychopathology. Methods Data were retrieved from the 1-year follow-up assessment of a large U.S. adolescent sample (n = 11,235), the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Iterative factor analyses of environmental exposures (n = 798) allowed calculation of 6 exposome factors: household adversity, neighborhood environment, day-to-day experiences, state-level environment, family values, pregnancy/birth complications. Bifactor modeling of clinical symptoms (n = 93) allowed calculation of a general psychopathology factor (p-factor) and 6 subdomains, including a psychosis subdomain. We applied linear regression analyses to estimate the association of exposome factors with the p-factor and psychosis subdomain, respectively. Results Individual analyses showed that 5 exposome factors were significantly associated with the p-factor after multiple-comparison correction. In the mutually adjusted model, all exposome factors were significantly associated with the p-factor. Psychosis was particularly associated with 3 exposome factors, with the mutually adjusted model yielding the following results: household adversity (β = 0.04, 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.07), day-to-day experiences (β = 0.10, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.12), and pregnancy/birth complications (β = 0.03, 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.05). Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that multifaceted environmental background is associated with mental disorders. Psychosis was particularly associated with prenatal, perinatal, and childhood (household and school) adversities, although these exposome domains were also associated with psychopathology. The exposome approach can help understand neurodevelopmental psychopathology.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Evaluation of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Medications, Externalizing Symptoms, and Suicidality in Children	IMPORTANCE: Childhood suicidality (ie, suicidal ideation or attempts) rates are increasing. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and externalizing symptoms are common risk factors associated with suicidality. More data are needed to describe associations of ADHD pharmacotherapy with childhood suicidality. OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether ADHD pharmacotherapy is associated with externalizing symptoms and childhood suicidality. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: In this cohort study, cross-sectional and 1-year-longitudinal associations were examined using data (collected during 2016-2019) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a large, diverse US sample of children aged 9 to 11 years. Data analysis was performed from November to December 2020. EXPOSURES: Main and interaction associations of externalizing symptoms (hyperactivity ADHD symptoms, oppositional defiant, and conduct disorder symptoms) and ADHD medication treatment (methylphenidate and amphetamine derivatives, α-2-agonists, and atomoxetine) at baseline assessment. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Child-reported suicidality (past and present at baseline; current at longitudinal assessment). Covariates were age, sex, race/ethnicity, parents’ education, marital status, and concomitant child psychiatric pharmacotherapy (antidepressants and antipsychotics). RESULTS: Among 11878 children at baseline assessment (mean [SD] age, 9.9 [0.6] years; 6196 boys [52.2%]; 8805 White [74.1%]), 1006 (8.5%) were treated with ADHD medication and 1040 (8.8%) reported past or current suicidality. Externalizing symptoms (median [range], 1 [0-29] symptom count) were associated with suicidality (for a change of 1 SD in symptoms, odds ratio [OR], 1.34; 95% CI, 1.26-1.42; P < .001), as was ADHD medication treatment (OR, 1.32; 95% CI, 1.06-1.64; P = .01). ADHD medication use was associated with less suicidality in children with more externalizing symptoms (significant symptom-by-medication interaction, B = −0.250; SE = 0.086; P = .004), such that for children who were not receiving ADHD medications, there was an association between more externalizing symptoms and suicidality (for a change of 1 SD in symptoms, OR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.33-1.52; P < .001); however, for children who were receiving ADHD medication, there was no such association (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.97-1.35; P = .10). The association with medication remained even when covarying for multiple confounders, including risk and protective factors for suicidality in ABCD, and was replicated in 1-year longitudinal follow-up. Sensitivity analyses matching participants with high numbers of externalizing symptoms taking and not taking ADHD medication treatment confirmed its association with less suicidality. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that ADHD medication treatment is associated with less suicidality in children with substantial externalizing symptoms and may be used to inform childhood suicide prevention strategies.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Family Processes as Mediators of the Association between Parental Attitudinal Familism and Youth Externalizing Behaviors	Attitudinal familism, that is one’s thoughts and feelings related to familism typically measured across three different domains: obligation (i.e., the degree to which an individual expects family to be there in times of financial, social, or emotional need), support (i.e., how close an individual feels to their family), and referent (i.e., the degree to which an individual believes that their actions should be in line with what is expected by their family), has been found to be protective against the emergence of a wide range of psychopathological symptoms. Although much is yet to be known about the processes through which familism relates to youth outcomes, parenting behaviors have been proposed as potential mediating pathways through which parental attitudinal familism can influence youth development. In this study, we examined whether family processes (i.e., family conflict, parental monitoring, and parental warmth and acceptance) mediate the relation between parental attitudinal familism and youth externalizing behaviors using the first three waves of data collection from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (baseline: n = 11,878, Mage = 9.91 years, SD = 0.62; 52% male). Parents and youth completed a variety of annual assessments related to the parent’s attitudinal familism, the youth’s appraisal of their caregiver’s parenting practices, and parental perception of youth psychopathology across the first three waves of data collection. Results from structural equation modelling indicated that there is an indirect effect of familism support on externalizing that is mediated through parental acceptance after controlling for youth race/ethnicity, age, sex at birth, baseline externalizing symptoms, family income, and parental educational attainment. Familism support also showed an association with parental monitoring but parental monitoring did not show an association with externalizing after controlling for other variables. Family obligations was directly positively associated with youth externalizing but the effect was not mediated though the parenting variables tested, indicating that its effect may be operating through other mediating pathways. It is important to note that when the familism subdimensions were aggregated into a composite familism score, all associations with externalizing were no longer found, highlighting the need to study familism as a multidimensional construct.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Gender Differences in Adolescents’ Affective Symptoms and Behavioral Disorders after mTBI	Objective: Mild traumatic brain injuries (mTBI) are considered self-limiting and full recovery is expected. Recent studies identify deficits persisting years after mTBI. Large-scale prospective data permit testing the hypothesis that mTBI increases incidence of affective and behavioral symptoms after new, past, or new and past mTBI. Setting: The study involved secondary analyses of survey responses from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Participants: Adolescents in the ABCD Study (n=11,869; Wave 1, ages 9-10; Wave 2, ages 11-12) whose parents reported a new (n=157), past (n=1,318) or new and past (n=50) mTBI on the Ohio State University Injury Identification Method short form were compared to controls who had no history of mTBI (n=9,667). Design: Multivariable binary logistic regression models examined associations between a new, past, or new and past mTBI, current affective (aggression, depression, anxiety) and behavioral (somatic, thought, social, attention, ADHD, conduct) disorders while controlling for demographic factors and baseline symptoms. Main Measures: The primary measure was parental reports of psychiatric and behavioral symptoms on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Results: Girls exhibited no significant effects after a new mTBI, although a past mTBI increased anxiety (aOR=1.83, 95% CI [1.15, 2.90]) and attention (1.89, [1.09, 3.28]) problems. Girls with new and past mTBIs reported elevated anxiety (17.90, [4.67, 68.7]), aggression (7.37, [1.49, 36.3]), social (9.07, [2.47, 33.30]), thought (7.58, [2.24, 25.60]) and conduct (6.39, [1.25, 32.50]) disorders. In boys, new mTBI increased aggression (aOR=3.83, 95% CI [1.42, 10.30]), whereas past mTBI heightened anxiety (1.91, 1.42, 2.95]), but new and past mTBIs had no significant effects. Conclusion: Adolescents are at greater risk of affective and behavioral symptoms after an mTBI. These effects differ as a function of gender and time of injury. Extended screening for mTBI history and monitoring of affective and behavioral disorders after mTBI in adolescents is warranted.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
General and Specific Factors of Environmental Stress and Their Associations With Brain Structure and Dimensions of Psychopathology	Background Early-life stressors can adversely affect the developing brain. While hierarchical modeling has established the existence of a general factor of psychopathology, no studies have modeled a general factor of environmental stress and related this factor to brain development. Using a large sample of children from the ABCD (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) Study, the current study aimed to identify general and specific factors of environmental stress and test their associations with brain structure and psychopathology. Methods In a sample of 11,878 children, bifactor modeling and higher-order (second-order) modeling identified general and specific factors of environmental stress: family dynamics, interpersonal support, neighborhood socioeconomic status deprivation, and urbanicity. Structural equation modeling was performed to examine associations between these factors and regional gray matter volume (GMV) and cortical thickness as well as general and specific factors of psychopathology. Results The general environmental stress factor was associated with globally smaller cortical and subcortical GMV as well as thinner cortices across widespread regions. Family dynamics and neighborhood socioeconomic status deprivation were associated with smaller GMV in focal regions. Urbanicity was associated with larger cortical and subcortical GMV and thicker cortices in frontotemporal regions. The environmental factors were associated with psychopathology in the expected directions. The general factors of environmental stress and psychopathology were both predictors of smaller GMV in children, while remaining distinct from each other. Conclusions This study reveals a unifying model of environmental influences that illustrates the inherent organization of environmental stressors and their relationship to brain structure and psychopathology.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Genetic patterning for child psychopathology is distinct from that for adults and implicates fetal cerebellar development	Childhood psychiatric symptoms are often diffuse but can coalesce into discrete mental illnesses during late adolescence. We leveraged polygenic scores (PGS) to parse genomic risk for childhood symptoms, and to uncover related neurodevelopmental mechanisms with transcriptomic and neuroimaging data. In independent samples (ABCD, Generation R) a narrow cross-disorder Neurodevelopmental PGS, reflecting risk for ADHD, autism, depression, and Tourette syndrome, predicted psychiatric symptoms through early adolescence with greater sensitivity than broad cross-disorder PGS reflecting shared risk across eight psychiatric disorders, the disorder-specific PGS individually, or two other narrow cross-disorder (Compulsive, Mood-Psychotic) scores. Neurodevelopmental PGS-associated genes were preferentially expressed in the cerebellum, where their expression peaked prenatally. Further, lower gray matter volumes in cerebellum and functionally coupled cortical regions associated with psychiatric symptoms in mid-childhood. These findings demonstrate that the genetic underpinnings of pediatric psychiatric symptoms differ from those of adult illness, and implicate fetal cerebellar developmental processes that endure through childhood.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Genetic risk of AUDs and childhood impulsivity: Examining the role of parenting and family environment	This study examined the independent and interactive effects of genetic risk for alcohol use disorder (AUD), parenting behaviors, and family environment on childhood impulsivity. Data were drawn from White (n = 5,991), Black/African American (n = 1,693), and Hispanic/Latino (n = 2,118) youth who completed the baseline assessment (age 9–10) and had genotypic data available from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Participants completed questionnaires and provided saliva or blood samples for genotyping. Results indicated no sig- nificant main effects of AUD genome-wide polygenic scores (AUD-PRS) on childhood impulsivity as measured by the UPPS-P scale across racial/ethnic groups. In general, parental monitoring and parental acceptance were associated with lower impulsivity; family conflict was associated with higher impulsivity. There was an interaction effect between AUD-PRS and family conflict, such that family conflict exacer- bated the association between AUD-PRS and positive urgency, only among Black/African American youth. This was the only significant interaction effect detected from a total of 45 tests (five impulsivity dimensions, three subsamples, and three family factors), and thus may be a false positive and needs to be replicated. These findings highlight the important role of parenting behaviors and family conflict in relation to impulsivity among children.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Genetic risk, parental history, and suicide attempts in a diverse sample of US adolescents	Background: Adolescent suicide is a major health problem in the US marked by a recent increase in risk of suicidal behavior among Black/African American youth. While genetic factors partly account for familial transmission of suicidal behavior, it is not clear whether polygenic risk scores of suicide attempt can contribute to suicide risk classification. Objectives: To evaluate the contribution of a polygenic risk score for suicide attempt (PRS-SA) in explaining variance in suicide attempt by early adolescence. Methods: We studied N = 5,214 non-related youth of African and European genetic ancestry from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (ages 8.9–13.8 years) who were evaluated between 2016 and 2021. Regression models tested associations between PRS-SA and parental history of suicide attempt/death with youth-reported suicide attempt. Covariates included age and sex. Results: Over three waves of assessments, 182 youth (3.5%) reported a past suicide attempt, with Black youth reporting significantly more suicide attempts than their White counterparts (6.1 vs. 2.8%, p < 0.001). PRS-SA was associated with suicide attempt [odds ratio (OR) = 1.3, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1–1.5, p = 0.001]. Parental history of suicide attempt/death was also associated with youth suicide attempt (OR = 3.1, 95% CI, 2.0–4.7, p < 0.001). PRS-SA remained significantly associated with suicide attempt even when accounting for parental history (OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.1–1.5, p = 0.002). In European ancestry youth (n = 4,128), inclusion of PRS-SA in models containing parental history explained more variance in suicide attempt compared to models that included only parental history (ΔR2 = 0.7%, p = 0.009). Conclusions: Findings suggest that PRS-SA may be useful for youth suicide risk classification in addition to established risk factors.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Head, neck, and traumatic brain injury among children involved in sports: Results from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study	Purpose The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of head and neck injury (HNI) requiring hospitalization or emergency care and traumatic brain injury with loss of consciousness (TBI-LOC) among youth athletes and non-athletes (ages 9/10) using the baseline cohort of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Methods Analysis of national data from the baseline cohort of the ABCD study (2016–2018; n=11,869). Results The analysis found that 12.1% of the sample indicated HNI during their lifetime, while .8% indicated TBI-LOC. Participation in multiple sports (aPRR=1.29, 95% CI=1.06,1.55), contact sports (aPRR=1.19, 95% CI=1.05,1.34), and who had participated in sport for 5 or more years (aPRR=1.42, 95% CI =1.16,1.73) had modestly higher prevalence rate ratios of reporting HNI compared to nonparticipants. Sport participation was not found to be associated with TBI-LOC. Conclusions The study provides needed epidemiological information on the prevalence of HNI and TBI-LOC among younger adolescents who participate in sports. While the risk of TBI-LOC appears to be low among youth athletes and non-athletes, the risk of more serious head injuries may increase due length of participation in sport and involvement in high contact sports.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Learning Clique Subgraphs in Structural Brain Network Classification with Application to Crystallized Cognition	Structural brain networks constructed from diffusion MRI are important biomarkers for understanding human brain structure and its relation to cognitive functioning. There is increasing interest in learning differences in structural brain networks between groups of subjects in neuroimaging studies, leading to a variable selection problem in network classification. Traditional methods often use independent edgewise tests or unstructured generalized linear model (GLM) with regularization on vectorized networks to select edges distinguishing the groups, which ignore the network structure and make the results hard to interpret. In this paper, we develop a symmetric bilinear logistic regression (SBLR) with elastic-net penalty to identify a set of small clique subgraphs in network classification. Clique subgraphs, consisting of all the interconnections among a subset of brain regions, have appealing neurological interpretations as they may correspond to some anatomical circuits in the brain related to the outcome. We apply this method to study differences in the structural connectome between adolescents with high and low crystallized cognitive ability, using the crystallized cognition composite score, picture vocabulary and oral reading recognition tests from NIH Toolbox. A few clique subgraphs containing several small sets of brain regions are identified between different levels of functioning, indicating their importance in crystallized cognition.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Longitudinal Associations between Perceived Discrimination and Suicidality in Youth	Research among adults reveals robust associations between discrimination and suicidality. However, these relationships remain understudied in youth. Participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study completed a measure of discrimination based on multiple attributes. The KSADS was administered one-year later to assess depressive disorders and suicidality (ideation and behavior). Logistic regressions, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, lifetime depressive disorders, and body composition were conducted. Adjusting for covariates, discrimination based on weight (OR: 2.12), race/ethnicity/color (OR: 3.21), and sexual orientation (OR: 3.83) were associated with greater odds of reporting suicidality one- year later (ps < 0.025). Compared to those reporting no discrimination, youths reporting discrimination based on two or more attributes had nearly five times greater odds of recent suicidality (OR: 4.72; p<0.001). The current study highlights the deleterious impacts of discrimination on mental health among youths reporting multiple forms of discrimination.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Longitudinal Impact of Childhood Adversity on Early Adolescent Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the ABCD Study Cohort: Does Race or Ethnicity Moderate Findings?	During the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, mental health among youth has been negatively affected. Youth with a history of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), as well as youth from minoritized racial-ethnic backgrounds, may be especially vulnerable to experiencing COVID-19–related distress. The aims of this study are to examine whether exposure to pre-pandemic ACEs predicts mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in youth and whether racial-ethnic background moderates these effects. From May to August 2020, 7983 youths (mean age, 12.5 years; range, 10.6–14.6 years) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study completed at least one of three online surveys measuring the impact of the pandemic on their mental health. Data were evaluated in relation to youths' pre-pandemic mental health and ACEs. Pre-pandemic ACE history significantly predicted poorer mental health across all outcomes and greater COVID-19–related stress and impact of fears on well-being. Youths reported improved mental health during the pandemic (from May to August 2020). While reporting similar levels of mental health, youths from minoritized racial-ethnic backgrounds had elevated COVID-19–related worry, stress, and impact on well-being. Race and ethnicity generally did not moderate ACE effects. Older youths, girls, and those with greater pre-pandemic internalizing symptoms also reported greater mental health symptoms. Youths who experienced greater childhood adversity reported greater negative affect and COVID-19–related distress during the pandemic. Although they reported generally better mood, Asian American, Black, and multiracial youths reported greater COVID-19–related distress and experienced COVID-19–related discrimination compared with non-Hispanic White youths, highlighting potential health disparities.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Meaningful associations in the adolescent brain cognitive development study	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is the largest single-cohort prospective longitudinal study of neurodevelopment and children's health in the United States. A cohort of n= 11,880 children aged 9-10 years (and their parents/guardians) were recruited across 22 sites and are being followed with in-person visits on an annual basis for at least 10 years. The study approximates the US population on several key sociodemographic variables, including sex, race, ethnicity, household income, and parental education. Data collected include assessments of health, mental health, substance use, culture and environment and neurocognition, as well as geocoded exposures, structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and whole-genome genotyping.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and Behavior and Sleep Among 9- and 10-Year Old Children: Initial Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	There has been concern about the potential sequelae of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in children. This study used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study to investigate associations between mTBI and behavior and sleep in school-aged children. Generalized additive mixed models were run to examine the association between TBI and parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist and Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children scores. mTBI with or without loss of consciousness (LOC) in 9- and 10-year old children was associated with 1) higher internalizing, externalizing and total problems and 2) greater sleep disturbance scores on the CBCL. The study also demonstrated a higher incidence of mTBI with and without LOC in boys compared to girls. This study shows a statistically significant but modest association between mTBI and behavioral and sleep changes, suggesting that in a non-clinical, sociodemographically diverse community sample of school-aged children mTBI does not result in clinically significant behavioral or psychological sequelae.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Multivariate genome-wide association study on tissue-sensitive diffusion metrics highlights pathways that shape the human brain	The molecular determinants of tissue composition of the human brain remain largely unknown. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on this topic have had limited success due to methodological constraints. Here, we apply advanced whole-brain analyses on multi-shell diffusion imaging data and multivariate GWAS to two large scale imaging genetic datasets (UK Biobank and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study) to identify and validate genetic association signals. We discover 503 unique genetic loci that have impact on multiple regions of human brain. Among them, more than 79% are validated in either of two large-scale independent imaging datasets. Key molecular pathways involved in axonal growth, astrocyte-mediated neuroinflammation, and synaptogenesis during development are found to significantly impact the measured variations in tissue-specific imaging features. Our results shed new light on the biological determinants of brain tissue composition and their potential overlap with the genetic basis of neuropsychiatric disorders.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Neural vulnerability and hurricane-related media are associated with posttraumatic stress in youth	The human toll of disasters extends beyond death, injury and loss. Post-traumatic stress (PTS) can be common among directly exposed individuals, and children are particularly vulnerable. Even children far removed from harm’s way report PTS, and media-based exposure may partially account for this phenomenon. In this study, we examine this issue using data from nearly 400 9- to 11-year-old children collected before and after Hurricane Irma, evaluating whether pre-existing neural patterns moderate associations between hurricane experiences and later PTS. The ‘dose’ of both self-reported objective exposure and media exposure predicted PTS, the latter even among children far from the hurricane. Furthermore, neural responses in brain regions associated with anxiety and stress conferred particular vulnerability. For example, heightened amygdala reactivity to fearful stimuli moderated the association between self-reported media exposure and PTS. Collectively, these findings show that for some youth with measurable vulnerability, consuming extensive disaster-related media may offer an alternative pathway to disaster exposure that transcends geography and objective risk.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Overweight/obesity-related microstructural alterations of the fimbria-fornix in the ABCD Study: The role of aerobic physical activity	Childhood overweight/obesity has been associated with negative consequences related to brain function and may involve alterations in white matter pathways important for cognitive and emotional processing. Aerobic physical activity is a promising lifestyle factor that could restore white matter alterations. However, little is known about either regional white matter alterations in children with overweight/obesity or the effects of aerobic physical activity targeting the obesity-related brain alterations in children. Using a large-scale cross-sectional population-based dataset of US children aged 9 to 10 years (n = 8019), this study explored the associations between overweight/obesity and microstructure of limbic white matter tracts, and examined whether aerobic physical activity may reduce the overweight/obesity-related white matter alterations in children. The primary outcome measure was restriction spectrum imaging (RSI)-derived white matter microstructural integrity measures. The number of days in a week that children engaged in aerobic physical activity for at least 60 minutes per day was assessed. We found that females with overweight/obesity had lower measures of integrity of the fimbria-fornix, a major limbic-hippocampal white matter tract, than their lean peers, while this difference was not significant in males. We also found a positive relationship between the number of days of aerobic physical activity completed in a week and integrity measures of the fimbria-fornix in females with overweight/obesity. Our results provide cross-sectional evidence of sex-specific microstructural alteration in the fimbria-fornix in children with overweight/obesity and suggest that aerobic physical activity may play a role in reducing this alteration. Future work should examine the causal direction of the relationship between childhood overweight/obesity and brain alterations and evaluate potential interventions to validate the effects of aerobic physical activity on this relationship.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Parental psychological problems were associated with higher screen time and the use of mature-rated media in children	Aim: Parents' psychological problems may affect children's screen time, but research has been scarce. We examined the association between parental psychological problems and children's screen media behaviours in a nationally representative sample. Methods: The participants were from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, recruited by probability sampling from the USA population. Children reported their use of TV, videos, video games, social media, and mature-rated media. The parents (85% mothers) reported psychological problems using the Adult Self-Report questionnaire. Results: In 10,650 children (5,112 girls, 5,538 boys) aged 9.9±0.6 years, presence of parental psychological problems was associated with children spending more daily time on screen media and with meeting the recommendation of ≤2 daily hours less often than children whose parents did not have psychological problems. Parental psychological problems were associated with children's TV watching, video watching and gaming but not with using social media. Parental internalising problems were associated with children watching mature-rated movies (odds ratio [OR] =1.14, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.00, 1.30) and playing mature-rated games (OR=1.27, 95% CI=1.11, 1.45). Conclusion: Presence of parental psychological problems is associated with higher screen time and use of mature-rated media in children. This cross-sectional study was not able to examine causal associations.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Pathways link environmental and genetic factors with structural brain networks and psychopathology in youth	Adolescence is a period of significant brain development and maturation, and it is a time when many mental health problems first emerge. This study aimed to explore a comprehensive map that describes possible pathways from genetic and environmental risks to structural brain organization and psychopathology in adolescents. We included 32 environmental items on developmental adversity, maternal substance use, parental psychopathology, socioeconomic status (SES), school and family environment; 10 child psychopathological scales; polygenic risk scores (PRS) for 10 psychiatric disorders, total problems, and cognitive ability; and structural brain networks in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (ABCD, n=9168). Structural equation modeling found two pathways linking SES, brain, and psychopathology. Lower SES was found to be associated with lower structural connectivity in the posterior default mode network and greater salience structural connectivity, and with more severe psychosis and internalizing in youth (p<0.001). Prematurity and birth weight were associated with early-developed sensorimotor and subcortical networks (p<0.001). Increased parental psychopathology, decreased SES and school engagement was related to elevated family conflict, psychosis, and externalizing behaviors in youth (p<0.001). Increased maternal substance use predicted increased developmental adversity, internalizing, and psychosis (p<0.001). But, polygenic risks for psychiatric disorders had moderate effects on brain structural connectivity and psychopathology in youth. These findings suggest that a range of genetic and environmental factors can influence brain structural organization and psychopathology during adolescence, and that addressing these risk factors may be important for promoting positive mental health outcomes in young people.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Perinatal SSRI Exposure Impacts Innate Fear Circuit Activation and Behavior in Mice and Humans	Serotonin shapes brain structure and function during early development across phylogenetically diverse species1–3. In mice and humans, perinatal SSRI exposure produces brain alterations and increases anxiety/depression-related behaviors in the offspring4–12. It remains unclear whether shared brain circuit changes underlie the behavioral impact of perinatal SSRIs across species. We examine how developmental SSRI-exposure in mice and humans changes fear-related brain activation and behavior. SSRI-administered mice showed increased defense responses to a predator odor that were associated with stronger fMRI-based fear circuit activation when compared to saline controls. Similarly, human adolescents exposed to SSRIs in utero showed greater activation of fear brain structures and exhibited higher anxiety and depressive symptoms than unexposed adolescents. Perinatal SSRI enhances innate fear-related responses and fear brain circuit activation that are conserved across species.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Persistent and Distressing Psychotic-Like Experiences Using Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study Data	Childhood psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are associated with a range of impairments; a subset of children experiencing PLEs will develop psychiatric disorders, including psychotic disorders. A potential distinguishing factor between benign PLEs versus PLEs that are clinically relevant is whether PLEs are distressing and/or persistent. The current study used three waves of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) study PLEs assessments to examine the extent to which persistent and/or distressing PLEs were associated with relevant baseline risk factors (e.g., cognition) and functioning/mental health service utilization domains. Four groups varying in PLE persistence and distress endorsement were created based on all available data in ABCD Release 3.0, with group membership not contingent on complete data: persistent distressing PLEs (n=272), transient distressing PLEs (n=298), persistent non-distressing PLEs (n=221), and transient non-distressing PLEs (n=536) groups. Using hierarchical linear models, results indicated youth with distressing PLEs, whether transient or persistent, showed delayed developmental milestones (β=0.074, 95%CI:0.013,0.134) and altered structural MRI metrics (β=-0.0525, 95%CI:-0.100,-0.005). Importantly, distress interacted with PLEs persistence for the domains of functioning/mental health service utilization (β=0.079, 95%CI:0.016,0.141), other reported psychopathology (β=0.101, 95%CI:0.030,0.170), cognition (β=-0.052, 95%CI:0.-0.099,-0.002), and environmental adversity (β=0.045, 95%CI:0.003,0.0.86; although no family history effects), with the interaction characterized by greatest impairment in the persistent distressing PLEs group. These results have implications for disentangling the importance of distress and persistence for PLEs with regards to impairments, including functional, pathophysiological, and environmental outcomes. These novel longitudinal data underscore that it is often only in the context of distress that persistent PLEs were related to impairments.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Person-centred approaches to psychopathology in the ABCD study: Phenotypes and neurocognitive correlates	Issues with classifying psychopathology using narrow diagnostic categories have prompted calls for the use of dimensional approaches. Yet questions remain about how closely dimensional approaches reflect the way symptoms cluster in individuals, whether known risk factors (e.g. preterm birth) produce distinct symptom phenotypes, and whether profiles reflecting symptom clusters are associated with neurocognitive factors. To identify distinct profiles of psychopathology, latent class analysis was applied to the syndrome scales of the parent-reported Child Behaviour Checklist for 11,381 9- and 10- year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Four classes were identified, reflecting different profiles, to which pre-adolescents were assigned probabilistically; Class 1 (88.6%) reflected low symptoms; Class 2 (7.1%), predominantly internalising; Class 3 (2.4%), predominantly externalising; and Class 4 (1.9%), universal difficulties. To investigate the presence of a possible preterm behavioural phenotype, the proportion of participants allocated to each class was cross-tabulated with gestational age category. No profile was specific to preterm birth. Finally, to assess the neurocognitive factors associated with class membership, elastic net regressions were conducted revealing a relatively distinct set of neurocognitive factors associated with each class. Findings support the use of large datasets to identify psychopathological profiles, explore phenotypes, and identify associated neurocognitive factors.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Premature white matter microstructure in female children with a history of concussion	Childhood concussion may interfere with neurodevelopment and influence cognition. Females are more likely to experience persistent symptoms after concussion, yet the sex-specific impact of concussion on brain microstructure in children is understudied. This study examined white matter and cortical microstructure, based on neurite density (ND) from diffusion-weighted MRI, in 9-to-10-year-old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study with (n=336) and without (n=7368) a history of concussion, and its relationship with cognitive performance. Multivariate regression was used to investigate relationships between ND and group, sex, and age in deep and superficial white matter, subcortical structures, and cortex. Principal component analysis was performed on ND, and components were examined in relation to performance on attention and processing speed tests. All tissue types demonstrated higher ND with age, reflecting brain maturation. Group comparisons revealed higher ND in deep and superficial white matter in females with concussion. In children with concussion higher ND in superficial white matter beneath the frontal and temporal cortices was associated with worse processing speed performance in females, and better performance in males. These results demonstrate a greater long-term impact of childhood concussion on white matter microstructure in females compared to males and may reflect premature white matter maturation.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal caffeine exposure: association with neurodevelopmental outcomes in 9- to 11-year-old children	"Background: Despite the widespread use of caffeine including consumption during pregnancy, the effect of prenatal caffeine exposure on child brain development and behavior is unclear. Methods: To address this, we used data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study (n = 11,875 children aged 9-11 years from 22 sites across the United States). We explored the associations between prenatal caffeine exposure and various developmental outcomes including birth outcomes, physical health, behavior problems, cognition, substance use and brain structure in children, and evaluated dose effects. Results: Among 9,978 children (4,745 females) who had valid data for prenatal caffeine exposure and whose mothers did not use drugs of abuse after knowing of pregnancy, 4,170 (41.79%) had no prenatal caffeine exposure, 2,292 (22.97%) had daily, 1,933 (19.37%) had weekly, and 1,583 (15.86%) had less than weekly exposures. Prenatal caffeine exposure including the widely recommended 'safe' dose was associated with greater externalizing problems, whereas greater BMI and soda consumption were only observed in children with high dose exposures (3+ per day). Notably, the effect size for association of externalizing problems with prenatal caffeine exposure was comparable with that reported for prenatal alcohol (The American Journal of Psychiatry, 177, 2020 and 1060) and prenatal cannabis (JAMA Psychiatry, 78, 2020 and 64) exposures from previous ABCD publications. Additionally, prenatal caffeine exposure was associated with brain structural changes that included greater posterior and lower frontal cortical thickness and altered parietooccipital sulcal depth. Conclusions: The recommended 'safe' dose of caffeine during pregnancy should be carefully studied to assess whether the behavioral and brain correlates observed here are clinically relevant and determine whether it needs adjustment. Because of the high prevalence of caffeine use in the general population, studies on prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse should include prenatal caffeine use as a covariate."	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Preterm Birth and Inhibitory Control with Consideration of SES	Background: Preterm birth (PTB) is associated with increased risk for unfavorable outcomes such as deficits in attentional control and related brain structure alterations. Crucially, PTB is more likely to occur within the context of poverty. The current study examined associations between PTB and inhibitory control (IC) implicated brain regions/tracts and task performance, as well as the moderating role of early life poverty on the relation between PTB and IC-implicated regions/tracts/task performance. Methods: 2,899 children from the ABCD study were sampled for this study. Mixed effects models examined the relation between PTB and subsequent IC performance as well as prefrontal gray matter volume, white matter fractional anisotropy (FA), and mean diffusivity (MD). Household income was examined as a moderator. Results: PTB was significantly associated with less improvement in IC task performance over time and decreased FA in left uncinate fasciculus (UF) and cingulum bundle (CB). Early life poverty moderated the relation between PTB and both CB FA and UF MD.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prevalence of anhedonia and related risk and protective factors in the general population: results from UK Biobank and ABCD study	Background Anhedonia (defined as the capacity to experience pleasure) is present in healthy people and in mental disorders but its prevalence and predictors are largely unknown in the general population. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of anhedonia and identify risk and protective factors within two large population-based samples, UK Biobank (UKB) and the US Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Methods A total of 487,631 adults from UKB (mean age = 56.56 years, 54.39% female) and 9,829 early adolescents from ABCD (mean age = 9.9 years, 47.64% female) were included. The prevalence of anhedonia and common mental disorders were estimated at baseline in both cohorts separately. Multiple factors were assessed, including demographics, family history, early life factors, lifestyle, physical factors, mental health conditions, and family, school and social environments. We conducted bivariate analyses, multinomial logistic regression, Poisson regression and logistic regression in subsamples with complete data to identify factors associated with current or future anhedonia. Results In UKB, 21.47% [95% CI, 21.36-21.59%] had state anhedonia during the preceding two weeks and 36.92% [95% CI, 36.68-37.15%] endorsed lifetime severe anhedonia. Risk factors associated with state anhedonia and lifetime severe anhedonia included parental depression history, sleeplessness, poor overall health, any lifetime mental disorders, childhood trauma, and adulthood traumatic life events, whereas social support was a protective factor. In ABCD, youth report and parent report revealed a prevalence of 10.11% (95% CI, 9.44-10.82%) for state anhedonia and 8.70% (95% CI, 8.07-9.37%) for lifetime severe anhedonia. Contributing risk factors included Black and Hispanic race/ethnicity, high family conflict, any lifetime mental disorders, high school disengagement and high impact of adverse life experiences. High parent acceptance and higher parental educational degree were protective. Conclusions Anhedonia is common in the general population and multiple risk factors are implicated during early adolescence and rom middle to later adulthood. These risk factors are largely consistent with previous findings for diagnoses such as depression and bipolar disorder and may represent promising prevention targets for addressing anhedonia in the general population.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Psychosocial Factors Associated with Lifetime Prevalence and New Incidence of Traumatic Brain Injury in Late Childhood	Traumatic brain injury (TBI) may be underestimated based on healthcare utilization alone. We examined TBI history in a national cohort of 11 876 youth, stratifying by hospital/emergency department (ED) utilization. We additionally explored potential relationships with social disadvantage. Estimates relying on hospital/ED utilization were lower by one-third to one-half. Parents with incomes <$50 000/year or less than high school education were less likely to report their children had TBI. Children with TBI from households earning $50 000–$75 000/year were most likely to visit the hospital/ED compared to higher/lower income households. Further research is needed to better clarify these relationships.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Reaction time variability in children is specifically associated with attention problems and regional white matter microstructure	Background: Increased intraindividual variability (IIV) in reaction times (RT) has been suggested as a key cognitive and behavioral marker of attention problems, but whether this also applies to other dimensions of psychopathology is unknown. Moreover, while studies have linked IIV to brain white matter microstructure, large studies testing the robustness of these associations are needed. Methods: We utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study baseline assessment to test the associations between IIV and psychopathology (n=8580, age=9-10), and between IIV and white matter microstructure (n=7767, age=9-10). IIV was investigated using an ex-Gaussian distribution analysis of RTs in correct response go trials in the stop signal task. Psychopathology was measured by the Child Behavior Checklist and a bifactor structural equation model was performed to extract a general p-factor and specific factors reflecting internalizing, externalizing, and attention problems. To investigate white matter microstructure, fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean (MD), axial (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) were examined in 23 atlas-based tracts. Results: The tail of the RT distribution (tau) was positively associated with the specific attention problems factor (Cohen’s d=.11) and with RD in the right corticospinal tract (d=.12). Additionally, RD (d=.11) and MD (d=.07) in the right cingulate tract were positively associated with mean RT (mu) and standard deviation (sigma) within the normal RT distribution, respectively. Conclusions: The study indicates a small but specific association between IIV and attention problems in children and supports previous findings on the relevance of white matter microstructure for IIV.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Recalibrating expectations about effect size: A multi-method survey of effect sizes in the ABCD study	Effect sizes are commonly interpreted using heuristics established by Cohen (e.g., small: r = .1, medium r = .3, large r = .5), despite mounting evidence that these guidelines are mis-calibrated to the effects typically found in psychological research. This study's aims were to 1) describe the distribution of effect sizes across multiple instruments, 2) consider factors qualifying the effect size distribution, and 3) identify examples as benchmarks for various effect sizes. For aim one, effect size distributions were illustrated from a large, diverse sample of 9/10-year-old children. This was done by conducting Pearson's correlations among 161 variables representing constructs from all questionnaires and tasks from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study® baseline data. To achieve aim two, factors qualifying this distribution were tested by comparing the distributions of effect size among various modifications of the aim one analyses. These modified analytic strategies included comparisons of effect size distributions for different types of variables, for analyses using statistical thresholds, and for analyses using several covariate strategies. In aim one analyses, the median in-sample effect size was .03, and values at the first and third quartiles were .01 and .07. In aim two analyses, effects were smaller for associations across instruments, content domains, and reporters, as well as when covarying for sociodemographic factors. Effect sizes were larger when thresholding for statistical significance. In analyses intended to mimic conditions used in "real-world" analysis of ABCD data, the median in-sample effect size was .05, and values at the first and third quartiles were .03 and .09. To achieve aim three, examples for varying effect sizes are reported from the ABCD dataset as benchmarks for future work in the dataset. In summary, this report finds that empirically determined effect sizes from a notably large dataset are smaller than would be expected based on existing heuristics.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Relations between executive functioning and internalizing symptoms vary as a function of frontoparietal-amygdala resting state connectivity	The prefrontal cortex and the frontoparietal network are associated with a variety of regulatory behaviors. Functional connections between these brain regions and the amygdala are implicated in risk for anxiety disorders. The prefrontal cortex and frontoparietal network are also linked to executive functioning, or behaviors that help orient action towards higher order goals. Where much research has been focused on deleterious effects of under-controlled behavior, a body of work suggests that over-controlled behavior may also pose a risk for internalizing problems. Indeed, while work suggests that high levels of attention shifting may still be protective against internalizing problems, there is evidence that high levels of inhibitory control may be a risk factor for socioemotional difficulties. In the ABCD sample, which offers large sample sizes as well as sociodemographic diversity, we test the interaction between frontoparietal network-amygdala resting state functional connectivity and executive functioning behaviors on longitudinal changes in internalizing symptoms from approximately 10 to 12 years of age. We found that higher proficiency in attention shifting indeed predicts fewer internalizing behaviors over time. In addition, higher proficiency in inhibitory control predicts fewer internalizing symptoms over time, but only for children showing resting state connectivity moderately above the sample average between the frontoparietal network and amygdala. This finding supports the idea that top-down control may not be adaptive for all children, and relations between executive functioning and anxiety risk may vary as a function of trait-level regulation.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Reliability and stability challenges in ABCD task fMRI data.	Trait stability of measures is an essential requirement for individual differences research. Functional MRI has been increasingly used in studies that rely on the assumption of trait stability, such as attempts to relate task related brain activation to individual differences in behavior and psychopathology. However, recent research using adult samples has questioned the trait stability of task-fMRI measures, as assessed by test-retest correlations. To date, little is known about trait stability of task fMRI in children. Here, we examined within-session reliability and long-term stability of individual differences in task-fMRI measures using fMRI measures of brain activation provided by the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) Study Release v4.0 as an individual's average regional activity, using its tasks focused on reward processing, response inhibition, and working memory. We also evaluated the effects of factors potentially affecting reliability and stability. Reliability and stability (quantified as the ratio of non-scanner related stable variance to all variances) was poor in virtually all brain regions, with an average value of 0.088 and 0.072 for short term (within-session) reliability and long-term (between-session) stability, respectively, in regions of interest (ROIs) historically-recruited by the tasks. Only one reliability or stability value in ROIs exceeded the 'poor' cut-off of 0.4, and in fact rarely exceeded 0.2 (only 4.9%). Motion had a pronounced effect on estimated reliability/stability, with the lowest motion quartile of participants having a mean reliability/stability 2.5 times higher (albeit still 'poor') than the highest motion quartile. Poor reliability and stability of task-fMRI, particularly in children, diminishes potential utility of fMRI data due to a drastic reduction of effect sizes and, consequently, statistical power for the detection of brain-behavior associations. This essential issue urgently needs to be addressed through optimization of task design, scanning parameters, data acquisition protocols, preprocessing pipelines, and data denoising methods.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Similar but distinct - Effects of different socioeconomic indicators on resting state functional connectivity: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®	Early socioeconomic status (SES) has consistently been associated with child health and cognitive outcomes, in addition to alterations in brain function and connectivity. The goal of the present study was to probe the effects of different facets of SES (parent education, income, and neighborhood disadvantage), that likely represent varying aspects of the environment, on resting state functional connectivity (rsFC). We investigated this question in a large sample of 9475 children (aged 9-10 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Specifically, we analyzed the association between household SES (parent education, income-to-needs ratio) and neighborhood disadvantage, and system-level rsFC using within-sample split-half replication. We then tested whether the associations were unique to each SES measure, and whether household SES and neighborhood disadvantage had interactive effects on rsFC. SES measures had both common and distinct effects on rsFC, with sensory-motor systems (e.g., sensorimotor network) and cognitive networks (e.g., front-parietal network) particularly implicated. Further, the association between neighborhood disadvantage and sensorimotor network connectivity was less pronounced in the presence of high income-to-needs. Findings demonstrate that different facets of SES have distinct and interacting effects on rsFC, highlighting the importance of considering different indicators when studying the effects of SES on the brain.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social Determinants of Health and Child Mental health during COVID-19	Using ABCD main study and COVID-19 RRR cohorts to examine the impact of SDoH on changes in child mental health trajectories during COVID-19.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social problems and brain structure trajectories following childhood mild traumatic brain injury (Release 4.0)	Childhood mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is associated with elevated risk of developing social problems, which may be underpinned by changes in the structural developmental trajectory of the social brain, a network of cortical regions supporting social cognition and behavior. However, limited sample sizes and cross-sectional designs generally used in neuroimaging studies of pediatric TBI have prevented explorations of this hypothesis. This longitudinal retrospective study examined the development of parent-reported social problems and cortical thickness in social brain regions following childhood mTBI using data from the large population-based Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Two-group latent change score models revealed different developmental trajectories from ages 10 and 12 years in social problems between children with (n=345) and without (n=7,089) mTBI. Children with mTBI showed higher levels of social problems than controls at age 10. Then, social problems decreased over 2 years, but still remained higher than in controls in which they stayed stable. Both groups showed similar decrease in the social brain cortical thickness between ages 10 and 12 years. Further studies providing detailed information on the injury mechanism and acute symptoms are needed to better understand individual differences in social impairment and brain development in pediatric TBI.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Spatio-temporal directed acyclic graph learning with Attention Mechanisms on Brain Functional Time Series and Connectivity	We develop deep learning algorithms on brain morphology, brain functional and structural networks. We aim to employ these algorithms to predict cognitive ability in youth.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Statistical causal inference approaches with the ABCD dataset	Researchers studying human behavior are often interested in answering causal research questions like, what effect does a drug exposure or environmental feature have on an outcome measure related to the brain or mental health. Prior studies attempting to answer these questions have often used small samples and cross-sectional designs, which make it challenging, if not impossible, to understand the causal nature of these relationships. Furthermore, the use of experimental designs like randomized controlled trials are practically impossible to implement with illicit drugs (e.g., cannabis) and vulnerable populations (e.g., children or pregnant individuals). One way to navigate these challenges is to use statistical causal inference methods applied to large observational studies, like the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study ("ABCD"; N=11,873). Broadly, statistical causal inference methods seek to leverage a dataset to approximate an experimental design. Techniques like a causal random forest (CRF) model infers an "average treatment effect" of an “exposure” or “treatment” on an outcome measure by using decision trees to compare similar subgroups of participants matched on variables that would have otherwise confounded a causal relationship. CRFs also identify "heterogeneous treatment effects" by estimating moderators between the exposure and outcome measure. Quasi-experimental methods like regression discontinuity designs (RDD) infers causality by estimating a discontinuity in an outcome measure between participants who are close to a "threshold" for their inclusion vs. exclusion from an “exposure” or “treatment”. Using a causal inference framework, this project seeks to identify modifiable factors (e.g., sleep, extracurriculars, screen media hours) that are causally related to brain and behavioral health outcome measures (e.g., internalizing disorders, brain activation measures). For example, a CRF model will test the hypothesis that there is an average treatment effect of sleep hours on internalizing symptoms, and this causal pathway might be moderated by prenatal or adolescent cannabis exposure. Moreover, an RDD model will test the hypothesis that living within 250mi. of a time-zone boundary (i.e., the discontinuity threshold) will have an effect on cognitive or other psychosocial measures. This is hypothesized due to the discrepancy between sunlight exposure and clock-time that is exaggerated near time-zone boundaries (early sunsets just west vs. late sunsets just east of a boundary), yet social responsibilities (school start times) are constant across boundaries ("social jetlag"). Similar methods will also be pursued with other exposure/treatment measures, and outcome measures, pertaining adolescent brain and behavioral health. By illuminating causal factors like these, one can begin to develop explanatory models and novel interventions aimed at promoting adolescent mental health and wellbeing. The use of a causal framework is key, as the modification of causal processes are most likely to have an effect on critical outcome measures	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Strengthening associations between psychotic like experiences and suicidal ideation and behavior across middle childhood and early adolescence	Background: Understanding risk factors related to suicidal ideation (SI) and suicidal behaviors (SB) in youth is important for informing prevention and intervention efforts. While it appears that psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are strongly associated with both SI and SB at different points across the lifespan, the longitudinal nature of this relationship in middle childhood and early adolescence is understudied. Methods: The study used the unique longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study data. Mixed effects linear models examined associations between PLEs and SI and SB over time using three time points of data from ages 9-13. Results: First, analyses indicated that endorsement of SI and SB increased as youth grew older for those with increased distressing PLEs. Analyses found evidence of bidirectional relationships between PLEs with SI and SB, with evidence that PLEs at baseline were associated with worsening SI and SB over time, including a transition from SI to SB (β = 0.032, FDRp = 0.002). Exploratory analyses showed consistent evidence for strengthened associations over time for higher delusional ideation with both SI and SB (βs > 0.04, FDRps < 0.001), and for perceptual distortions with SB (βs = 0.046, FDRp < 0.001). When accounting for general psychopathology, for SB, the strengthened associations over time was significantly stronger for PLEs (β = 0.053, FDRp < 0.001) compared to general psychopathology (β = 0.022, FDRp = 0.01). Conclusions: The present study indicates both SI and SB show strengthened associations with PLEs over time, and that baseline PLEs may predict worsening of suicidality over time. The findings are important clarifications about the nature of the associations between youth-reported PLEs and suicidality over time.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Substance Use Patterns in 9 to 13-Year-Olds: Longitudinal Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Background: Though largely substance-naïve at enrollment, as youth in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) Study transition into adolescence, a proportion of this large, prospective cohort is expected to initiate substance use (SU). With annual data from ages 9-13 years-old, this study aims to describe their substance use patterns over time. Here, prevalence rates of use is reported, along with predicted odds of use while analyzing common risk-factors associated with SU in youth. Methods: The ABCD StudyⓇ enrolled 11,876 participants at Baseline (ages 9-10) and follows them annually. Data through half the third follow-up visit are available (youth ages 12-13; n=6,251). SU descriptives over time are outlined. General estimating equations (GEEs) assessed whether sociodemographic factors, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and parental substance problems are associated with SU between Baseline and Y2 follow-up. Results: Across time, alcohol and nicotine remain the most commonly used substance. Yearly rates of any SU increased (past-year use: 13.9% in Y1; 14% in Y2, 18.4% in Y3). Cumulatively, by Y3, 39.7% of the cohort reported at least “trying” a substance within their lifetime while 7.4% reported a “full use” (a full alcohol drink, nicotine use, cannabis use, or any other substance use) in their lifetime (past-year: 1.9% alcohol, 2.1% nicotine, 1.1% cannabis, 1.2% other substances). GEEs revealed ongoing longitudinal associations between sociodemographic factors, greater externalizing symptoms, and parental drug problems with increased odds initiating SU. Conclusions: As ABCD participants transition into early adolescence, the cohort is initiating substance use at increasing (though still low) rates.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
Substance use patterns in 9-10 year olds: Baseline findings from the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study	Background: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ™ Study (ABCD Study®) is an open-science, multisite, prospective, longitudinal study following over 11,800 9- and 10-year-old youth into early adulthood. The ABCD Study aims to prospectively examine the impact of substance use (SU) on neurocognitive and health outcomes. Although SU initiation typically occurs during teen years, relatively little is known about patterns of SU in children younger than 12. Methods: This study aims to report the detailed ABCD Study® SU patterns at baseline (n = 11,875) in order to inform the greater scientific community about cohort’s early SU. Along with a detailed description of SU, we ran mixed effects regression models to examine the association between early caffeine and alcohol sipping with demographic factors, externalizing symptoms and parental history of alcohol and substance use disorders (AUD/ SUD). Primary Results: At baseline, the majority of youth had used caffeine (67.6 %) and 22.5 % reported sipping alcohol (22.5 %). There was little to no reported use of other drug categories (0.2 % full alcohol drink, 0.7 % used nicotine, <0.1 % used any other drug of abuse). Analyses revealed that total caffeine use and early alcohol sipping were associated with demographic variables (p’s<.05), externalizing symptoms (caffeine p = 0002; sipping p = .0003), and parental history of AUD (sipping p = .03). Conclusions: ABCD Study participants aged 9–10 years old reported caffeine use and alcohol sipping experimentation, but very rare other SU. Variables linked with early childhood alcohol sipping and caffeine use should be examined as contributing factors in future longitudinal analyses examining escalating trajectories of SU in the ABCD Study cohort.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
The Mediating Role of Family Acceptance and Conflict on Suicidality among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth	Prior research suggests sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are profoundly impacted by levels of parental support. This study assessed mediating effects of generalized family acceptance and conflict on lifetime suicidal behaviors among a large diverse sample comprising both SGM and non-SGM youth in early adolescence, when intervention to optimize family dynamics may be critical. Using data from the first-year follow-up of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study based in the United States, mediation was tested using a binary logistic regression model fitted with a generalized structural equation. Models included SGM status as the independent variable, family acceptance or family conflict sum score as the mediator, and the presence of lifetime suicidal behaviors as the dependent variable. Models adjusted for age, birth-assigned sex (as reported by the parent/guardian), and race/ethnicity. Of 11,235 youths, lifetime suicidal behaviors were reported by 1.5% (n = 164). Youths with SGM identities reported 40% less parental acceptance and 47% greater family conflict, compared to non-SGM peers. Both parental acceptance and family conflict partially mediated associations between SGM identification and odds of lifetime suicidal behavior (ps = .001). Identification of modifiable risk factors for suicidality in this vulnerable population, including parental acceptance and family conflict, is critical to improving health outcomes. Clinicians should work with SGM youth and their families starting in childhood to optimize family dynamics and bolster acceptance to potentially reduce adverse health outcomes.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The Prospective Relationship between Weight-Based Discrimination and Eating Pathology among Youth	Among adults and adolescents, weight-based discrimination is associated with disordered eating. However, these relationships remain understudied in children. Given that weight-based discrimination is commonly reported among youth, and that childhood is a crucial developmental period for the onset of disordered eating, the current study assessed prospective associations between weight-based discrimination and eating pathology among participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. At the one-year visit, children indicated whether they had experienced discrimination due to their weight within the past year. Parents completed a computerized clinical interview to determine the presence of sub-or-full threshold eating disorders (AN, BN, and BED) among their children. At the two-year visit, youths completed the same assessment. Height and fasting weight were obtained. Logistic regressions, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, family income, BMI%ile, and parent-reported presence of the respective eating disorder at one-year, were conducted to assess the associations between weight-based discrimination and eating pathology. Participants were 10,299 youths who completed measures at both the one- and two-year visits (Mage at one-year: 10.92 ± 0.64, 47.6% female, 45.9% racial/ethnic minority). The presence of weight-based discrimination, reported by 5.6% (n = 574) of youths, was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of reporting AN, BN, and BED one-year later (ORs: 1.94 – 4.91). Findings suggest that weight-based discrimination may confer additional risk for the onset of disordered eating, beyond the contribution of body weight. Intersectional research is needed to examine the role of multiple forms of discrimination in relation to the development of eating pathology.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The Role of Individual Discrimination and Structural Stigma in the Mental Health of Sexual Minority Youth	Objective: Sexual minority (SM) youth experience a greater mental health burden compared with their heterosexual peers. This study aimed to characterize mental health disparities among SM compared with non-SM youth, test main and interactive associations of SM identity and stressors targeting SM youth at the individual level (interpersonal SM discrimination) and structural level (state-level structural SM stigma) with youth mental health, and explore the contribution of interpersonal SM discrimination to the mental health burden of SM youth. Method: Participants included 11,622 youth (ages 9-13; 47.6% assigned female at birth) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Linear mixed-effects models tested main and interactive associations of SM identity, interpersonal SM discrimination, and structural SM stigma with mental health measures (self-reported overall psychopathology, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempts), adjusting for demographics and other interpersonal stressors not specific to SM (other discrimination types, peer victimization, and cyberbullying). Longitudinal mediation models tested whether interpersonal SM discrimination mediated the associations between SM identity and mental health measures. Results: SM youth (n ¼ 1,051) experienced more interpersonal SM discrimination and overall psychopathology compared with their non-SM peers (n ¼ 10,571). Adjusting for demographics, there were significant associations (main effects) of interpersonal SM discrimination and structural SM stigma with overall psychopathology. When further adjusting for other non-SM–related stressors, the main effect of structural SM stigma was no longer significant. Interpersonal SM discrimination was also significantly associated with suicidal ideation and attempt, accounting for demographics, while structural SM stigma was not. Accounting for both demographics and other non-SM stressors, there was a significant interaction between SM identity and structural SM stigma in association with psychopathology (p ¼ .02), such that, compared with their peers, SM youth showed a greater association between structural SM stigma and psychopathology. Longitudinal mediation revealed that interpersonal SM discrimination was a significant mediator explaining approximately 10% to 15% of the variance of the pathways between SM identity and all mental health outcomes. Conclusion: Results delineate contributions of interpersonal discrimination and structural stigma targeting SM youth to their heightened mental health burden in early adolescence. These findings underscore the need to address microlevel and macrolevel SM discrimination and structural stigma when caring for this population. Diversity & Inclusion Statement: We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure that the study questionnaires were prepared in an inclusive way. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The Role of School Environment in Brain Structure, Connectivity, and Mental Health in Children: A Multimodal Investigation	Background Much work has been dedicated to understanding the effects of adverse home environments on brain development. While the school social and learning environment plays a role in child development, little work has been done to investigate the impact of the school environment on the developing brain. The goal of the present study was to examine associations between the school environment, brain structure and connectivity, and mental health. Methods In this preregistered study we investigated these questions in a large sample of adolescents (9–10 years of age) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We examined the association between school environment and gray matter (n = 10,435) and white matter (n = 10,770) structure and functional connectivity (n = 9528). We then investigated multivariate relationships between school-associated brain measures and mental health. Results School environment was associated with connectivity of the auditory and retrosplenial temporal network as well as of higher-order cognitive networks like the cingulo-opercular, default mode, ventral attention, and frontoparietal networks. Multivariate analyses revealed that connectivity of the cingulo-opercular and default mode networks was also associated with mental health. Conclusions Findings shed light on the neural mechanisms through which favorable school environments may contribute to positive mental health outcomes in children. Our findings have implications for interventions targeted at promoting positive youth functioning through improving school environments.	11876/11876	Primary Analysis	Shared
The association between latent trauma and brain structure in children	The developing brain is marked by high plasticity, which can lead to vulnerability to early life stressors. Previous studies indicate that childhood maltreatment is associated with structural aberrations across a number of brain regions. However, prior work is limited by small sample sizes, heterogeneous age groups, the examination of one structure in isolation, the confounding of different types of early life stressors, and not accounting for socioeconomic status. These limitations may contribute to high variability across studies. The present study aimed to investigate how trauma is specifically associated with cortical thickness and gray matter volume (GMV) differences by leveraging a large sample of children (N = 9270) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study). A latent measure of trauma exposure was derived from DSM-5 traumatic events, and we related this measure of trauma to the brain using structural equation modeling. Trauma exposure was associated with thinner cortices in the bilateral superior frontal gyri and right caudal middle frontal gyrus (p fdr-values < .001) as well as thicker cortices in the left isthmus cingulate and posterior cingulate (p fdr-values ≤ .027), after controlling age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Furthermore, trauma exposure was associated with smaller GMV in the right amygdala and right putamen (p fdr-values ≤ .048). Sensitivity analyses that controlled for income and parental education were largely consistent with the main findings for cortical thickness. These results suggest that trauma may be an important risk factor for structural aberrations, specifically for cortical thickness differences in frontal and cingulate regions in children.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The bidirectional relationship between brain features and the dysregulation profile: a longitudinal, multi-modal approach	Objective: Youth with symptoms of emotion dysregulation are at risk for a multitude of psychiatric diagnoses later in life. However, few studies have focused on the underlying neurobiology of emotion dysregulation. This study assessed the bidirectional relationship between emotion dysregulation symptoms and brain morphology throughout childhood and adolescence. Method: A combined total of 8,235 children and adolescents drawn from two large population based cohorts, the Generation R and ABCD studies, were included. In Generation R, data was acquired in three waves (ages: W1: mean=7.8, SD=1.0; W2: mean=10.1, SD=0.6; W3: mean=13.9, SD=0.5) and in the ABCD study in two waves (ages: W1: mean=9.9, SD=0.6; W2: mean=11.9, SD=0.6). Cross-lagged panel models were used to determine the bidirectional relationships between emotion dysregulation symptoms and brain morphology. The study was pre-registered prior to performing analyses. Results: In Generation R, emotion dysregulation symptoms at W1 preceded lower hippocampal (ß=-0.07, S.E.=0.03, p-value=0.017) and temporal pole (ß=-0.19, S.E.=0.07, p-value=0.006) volumes at W2. Emotion dysregulation symptoms at W2 preceded lower FA in the uncinate fasciculus (ß=-0.11, S.E.=0.05, p-value=0.017) and the cortico-spinal tract (ß=-0.12, S.E.=0.05, p-value=0.012). In the ABCD sample, emotion dysregulation symptoms preceded posterior cingulate (ß=0.01, S.E.=0.003, p-value=0.014) and nucleus accumbens volumes (left hemisphere: ß=-0.02, S.E.=0.01, p-value=0.014; right hemisphere: ß=-0.02, S.E.=0.01, p-value=0.003). Conclusion: In population-based samples, with relatively low psychopathology symptoms in the majority of children, symptoms of emotion dysregulation can precede differential development of brain morphology. This provides the foundation for future work to assess to what extent optimal brain development can be promoted through early intervention.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The effects of maternal depression on child mental health in AI/AN families in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study	TBD	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The social determinants of mental health problems in adolescents experiencing off-time puberty.	Background: Off-time puberty is considered to be an important risk factor for mental health problems during early adolescence. The current study undertook a comprehensive investigation of whether the social environment can buffer or amplify the potential consequences of off-time puberty for mental health. Methods: Research questions were examined in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development(ABCD) Study, a large population representative sample in the United States. We examined interactions between pubertal timing and the shared and unique effects of a range of proximaland distal social environmental influences (i.e., parents, peers, schools, neighborhoods, socioeconomic status) in 10- to 13-year-olds. Results: Results revealed significant interaction between timing and proximal social influences (i.e., the “microsystem”) in predicting mental health problems. In general, adolescents with early pubertal timing and unfavorable (high levels of negative and low levels of positive) influences in the microsystem exhibited greater problems. Both males and females exhibited such associations for rule-breaking delinquency, while females alone exhibited associations for depression. Results also illustrate the relative strength of each social context at modulating risk for mental health problems in early vs late pubertal maturers.Conclusions: These findings highlight the importance of proximal social influences in buffering vulnerability for mental health problems related to off-time puberty. Findings also illustrate the broad implications of latent environmental factors, reflecting common variance of multiple social influences that typically covary with one another.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Uncovering and mitigating bias in large, automated MRI analyses of brain development	Large, population-based adolescent MRI cohort studies promise transformational insights into neurodevelopment and mental illness risk. However, MRI studies of young adolescents are especially susceptible to motion and other artifact. These artifacts may not be detected using automated quality control methods that are preferred in high-throughput imaging cohorts. Whether larger sample size can offset unmeasured, artifact-related variance in brain-behavior relationships among children has remained unclear. Here we demonstrate bias in structural MRI analyses of children due to inclusion of lower quality scans, as identified through rigorous visual quality control of 11,263 T1 MRI scans obtained at age 9-10 through the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Inclusion of lower quality scans introduced diffuse underestimates of cortical thickness and overestimates of cortical surface area (Cohen’s d 0.14-2.84). In applied analyses, clinical-MRI relationships with stronger effect sizes were vulnerable to Type II error, while those with smaller effect sizes were vulnerable to Type I error. These errors were somewhat mitigated by controlling for Euler number, an automated index of topological complexity that identified lower-quality scans with good specificity at Baseline (0.81-0.93) and in 1,000 Year 2 scans (0.88-1.00). However, even among the highest quality scans, manual editing significantly changed cortical thickness across most of the cortex (d 0.15-0.92), a pattern replicated in a second adolescent cohort. These findings demonstrate that large sample size can potentiate effects of inadequate quality control in structural MRI scans from children and adolescents, and that full mitigation of these errors requires manual quality control.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Understanding Associations between Race/Ethnicity, Experiences of Discrimination, and Psychotic-like Experiences in Middle Childhood	Objective: The present study aimed to examine factors that may account for race/ethnicity differences in psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in a middle childhood sample, including evidence for experiences of discrimination as a psychosocial mediator of these differences. Method: Within a sample of 10,839 9 to 10-year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ study, we compared PLEs across racial/ethnic groups. We also examined whether experiences of discrimination indirectly linked racial/ethnic identity and PLEs, and whether social support moderated this indirect association. Results: Results indicated differences between racial/ethnic groups in the endorsement of PLEs, such that Black and Hispanic participants endorsed higher levels of PLEs as compared to Asian, Multiracial/Multiethnic, and White individuals. We found these differences were accounted for in part by experiences of discrimination, an indirect effect that was in turn attenuated by increased social support. Conclusion: This is the first study to suggest that the experience of discrimination may indirectly link the association between racial/ethnic differences and endorsement of PLEs using the PQ-BC, and additionally that social support may act as a moderator of this mediation. Results provide evidence that social inequities such as racial discrimination may contribute to increases in psychotic-like experiences. These findings shed further light on a possible mechanism linking structural racism and mental health inequities for people in minoritized groups.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Variability in cognitive task performance, functional network segregation, and attention problems in early adolescence	Intra-individual variability (IIV) during cognitive task performance is a key behavioral assay of attention. Across the lifespan, lower IIV is associated with higher anticorrelation between the dorsal attention network (DAN) and default mode network (DMN), which is thought to represent effective allocation of attention through functional network segregation. Higher IIV is reported in ADHD, both healthy and neurodegenerative aging, and schizophrenia. However, whether these behavioral and neural markers of sustained attention are (i) related to each other and (ii) can predict future attention-related deficits has not yet been investigated in a developmental, population-based cohort.	11876/11876	Secondary Analysis	Shared
ABCD LPA	Regardless of the precise mechanism, the underlying assumption of all neurodevelopmental models of risk is that, at the population level, there exist subgroups of individuals that share similar patterns of neural function and development, and that these subgroups somehow relate to psychiatric risk. The existence of multiple neurodevelopmental subgroups at the population level has not been assessed previously. In the current study, cross-validated latent profile analysis was used to test for the presence of empirical neurodevelopmental subgroups using fMRI data from 6,758 individuals (49.4% female) in the ABCD Wave 1 release. Data were randomly split into training and testing samples and the optimal solution from the training data was validated in the testing data. Analyses in the training sample (n=3,379) identified a 7-profile solution (entropy=.880), that replicated in the held-out testing data (n=3,379, entropy=.890). Identified subgroups included a ‘majority’ group (66.8%), high reward (4.3%) and low reward (4.0%) groups, high inhibition (9.8%) and low inhibition (6.7%) groups, and high emotion regulation (4.0%) and low emotion regulation (4.3%) groups. Relative to the majority group, smaller subgroups were characterized by more males (X2=25.28, p<.0001), higher proportions of individuals from lower-income households (X2=122.17, p<.0001), poorer cognitive performance (F=14.78, p<.0001), more screen time (F=10.27, p<.0001), and heightened impulsivity (p’s<.00625). These data for the first time demonstrate the existence of multiple, distinct neurodevelopmental subgroups at the population-level. They indicate that these empirically derived, brain-based developmental profiles relate to differences in clinical features, even at a young age, and prior to the onset of significant psychopathology.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development DEAP Study (ABCD)	The purpose of the RDS file is for the implementation of DEAP for the most current release of ABCD Study data (Data Release 2.0.1). The variable names in DEAP have been modified from the official NDA variable names to make them easier to search using the data ontology implemented in the Explore module in DEAP. These DEAP names are listed as aliases in the NDA 2.0.1 release files. RDS 2.0.1 includes 218 tables, 129 of which are from the original ABCD Data Release 2.0 and 89 are from ABCD Data Release 2.0.1. Details are in the official Data Release 2.0.1 release notes.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development DEAP Study (ABCD) release 2.0.1 update	The purpose of the RDS file is for the implementation of DEAP for the most current release of ABCD Study data (Data Release 2.0.1). The variable names in DEAP have been modified from the official NDA variable names to make them easier to search using the data ontology implemented in the Explore module in DEAP. These DEAP names are listed as aliases in the NDA 2.0.1 release files. RDS 2.0.1 includes 218 tables, 129 of which are from the original ABCD Data Release 2.0 and 89 are from ABCD Data Release 2.0.1. Details are in the official Data Release 2.0.1 release update notes.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 2.0	The ABCD Curated Annual Release 2.0 includes high quality baseline data from ~11,800 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, mental health, physical health, neurocognition, substance use, mobile technology, and culture & environment domains. All personally identifiable information is removed from the data to ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, download the Curated Annual Release 2.0 Summary document. Problems have been identified with imaging data tables and associated data dictionaries for the following instruments: abcd_dti_p101, abcd_dti_p201, abcd_ddtidp101, abcd_ddtidp201, abcd_dmdtifp201, abcd_midasemdp201, abcd_midr1bwdp201, abcd_tr2bwdp201, abcd_midabwdp201, abcd_tmidr1semdp201, abcd_tr2semdp201. Corrected files will be available soon. An error was also discovered in imaging data collected from Siemens scanners between September 2017 and December 2017 where structural images are flipped left-right. These data will be updated in a patch release later this year.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) 2.0.1 release	Due to reporting compilation and processing errors in 2.0 Data Release, a 2.0.1 Fix Release has been issued. Please ensure curated data (datasheets, minimally processed data) from the original Data Release 2.0 are replaced with data from 2.0.1 Fix Release. The following release notes were updated to reflect these changes: NDA 2.0.1 Release Notes ABCD README FIRST NDA 2.0.1 Release Notes Imaging Instruments NDA 2.0.1 Changes and Known Issues Fix Release 2.0.1 NDA 2.0.1 Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging NDA 2.0.1 Task-Based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging NDA 2.0.1 Mental Health NDA 2.0.1 Genetics Registered users can obtain more information from https://nda.nih.gov/study.html?id=721, and access updated data via Option One or Option Two using the NDA Query Tool - https://nda.nih.gov/general-query.html.. For downloading only updated minimally processed imaging data, add the Minimally Processed "Release 2.0.1" to the Workspace via Option Two.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Adverse Childhood Experiences and Psychotic-like Experiences Are Associated Above and Beyond Shared Correlates: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are associated with increased risk for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs). However, ACEs and PLEs are also both associated with several shared factors (e.g., internalizing symptoms, suicidality). Few studies have explicitly examined whether the association between ACEs and PLEs remains over and above shared correlates. To address this question, using 10,800 9-11-year-olds, we examined whether ACEs and school-aged PLEs were associated when accounting for shared correlates, and whether there was evidence of mediation in associations between PLEs, ACEs, and these shared factors. Greater number of ACEs were associated with greater PLEs, including several specific ACEs (e.g., bullying). Importantly, ACEs and PLEs were related even when accounting for shared correlates. Further, PLEs partially mediated the relationships between ACEs and both internalizing symptoms and suicidality, including suicidal behavior. The current study helps clarify the nature of the associations between PLEs and ACE and has important clinical implications for addressing PLEs.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
An Extended Active Learning Approach to Multiverse Analysis – Predictions of Latent Variables from Graph Theory Measures of the Human Connectome and Their Direct Replication	Multiverse analysis has been proposed as a powerful technique to disclose the large number of degrees of freedom in data preprocessing and analysis that strongly contribute to the current replication crisis in science. However, in the field of imaging neuroscience, where multidimensional, complex and noisy data are measured, multiverse analysis may be computationally infeasible. The number of possible forking paths given by different methodological decisions and analytical choices is immense. Recently, Dafflon et al. (2022) proposed an active learning approach as an alternative to exhaustively exploring all forking paths [1]. Here, we aimed to extend their active learning pipeline by integrating latent underlying variables which are not directly observable. The extension to latent outcomes is particularly valuable for computational psychiatry and neurocognitive psychology, where latent traits are conceptualized as common cause of a variety of observable neural and behavioral symptoms. To illustrate our approach and to test its direct replicability, we analyzed the individual organization and topology of functional brain networks of two relatively large samples from the ABCD study dataset (N = 1491) and HCP dataset (N = 833). Graph-theoretical parameters that take into account both brain-wide and region-specific network properties were used as predictors of a latent variable reflecting general cognition [2]. Our results demonstrate the ability of the extended method to selectively explore the multiverse when predicting a latent variable. First, the low-dimensional space created with the proposed approach was able to cluster the forking paths according to their similarity. Second, the active learning approach successfully estimated the prediction performance of all pipelines in both datasets. To interactively explore the multiverse of results, we developed a Shiny app [ https://meteor-oldenburg.shinyapps.io/ExtendedAL/] to visualize the predictive accuracy resulting from each forking path and to illustrate the similarity between pipelines created by different combinations of data processing choice. The code for active learning and the app are available at [https://github.com/kristantodan12/ExtendedAL]	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
An IRT Analysis of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version: Developing a Screening Form that Informs Understanding of Self-Reported Psychotic-Like Experiences in Childhood	The Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version (PQ-BC) has been developed as a tool for identifying psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in school-age children. The current study examined the psychometric properties of the PQ-BC, examined how well the PQ-BC estimates the latent construct of PLEs (θ ̂), and began the process of developing a screening form informed by item response theory (IRT). Utilizing the baseline (n=11,129) sample from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Brain (ABCD) study, we examined which PQ-BC items provide the most information and best discriminate individuals experiencing PLEs. Using hierarchical linear models (HLMs), we found that θ ̂ scores were significantly associated with several previously identified predictors of psychosis spectrum symptoms (i.e., history of psychosis, internalizing symptoms, cognitive impairments, developmental milestone delays, and resting-state functional connectivity impairments) at baseline and year 1 (n=5,532). Using item level information and discrimination parameters of the PQ-BC from the baseline sample, we created a seven-item screening form. HLMs generally found significant associations between screening form scores for both baseline and year 1 with the aforementioned predictors. The analyses provide evidence for the validity of a screening form derived from the PQ-BC using IRT derived parameters. This screening form could prove useful when the full measure is not feasible.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association Between Habitual Snoring and Cognitive Performance in a Large Sample of Preadolescent Children	Importance: Previous studies have identified an association between habitual snoring and lower cognitive measures in children. However, whether and to what extent this relationship is confounded by pertinent demographic, anthropometric and socioeconomic characteristics is unknown. Objective: We assessed the extent of potential confounding in the relationship between parent-reported habitual snoring in children and their cognitive outcomes in a large diverse sample of typically developing preadolescent children. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study baseline dataset (v2.0.1) including children enrolled between September 2016 and October 2018. Setting: Community-based recruitment of children from 21 sites in the US that approximates the racial and socioeconomic diversity of the U.S. Participants: Children aged 9-10 years and without serious psychiatric or neurological comorbidities. Exposure: Parent-reported habitual snoring in children occurring three or more nights a week. Main outcomes and Measures: Associations between habitual snoring and cognitive performance assessed using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox® before and after adjustment for covariates including age, sex, body mass index percentile, total family income before taxes, and highest caregiver education status. The extent of confounding was assessed by the magnitude of the effect represented by Cohen’s d before and after inclusion of covariates in linear mixed effect models. Results: 11,873 children aged 9-10 years were included from 21 sites in the U.S. Habitual snoring (≥3 nights/week) was reported in 810 (6.8%) children, while non-habitual snoring (1-2 nights/week) was reported in 4,058 (34.2%). In the unadjusted models, the total cognition composite score in habitually snoring children was significantly lower compared to non-snorers (Cohen’s d, 95% confidence interval [CI]; 0.35 [0.28 to 0.42]). These differences were also identified for crystallized (0.34 [0.26 to 0.41]) and fluid composite (0.28 [0.21 to 0.35) scores. They were attenuated substantially following adjustment for covariates (total composite; 0.17 [0.07 to 0.26], crystallized composite; 0.21 [0.10 to 0.33] and fluid composite; 0.13 [0.06 to 0.21]. Similar mitigation was also observed for all domain-specific scores. Interpretation: When adjusted for baseline demographic, anthropometric and socioeconomic characteristics, the association between parent-reported habitual snoring in children and children’s cognitive performance is negligible.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association between asthma and suicidality in 9-11-year-old children	Background: Suicidal thoughts and behavior (STB) in children are a growing health concern, and more data is needed regarding their biological underpinnings. Asthma is a common chronic inflammatory disorder in children and has been associated with STB in adolescent and adult populations, but data in children is lacking. We wished to study associations of asthma with childhood suicidality given asthma’s potential as a clinically relevant model for childhood chronic immune dysregulation. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N=11,878, 52% males, mean age 9.9 years at baseline assessment and 10.9 years at 1-year follow up), we assessed associations between asthma and STB at both baseline and 1-year follow up. Results: We found that asthma at baseline assessment (n=2,214, 18.6%) is associated with STB, controlling for multiple confounders including demographics, socioeconomic factors and environmental confounders such as air pollution (odds ratio (OR)=1.2, 95%CI 1.01-1.42, P=0.039). Indicators of recently active asthma were not significantly associated with suicidality at baseline assessment (currently taking asthma medication: OR=1.22, 95%CI 0.93-1.60, P=0.146), or at 1-year follow up (past year asthma-related clinical visit: OR=1.13, 95%CI 0.87-1.47, P=0.357). Proxy-measures of asthma severity (number of asthma medications or clinical visits) did not reveal a significant dose response relationship with suicidality. Limitations: This is a cross-sectional study that does not allow causal inference. Conclusions: Findings suggest an association between history of asthma and suicidality in children, which may not be related to asthma disease state. Further research is needed to investigate mechanisms underlying this relationship.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of Prenatal Opioid Exposure With Precentral Gyrus Volume in Children	This cross-sectional study identifies structural differences of the precentral gyrus among children with reported prenatal opioid exposure compared with children with no reported exposure, controlling for present social factors.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of cyberbullying victimization and substance initiation: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.	Background: Evidence shows that cyberbullying is an important risk factor for various adverse mental health outcomes, such as substance use. However, there is limited evidence from longitudinal studies that assessed whether cyberbullying victimization is associated with substance use initiation, especially among adolescent population. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, we assessed the association between cyberbullying victimization and substance use initiation among adolescents. In the cross-sectional analysis at year 2, multivariable logistic regressions were used to assess the association between cyberbullying victimization history and substance use initiation. Additionally, the association between year 2 cyberbullying victimization in the past 12 months/lifetime and year 3 substance use initiation was assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Results: Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and the presence of depression/anxiety symptoms, lifetime history of cyberbullying victimization was significantly associated with substance use initiation (OR= 2.17, 95% CI: 1.68, 2.81). Recent cyberbullying victimization in the past 12 months was associated with two-times higher odds of initiating substances (OR= 2.31, 95% CI: 1.71, 3.12). In addition, both lifetime history of cyberbullying victimization and recent cyberbullying victimization at year 2 were associated with two times increased risk in substance use initiation at year 3 (OR = 2.22, 95% CI: 1.68, 2.93; OR = 2.34, 95% CI: 1.68, 3.26). Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between cyberbullying victimization and substance use initiation among adolescents. Cyberbullying victims are at an increased risk of initiating substance use later in life.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations Between Adverse Childhood Experiences, Adolescent Screen Time and Physical Activity During the COVID-19 Pandemic.	OBJECTIVE: To determine the associations between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), adolescent screen time, and physical activity during the early COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Data (2016-2020) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were analyzed. Linear regression analyses estimated associations between ACE score and screen time and physical activity in May 2020, adjusting for potential confounders. RESULTS: Of the 6749 adolescent respondents primarily aged 12-13, 81.6% reported a history of one ACE or more. In adjusted models, a higher ACE score was significantly associated with greater hours per day of screen time, with youth with ≥4 ACEs associated with 2.3 more hours of screen time per day compared to youth with 0 ACEs. In addition, the adjusted models found that a higher ACE score was associated with lower physical activity; youth with ≥4 ACEs averaged 0.8 fewer hours per week of physical activity and 0.5 fewer days per week of 60 minutes of physical activity compared to youth with 0 ACEs. Gender and race were also significantly associated with changes in screen time and physical activity. CONCLUSIONS: ACEs are associated with higher adolescent sedentary behaviors, particularly greater screen time, during the early COVID-19 pandemic (May 2020). Clinicians caring for youth exposed to trauma in the postpandemic environment should explore screen time and physical activity behaviors.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between adverse childhood experiences and early adolescent physical activity in the United States	Objective: To determine the associations between the number of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and objectively-measured physical activity (PA) in a population-based, demographically diverse cohort of 9-14-year-olds and to determine which subtypes of ACEs were associated with physical activity levels. Methods: We analyzed data (n = 7046) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study 4.0 release at baseline and year 2 follow-up. ACE (cumulative score and subtypes) and physical activity (average Fitbit daily steps assessed at Year 2) were analyzed using linear regression analyses. Covariates included race and ethnicity, sex, household income, parent education, body mass index, study site, twins/siblings, and data collection period. Results: Adjusted models suggest an inverse association between number of ACEs and Fitbit daily steps, with ≥4 (compared to 0) ACEs associated with 567 fewer daily steps (95% CI -902.2, -232.2). Of the ACEs subtypes, emotional abuse (B = -719.3, 95% CI -1430.8, -7.9), physical neglect (B = -423.7, 95% CI -752.8, -94.6), household mental illness (B = -317.1, 95% CI -488.3, -145.9), and household divorce or separation (B = -275.4, 95% CI -521.5, -29.2) were inversely and statistically significant associated with Fitbit daily steps after adjusting for confounders. Conclusions: Our results suggest that there is an inverse, dose-dependent relationship between cumulative number of ACEs and physical activity as measured by daily steps. This work highlights the importance of screening for ACEs among young people at an early age to help identify those who could benefit from interventions or community programs that support increased physical activity.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between sexual orientation and early adolescent screen use: findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Purpose: To assess the association between sexual orientation and screen use (screen time and problematic screen use) in a demographically diverse national sample of early adolescents in the United States. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from year 2 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 10,339, 2018-2020, ages 10-14 years). Multiple linear regression analyses estimated the association between sexual orientation and recreational screen time, as well as problematic use of video games, social media, and mobile phones. Results: In a sample of 10,339 adolescents (48.7% female, 46.0% racial/ethnic minority), sexual minority (compared to heterosexual) identification was associated with 3.72 (95% CI 2.96-4.47) more hours of daily recreational screen time, specifically more time on television, YouTube videos, video games, texting, social media, video chat, and browsing the internet. Possible sexual minority identification (responding "maybe" to the sexual minority question) was associated with 1.58 (95% CI 0.92-2.24) more hours of screen time compared to heterosexual identification. Sexual minority and possible sexual minority identification were associated with higher problematic social media, video games, and mobile phone use. Conclusions: Sexual minority adolescents spend a disproportionate amount of time engaging in screen-based activities, which can lead to problematic screen use.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Bedtime screen use behaviors and sleep outcomes: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study	Objectives: To determine associations between bedtime screen time behaviors and sleep outcomes in a national study of early adolescents. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from 10,280 early adolescents aged 10-14 (48.8% female) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Year 2, 2018-2020). Regression analyses examined the association between self-reported bedtime screen use and self- and caregiver-reported sleep measures, including sleep disturbance symptoms, controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, household income, parent education, depression, data collection period (pre- vs. during COVID-19 pandemic), and study site. Results: Overall, 16% of adolescents had at least some trouble falling or staying asleep in the past 2 weeks and 28% had overall sleep disturbance, based on caregiver reports. Adolescents who had a television or an Internet-connected electronic device in the bedroom had a greater risk of having trouble falling or staying asleep (adjusted risk ratio 1.27, 95% CI 1.12-1.44) and overall sleep disturbance (adjusted risk ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.06-1.25). Adolescents who left their phone ringer activated overnight had more trouble falling/staying asleep and greater overall sleep disturbance compared to those who turned off their cell phones at bedtime. Streaming movies, playing video games, listening to music, talking/texting on the phone, and using social media or chat rooms were all associated with trouble falling/staying asleep and sleep disturbance. Conclusions: Several bedtime screen use behaviors are associated with sleep disturbances in early adolescents. The study's findings can inform guidance for specific bedtime screen behaviors among early adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Brain-based predictions of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors across the sexes	Background: Individual differences in functional brain connectivity can be used to predict both the presence of psychiatric illness and variability in associated behaviors. However, despite evidence for sex differences in functional network connectivity and in the prevalence, presentation, and trajectory of psychiatric illnesses, the extent to which disorder-relevant aspects of network connectivity are shared or unique across the sexes remains to be determined. Methods: In this work, we used predictive modeling approaches to evaluate whether shared or unique resting-state functional connectivity correlates underlie the expression of psychiatric illness-linked behaviors (measured using the Child Behavior Checklist) in males and females in data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n=5260; 2571 females). Results: We demonstrate that functional connectivity profiles predict individual differences in externalizing behaviors in males and females, but only predict internalizing behaviors in females. Furthermore, models trained to predict externalizing behaviors in males generalize to predict internalizing behaviors in females, and models trained to predict internalizing behaviors in females generalize to predict externalizing behaviors in males. Finally, the neurobiological correlates of many behaviors are largely shared within and across sexes: functional connections within and between heteromodal association networks including default, limbic, control, and dorsal attention networks are associated with internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings suggest that shared neurobiological patterns may manifest as distinct behaviors across the sexes. These results highlight the need to consider factors beyond just neurobiology in the diagnosis and treatment of psychiatric illnesses.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Comparison of individualized behavioral predictions across anatomical, diffusion and functional connectivity MRI	A fundamental goal across the neurosciences is the characterization of relationships linking brain anatomy, functioning, and behavior. Although various MRI modalities have been developed to probe these relationships, direct comparisons of their ability to predict behavior have been lacking. Here, we compared the ability of anatomical T1, diffusion and functional MRI (fMRI) to predict behavior at an individual level. Cortical thickness, area and volume were extracted from anatomical T1 images. Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) and approximate Neurite Orientation Dispersion and Density Imaging (NODDI) models were fitted to the diffusion images. The resulting metrics were projected to the Tract-Based Spatial Statistics (TBSS) skeleton. We also ran probabilistic tractography for the diffusion images, from which we extracted the stream count, average stream length, and the average of each DTI and NODDI metric across tracts connecting each pair of brain regions. Functional connectivity (FC) was extracted from both task and resting-state fMRI. Individualized prediction of a wide range of behavioral measures were performed using kernel ridge regression, linear ridge regression and elastic net regression. Consistency of the results were investigated with the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) datasets. In both datasets, FC-based models gave the best prediction performance, regardless of regression model or behavioral measure. This was especially true for the cognitive component. Furthermore, all modalities were able to predict cognition better than other behavioral components. Combining all modalities improved prediction of cognition, but not other behavioral components. Finally, across all behaviors, combining resting and task FC yielded prediction performance similar to combining all modalities. Overall, our study suggests that in the case of healthy children and young adults, behaviorally-relevant information in T1 and diffusion features might reflect a subset of the variance captured by FC.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Computational modeling of the N-Back task in the ABCD study: associations of drift diffusion model parameters to polygenic scores of mental disorders and cardiometabolic diseases	Background Cognitive dysfunction is common in mental disorders and represents a potential risk factor in childhood. The nature and extent of associations between childhood cognitive function and polygenic risk for mental disorders is unclear. We applied computational modeling to gain insight into mechanistic processes underlying decision making and working memory in childhood and their associations with PRS for mental disorders and comorbid cardiometabolic diseases. Methods We used the drift diffusion model to infer latent computational processes underlying decision-making and working memory during the N-back task in 3707 children aged 9-10 from the ABCD Study. SNP-based heritability was estimated for cognitive phenotypes, including computational parameters, aggregated N-back task performance and neurocognitive assessments. PRS was calculated for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), bipolar disorder, coronary artery disease (CAD), major depressive disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia and type 2 diabetes. Results Heritability estimates of cognitive phenotypes ranged from 12 to 39%. Bayesian mixed models revealed that slower accumulation of evidence was associated with higher PRS for CAD and schizophrenia. Longer non-decision time was associated with higher PRS for AD and lower PRS for CAD. Narrower decision threshold was associated with higher PRS for CAD. Load-dependent effects on non-decision time and decision threshold were associated with PRS for AD and CAD, respectively. Aggregated neurocognitive test scores were not associated with PRS for any of the mental or cardiometabolic phenotypes. Conclusions We identified distinct associations between computational cognitive processes to genetic risk for mental illness and cardiometabolic disease, which could represent childhood cognitive risk factors.	11102/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Contemporary screen time modalities among children 9-10 years old and binge-eating disorder at one-year follow-up: A prospective cohort study	Objective: To determine the prospective associations between contemporary screen time modalities in a nationally representative cohort of 9-10-year-old children and binge-eating disorder at one-year follow-up. Method: We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 11,025). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate associations between baseline child-reported screen time (exposure) and parent-reported binge-eating disorder based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-5, outcome) at one-year follow-up, adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, household income, parent education, BMI percentile, site, and baseline binge-eating disorder. Results: Each additional hour of total screen time per day was prospectively associated with 1.11 higher odds of binge-eating disorder at 1-year follow-up (95% CI 1.05-1.18) after adjusting for covariates. In particular, each additional hour of social networking (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.18-2.22), texting (aOR 1.40, 95% CI 1.08-1.82), and watching/streaming television shows/movies (aOR 1.39, 95% CI 1.14-1.69) was significantly associated with binge-eating disorder. Discussion: Clinicians should assess screen time usage and binge eating in children and adolescents and advise parents about the potential risks associated with excessive screen time.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Contemporary screen time usage among children 9-10-years-old is associated with higher body mass index percentile at 1-year follow-up: A prospective cohort study	Objective: There is a paucity of prospective research exploring the relationship among contemporary screen time modalities (e.g., video streaming, video chatting, texting and social networking) and body mass index (BMI) percentile. The objective of this study was to determine the prospective associations between screen time behaviours in a large and demographically diverse population-based cohort of 9-10-year-old children and BMI percentile at 1-year follow-up. Methods: We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 11 066). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to estimate associations between baseline screen time behaviours (exposure) and BMI percentile at 1-year follow-up, adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, household income, parent education, depression, binge-eating disorder and baseline BMI percentile. Results: Each additional hour of total screen time per week was prospectively associated with a 0.22 higher BMI percentile at 1-year follow-up (95% CI 0.10-0.34) after adjusting for covariates. When examining specific screen time behaviours, each additional hour of texting (B = 0.92, 95% CI 0.29-1.55), video chat (B = 0.72, 95% CI 0.09-1.36) and video games (B = 0.42, 95% CI 0.06-0.78) was significantly prospectively associated with higher BMI percentile. Conclusions: Screen time is prospectively associated with a higher BMI percentile 1 year later among children 9-10 years old.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Correspondence Between Perceived Pubertal Development and Hormone Levels in 9-10 Year-Olds From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Aim: To examine individual variability between perceived physical features and hormones of pubertal maturation in 9–10-year-old children as a function of sociodemographic characteristics. Methods: Cross-sectional metrics of puberty were utilized from the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study—a multi-site sample of 9–10 year-olds (n = 11,875)—and included perceived physical features via the pubertal development scale (PDS) and child salivary hormone levels (dehydroepiandrosterone and testosterone in all, and estradiol in females). Multi-level models examined the relationships among sociodemographic measures, physical features, and hormone levels. A group factor analysis (GFA) was implemented to extract latent variables of pubertal maturation that integrated both measures of perceived physical features and hormone levels. Results: PDS summary scores indicated more males (70%) than females (31%) were prepubertal. Perceived physical features and hormone levels were significantly associated with child’s weight status and income, such that more mature scores were observed among children that were overweight/obese or from households with low-income. Results from the GFA identified two latent factors that described individual differences in pubertal maturation among both females and males, with factor 1 driven by higher hormone levels, and factor 2 driven by perceived physical maturation. The correspondence between latent factor 1 scores (hormones) and latent factor 2 scores (perceived physical maturation) revealed synchronous and asynchronous relationships between hormones and concomitant physical features in this large young adolescent sample. Conclusions: Sociodemographic measures were associated with both objective hormone and self-report physical measures of pubertal maturation in a large, diverse sample of 9–10 year-olds. The latent variables of pubertal maturation described a complex interplay between perceived physical changes and hormone levels that hallmark sexual maturation, which future studies can examine in relation to trajectories of brain maturation, risk/resilience to substance use, and other mental health outcomes.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Cyberbullying and Sleep Disturbance Among Early Adolescents in the U.S.	OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between cyberbullying (victimization and perpetration) and sleep disturbance among a demographically diverse sample of 10-14-year-old early adolescents. METHODS: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (Year 2, 2018-2020) of early adolescents (10-14 years) in the US. Modified Poisson regression analyses examined the association between cyberbullying and self-reported and caregiver-reported sleep disturbance measures. RESULTS: In a sample of 9,443 adolescents (mean age 12.0 years, 47.9% female, 47.8% white), 5.1% reported cyberbullying victimization, and 0.5% reported cyberbullying perpetration in the past 12 months. Cyberbullying victimization in the past 12 months was associated with adolescent-reported trouble falling/staying asleep (risk ratio [RR] 1.87, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.57, 2.21) and caregiver-reported overall sleep disturbance of the adolescent (RR: 1.16 95% CI 1.00, 1.33), in models adjusting for sociodemographic factors and screen time. Cyberbullying perpetration in the past 12 months was associated with trouble falling/staying asleep (RR 1.95, 95% CI 1.21, 3.15) and caregiver-reported overall sleep disturbance of the adolescent (RR: 1.49, 95% CI 1.00, 2.22). CONCLUSIONS: Cyberbullying victimization and perpetration are associated with sleep disturbance in early adolescence. Digital media education and counseling for adolescents, parents, teachers, and clinicians could focus on guidance to prevent cyberbullying and support healthy sleep behavior for early adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Cyberbullying and eating disorder symptoms in U.S. early adolescents	Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the association between cyberbullying and eating disorder symptoms in a national sample of 10-14-year-old early adolescents. Method: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (Year 2, 2018-2020, N = 10,258/11,875, 49% female, 46% non-White). Data were collected using multi-stage probability sampling. Modified Poisson regression analyses examined the association between cyberbullying and self-reported eating disorder symptoms based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-5). Results: Cyberbullying victimization was associated with worry about weight gain (prevalence ratio [PR] 2.41, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-3.91), self-worth tied to weight (PR 2.08, 95% CI 1.33-3.26), inappropriate compensatory behavior to prevent weight gain (PR 1.95, 95% CI 1.57-2.42), binge eating (PR 1.95, 95% CI 1.59-2.39), and distress with binge eating (PR 2.64, 95% CI 1.94-3.59), in models adjusting for potential confounders. Cyberbullying perpetration was associated with worry about weight gain (PR 3.52, 95% CI 1.19-10.37), self-worth tied to weight (PR 5.59, 95% CI 2.56-12.20), binge eating (PR 2.36, 95% CI 1.44-3.87), and distress with binge eating (PR 2.84, 95% CI 1.47-5.49). Discussion: Cyberbullying victimization and perpetration in early adolescence are associated with eating disorder symptoms. Clinicians may consider assessing for cyberbullying and eating disorder symptoms in early adolescence and provide anticipatory guidance. Public significance statement: Eating disorders often onset in adolescence and have among the highest mortality rates of any psychiatric disorder. In addition, cyberbullying has increased in prevalence among adolescents and significantly impacts mental health. In a national study of early adolescents, we found that cyberbullying victimization and perpetration are associated with eating disorder symptoms. Screening for and providing anticipatory guidance on cyberbullying and eating disorder symptoms in early adolescents may be warranted.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Extracurricular activities, sleep, and screen media activity may be modifiable factors influencing children’s cognitive functioning: evidence from the ABCD study	Objective Fluid cognitive functioning (FCF), or the capacity to learn, solve problems, and adapt to novel situations, is instrumental for academic success, psychological well-being, and adoption of healthy behaviors. Our knowledge concerning factors influencing FCF, including those that may be targeted with interventions to improve outcomes, remains limited. Methods We used a machine learning (ML) framework in conjunction with a large battery of measures from 9,718 youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to identify factors contributing to the observed variability in FCF performance. Youth age-corrected composite FCF score was derived from the National Institutes for Health Toolbox Neurocognitive Battery. A ML pipeline using a stack ensemble of multiple ML algorithms and nested cross-validation to avoid overfitting was conducted to examine factors associated with FCF. Results The identified ML algorithm explained 14.74% of variance (95%CI: 14.53-14.88%) in FCF. Among the most important factors were those that replicated previous research (e.g., socioeconomic factors), as well as novel, potentially modifiable factors, including extracurricular involvement, sleep, and screen media activity. Conclusion Pragmatic and scalable interventions targeting these behaviors may not only enhance cognitive performance but may also protect against the negative impact of socioeconomic and mental health factors on cognitive performance in at-risk youth.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Food insecurity and binge-eating disorder in early adolescence	Objective: Food insecurity is defined as lack of consistent access to adequate food for healthy living. The objective of this study was to determine the associations between food insecurity and binge-eating disorder in a national cohort of 9- to 14-year-old children. Method: We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 10,035, 2016-2020). Logistic regression analyses estimated the associations between food insecurity at baseline, year 1, or year 2 (exposure) and binge eating, subclinical binge-eating disorder (Other Specified Feeding and Eating Disorder-Binge-Eating Disorder [OSFED-BED]), and binge-eating disorder (BED) (outcome) based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSADS-5) at 2-year follow-up. Results: The prevalence of food insecurity in the study was 15.8%. At 2-year follow-up, 1.71% of the sample received a diagnosis of BED or OSFED-BED, while 6.62% reported binge eating. Food insecurity was associated with 1.67 higher odds of BED or OSFED-BED (95% CI 1.04-2.69) and 1.31 higher odds of binge-eating symptoms (95% CI 1.01-1.71). Discussion: Food insecurity in early adolescence is associated with higher odds of developing future binge-eating and BED or OSFED-BED. Clinicians may consider assessing for binge eating in adolescents with food insecurity and provide support in accessing appropriate food resources. Public significance: Prior research has shown that food insecurity is associated with disordered eating behaviors, including binge eating in adulthood. This study explored whether food insecurity in early adolescence increases risk for developing binge-eating disorder (BED). Targeted screening for BED in adolescents experiencing FI, and vice versa, may be warranted.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Gray matter volumetric correlates of attention deficit and hyperactivity traits in emerging adolescents	Previous research has demonstrated reduction in cortical and subcortical, including basal ganglia (BG), gray matter volumes (GMV) in individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental condition that is more prevalent in males than in females. However, the volumetric deficits vary across studies. Whether volumetric reductions are more significant in males than females; to what extent these neural markers are heritable and relate to cognitive dysfunction in ADHD remain unclear. To address these questions, we followed published routines and performed voxel-based morphometry analysis of a data set (n = 11,502; 5,464 girls, 9–10 years) curated from the Adolescent Brain Cognition Development project, a population-based study of typically developing children. Of the sample, 634 and 2,826 were identified as monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins/siblings, respectively. In linear regressions, a cluster in the hypothalamus showed larger GMV, and bilateral caudate and putamen, lateral orbitofrontal and occipital cortex showed smaller GMVs, in correlation with higher ADHD scores in girls and boys combined. When examined separately, boys relative to girls showed more widespread (including BG) and stronger associations between GMV deficits and ADHD scores. ADHD traits and the volumetric correlates demonstrated heritability estimates (a2) between 0.59 and 0.79, replicating prior findings of the genetic basis of ADHD. Further, ADHD traits and the volumetric correlates (except for the hypothalamus) were each negatively and positively correlated with N-back performance. Together, these findings confirm volumetric deficits in children with more prominent ADHD traits. Highly heritable in both girls and boys and potentially more significant in boys than in girls, the structural deficits underlie diminished capacity in working memory and potentially other cognitive deficits in ADHD.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Gray matter volumetric correlates of dimensional impulsivity traits in children: Sex differences and heritability	Previous research investigated the cerebral volumetric correlates of impulsivity largely in moderate‐sized samples and few have examined the distinct correlates of dimensions of impulsivity, sex differences, or heritability of the correlates. Here, we performed voxel‐based morphometry analysis of data (n = 11,474; 5,452 girls, 9–10 years) curated from the Adolescent Brain Cognition Development project. In a linear regression with all five UPPS‐P subscores as regressors and age in months, total intracranial volume, study site, and scanner model as covariates, higher levels of lack of premeditation, and sensation seeking were correlated with larger cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes (GMVs). In contrast, higher positive urgency was correlated with smaller GMVs in many of the same regions. The dimensional impulsivity traits also involved distinct volumetric correlates, with, for instance, sensation seeking and positive urgency specifically implicating bilateral caudate head/mid‐cingulate cortex and bilateral lateral orbitofrontal cortex/left precentral gyrus, respectively. Boys relative to girls scored higher in all impulsivity dimensions. Girls relative to boys showed significantly stronger positive and negative correlations between sensation seeking and insula, putamen, and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) GMVs and between positive urgency and cingulate cortex, insula, and IFG GMVs, respectively. With a subsample of twins, the dimensional impulsivity traits were weakly to moderately heritable in both girls and boys, and the GMV correlates were highly heritable in girls and boys combined. These findings collectively suggest shared and nonshared as well as sex differences in the cerebral volumetric bases of dimensional impulsivity traits and may facilitate research of externalizing psychopathology in children.	11606/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Higher blood pressure and weight observed among early adolescents during the covid-19 pandemic	The COVID-19 pandemic led to significant disruptions in the lifestyle behaviors of adolescents; however, there is a paucity of data on objective changes in health indicators of adolescents such as blood pressure, hypertension, and weight. The aim of this study is to quantify differences in blood pressure and weight before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among a demographically diverse national sample of early adolescents. We analyzed cross-sectional data from 2018 to 2020, corresponding to the second follow-up year (Year 2) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Among 4,065 early adolescents (mean age 12.00, 49.4% female, 55.5% white), 3.4% vs 6.4% of adolescents had hypertension pre-pandemic vs during the pandemic (p < 0.001). The pandemic was associated with a 4.65 percentile (95% CI 2.65, 6.66) higher diastolic blood pressure, and a 1.68 kg (95% CI 0.51, 2.85) higher weight when adjusting for covariates. The pandemic was associated with a 1.97 higher odds of hypertension (95% CI 1.33, 2.92) compared to pre-pandemic when adjusting for covariates. Future studies should explore mechanisms and longitudinal trends in blood pressure among adolescents as they return to pre-pandemic lifestyle behaviors.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Involvement in Sports, Hippocampal Volume, and Depressive Symptoms in Children	Background: Recent studies have found that higher levels of exercise are associated with fewer symptoms of depression among young people. In addition, research suggests that exercise may modify hippocampal volume, a brain region that has been found to show reduced volume in depression. However, it is not clear whether this relationship emerges as early as preadolescence. Methods: We examined data from a nation-wide sample of 4191 children ages 9-11 years from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. The parents of the children completed the Child Behavior Checklist, providing data about the child’s depressive symptoms, and the Sports and Activities Questionnaire, which provided data about the child’s participation in 23 sports. Children also took part in a structural MRI scan, providing us with measures of bilateral hippocampal volume. Results: Sports involvement interacted with sex to predict depressive symptoms, with a negative relationship in boys only (t= -5.257, B= -0.115, p< 0.001). Sports involvement was positively correlated with hippocampal volume in both boys and girls (t= 2.810, B= 0.035, p= 0.007). Hippocampal volume also interacted with sex to predict depressive symptoms, with a negative relationship in boys (t= -2.562, B= -0.070, p= 0.010), and served as a partial mediator for the relationship between involvement in sports and depressive symptoms in boys. Conclusions: These findings help illuminate a potential neural mechanism for the impact of exercise on the developing brain and the differential effects in boys versus girls mirror findings in the animal literature. More research is needed to understand the causal relationships between these constructs.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
M145: Structural and Resting State Neural Correlates of Pediatric Obsessive-Compulsive Symptoms in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study	Background: Subclinical Obsessive-Compulsive symptoms (OCS) in childhood increase risk for later onset of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and related impairment. Studying the neural circuits underlying subclinical OCS may facilitate the identification of neural markers of risk for later OCD as well as potential targets for novel mechanism-based interventions and prevention strategies. Yet, the neural mechanisms underlying OCS and their trajectories over development are poorly understood at present, though are hypothesized to involve differential engagement of task control circuits that underlie attentional and cognitive control processes (e.g. Maia et al., 2008). Dysfunction in these circuits and processes likely contributes to the repetitive thoughts and inappropriate actions that characterize OCS. While a growing literature has probed the neural underpinnings of OCD in children, including ENIGMA mega-analytic findings suggesting larger thalamic volumes in pediatric OCD (Boedhoe et al., 2017), few studies have examined subclinical OCS. One relatively larger study noted associations between OCS and altered gray and white matter volume in healthy children (Suñol et a., 2018). The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) provides an opportunity to examine associations between OCS and brain structure in the largest sample of children to date as well as to provide novel insight into associations with resting state connectivity of task control circuits. Methods: Data from the 2.0.1 release (July 2019) of baseline data from the ABCD Study were examined. These data include clinical interviews, cognitive testing, questionnaires, and MRI assessments from a nationally representative sample of N = 11,876 9-10-year-old children. An 8-item subscale for OCS severity (Hudziak et al., 2006) was ascertained from parent report on the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Diagnosis of OCD was based on parent report on the Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children (KSADS). Cognitive performance was assessed using the NIH Toolbox. Of these children, n = 10,585 successfully completed T1 structural imaging that were analyzed using FreeSurfer and that passed ABCD quality control procedures. Resting state data was also collected and analyzed with the ABCD pipelines; n = 8,341 children had >5 minutes of data retained after quality control. Within and between network connectivity was extracted from regions/networks defined in the Gordon et al., 2016 atlas. Linear mixed effects models were used to examine whether CBCL OCS related to cognitive performance, subcortical volumes, cortical thickness, or resting state connectivity of default mode and task control circuits. Results: N = 5,257 children (44.30%) exhibited non-zero CBCL OCS scores and, as expected, scores were elevated among the N = 898 children who met KSADS criteria for current OCD (b = 2.30, t = 36.82, p < .001, d = 1.35). CBCL OCS associated with worse performance on NIH Toolbox measures of inhibitory control, executive function, and working memory (all t < −2.2, p < .05). No associations between CBCL OCS and brain structure passed correction for multiple comparisons. CBCL OCS associated positively with resting state connectivity between the dorsal attention and default mode networks, the dorsal and ventral attention networks, and ventral attention and cingulo-parietal networks (all t > −2.79, p < .005). CBCL OCS associated negatively with connectivity within the dorsal attention network (t = −2.95, p = .003).	11534/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Modeling environment through a general exposome factor in two independent adolescent cohorts	Exposures to perinatal, familial, social, and physical environmental stimuli can have substantial effects on human development. We aimed to generate a single measure that capture’s the complex network structure of the environment (ie, exposome) using multi-level data (participant’s report, parent report, and geocoded measures) of environmental exposures (primarily from the psychosocial environment) in two independent adolescent cohorts: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study, N = 11 235; mean age, 10.9 years; 47.7% females) and an age- and sex-matched sample from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort (PNC, N = 4993). We conducted a series of data-driven iterative factor analyses and bifactor modeling in the ABCD Study, reducing dimensionality from 348 variables tapping to environment to six orthogonal exposome subfactors and a general (adverse) exposome factor. The general exposome factor was associated with overall psychopathology (B = 0.28, 95% CI, 0.26-0.3) and key health-related outcomes: obesity (odds ratio [OR] , 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.5) and advanced pubertal development (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.2-1.5). A similar approach in PNC reduced dimensionality of environment from 29 variables to 4 exposome subfactors and a general exposome factor. PNC analyses yielded consistent associations of the general exposome factor with psychopathology (B = 0.15; 95% CI, 0.13-0.17), obesity (OR, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.6), and advanced pubertal development (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1-1.6). In both cohorts, inclusion of exposome factors greatly increased variance explained in overall psychopathology compared with models relying solely on demographics and parental education (from <4% to >38% in ABCD; from <4% to >18.5% in PNC). Findings suggest that a general exposome factor capturing multi-level environmental exposures can be derived and can consistently explain variance in youth’s mental and general health.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity among U.S. adolescents before and during the Covid-19 pandemic: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study	Only 16.1% percent of U.S. adolescents meet the recommendation of at least 60 minutes of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) per day. Studies report declined levels of adolescent MVPA in early stages of the pandemic, but gaps remain in understanding changes beyond the initial three months of the pandemic. This study aims to describe and compare self-reported adolescent MVPA levels at multiple timepoints before and during the COVID-19 pandemic among 11,865 9-11-year-old U.S. adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, including pre-pandemic (September 2016-October 2018), early (May, June, and August 2020), and later (October and December 2020, March 2021) stages of the pandemic. Poisson regression models with robust error variance were used to estimate crude and adjusted prevalence ratios (APRs) of the proportion of adolescents meeting national MVPA guidelines during early and later stages of the pandemic compared to pre-pandemic. The proportion of adolescents meeting MVPA guidelines decreased from pre (16.4%), early (11.0%), and later (4.7%) COVID-19 pandemic timepoints. Adolescent MVPA guideline adherence at early- and later-pandemic stages was 24% lower (APR 0.76, 95% CI 0.62, 0.93) and 68% lower (APR 0.32, 95% CI 0.24, 0.43) than pre-pandemic adherence, respectively. Weekly MVPA duration decreased throughout May 2020 to March 2021 (χ2 = 488.9, p < 0.0001). Study findings build upon existing evidence that the low achievement of national MVPA guidelines before the pandemic became even lower during the pandemic, demonstrating the need to support and improve access to adolescent MVPA opportunities during COVID-19 pandemic recovery efforts and in future pandemics.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity among adolescents in the USA during the COVID-19 pandemic.	This study aimed to evaluate adolescents' moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) during the COVID-19 pandemic with regards to sociodemographic characteristics and determine mental health and resiliency factors associated with MVPA among a diverse national sample of adolescents ages 10-14 years. Data were collected during the pandemic in May 2020 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD, N = 5,153), a national prospective cohort study in the U.S. MVPA was quantified as the product of reported duration and frequency (hours per week), which was further summarized as the proportion meeting age-appropriate 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans. A similar estimate was generated using MVPA data collected prior to the pandemic. Mental health and resiliency measures were collected during the pandemic. Regression models examined associations between mental health or resiliency measures and MVPA during the pandemic. Median MVPA was 2 h per week (IQR 0, 6). Overall, the percentage of the cohort meeting MVPA guidelines decreased from 16.1% (pre-pandemic) to 8.9% (during the pandemic). Racial/ethnic minority adolescents and adolescents from lower socioeconomic backgrounds were significantly less likely to meet MVPA guidelines during the pandemic. Poorer mental health, COVID-related worry, and stress were associated with lower MVPA, while more social support and coping behaviors were associated with higher MVPA during the pandemic. In this large, national sample of adolescents, the proportion of those meeting MVPA Guidelines was lower during the COVID-19 pandemic, with significant disparities by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status. Interventions to promote social support and coping behaviors may improve MVPA levels among adolescents during the pandemic.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Multimodal neural correlates of childhood psychopathology	Background: The complexity of neurodevelopmental changes that occur during typical and atypical neurodevelopment, particularly during late childhood and early adolescence, advocate for multidimensional approaches to better understand the risk of developing psychopathology. Methods: Using partial least squares analysis, a multivariate data-driven approach, we simultaneously examined structural and functional brain patterns in relation to dimensions of psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset, a large community-based cohort of typically developing children aged 9-11 years old (Discovery sample: N=3,504; Replication sample: N=1,747). We combined multiple MRI-based measures of brain structure (i.e., cortical surface area, thickness, volume) and resting-state functional connectivity, while psychopathology in children was characterized using parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist scores. Post hoc analyses in smaller subsamples incorporated diffusion MRI measures of fiber architecture (i.e., fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity) and explored functional connectivity during tasks tapping into executive and reward processes. Results: Several components were identified, recapitulating the psychopathology hierarchy, with the general psychopathology (p) factor explaining the most covariance with multimodal imaging features, while the internalizing, externalizing, and neurodevelopmental dimensions were each associated with distinct morphological and functional connectivity signatures. Connectivity signatures associated with the p factor and neurodevelopmental dimensions followed the sensory-to-transmodal axis of cortical organization, which is related to the emergence of complex cognition and behavior, as well as the risk for psychopathology. Our findings were validated in a replication sample and were robust to several control analyses. Conclusion: Our study identified several dimensions of psychopathology alongside their structural and functional neural substrates. These findings may help in better understanding the biological mechanisms underpinning dimensions of psychopathology during development, which might be used to identity vulnerability markers.	11421/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
No evidence for a bilingual executive function advantage in the ABCD study.	Learning a second language in childhood is inherently advantageous for communication. However, parents, educators and scientists have been interested in determining whether there are additional cognitive advantages. One of the most exciting yet controversial1 findings about bilinguals is a reported advantage for executive function. That is, several studies suggest that bilinguals perform better than monolinguals on tasks assessing cognitive abilities that are central to the voluntary control of thoughts and behaviours-the so-called 'executive functions' (for example, attention, inhibitory control, task switching and resolving conflict). Although a number of small- and large-sample studies have reported a bilingual executive function advantage (see refs. for a review), there have been several failures to replicate these findings, and recent meta-analyses have called into question the reliability of the original empirical claims. Here we show, in a very large, demographically representative sample (n = 4,524) of 9- to 10-year-olds across the United States, that there is little evidence for a bilingual advantage for inhibitory control, attention and task switching, or cognitive flexibility, which are key aspects of executive function. We also replicate previously reported disadvantages in English vocabulary in bilinguals. However, these English vocabulary differences are substantially mitigated when we account for individual differences in socioeconomic status or intelligence. In summary, notwithstanding the inherently positive benefits of learning a second language in childhood, we found little evidence that it engenders additional benefits to executive function development.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Parent-Adolescent Discrepancies in Adolescent Recreational Screen Time Reporting During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.	To describe the relationship between parent and adolescent reports of adolescent recreational screen time and to determine sociodemographic predictors of recreational screen time reporting differences during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 5335, ages 10-14) a national prospective cohort study in the United States collected in May 2020. We compared parent-reported, adolescent-reported, and a parent-adolescent differences in recreational screen time hours per day across 5 screen categories. Adolescents' total recreational screen time per day was reported as 4.46 hours by parents and 3.87 hours by adolescents. Parents reported higher levels of their child's texting, video chatting, and total recreational screen time, while adolescents reported higher multiplayer gaming and social media use. Larger discrepancies in total recreational screen time were found in older, Black, and Latino/Hispanic adolescents. Larger discrepancies in total recreational screen time were also found among unmarried/unpartnered parents. Given discrepancies in parent-adolescent recreational screen time reporting during the pandemic, a period of high screen use, pediatricians should encourage family discussions about adolescent media use through the development of a Family Media Use Plan. The digital media industry could provide more opportunities for parental monitoring of recreational screen time within product designs.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Parent-adolescent agreement in reported moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity during the COVID-19 pandemic.	To describe the agreement between parent- and adolescent- reports of adolescent moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and to determine sociodemographic factors associated with MVPA reporting differences during the COVID-19 pandemic. We analyzed data collected in May 2020 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD, N = 4841), a U.S. prospective cohort study. We quantified past weekly adolescent MVPA levels as reported by the parent and adolescent (referent). Intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were used to examine the degree of agreement between parent- and adolescent- reports. ) was 2.17 (0.00, 6.00) as reported by adolescents and 1.52 (0.29, 4.75) by parents with a mean difference of 4.89. Statistically significant differences in reports of MVPA were found in households with income > $75,000: on average, adolescents reported higher MVPA levels than their parents. Bland-Altman plots illustrated that, among adolescents reporting no or little MVPA, there was higher parent-adolescent agreement. However, among adolescents reporting high levels of MVPA, there was less agreement between the parent- and adolescent- reports. Despite more time spent together at home during the pandemic, there was generally low agreement between parent- and adolescent- reports of adolescent MVPA. Future research could examine parent-adolescent agreement of MVPA within the context of device-based measures (e.g., accelerometers), determine reasons for differences in parent-adolescent reporting of MVPA, and inform interventions for improved parental involvement and monitoring of MVPA.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Parental Arrest and Child Behavior: Differential Role of Executive Functioning among Racial Subgroups	This study examines relations among parental arrest, child executive functioning (EF), and problem behaviors among youth who participated in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N = 11,875). Participants ranged in age from 9-10 (M = 9.91) years, and approximately half were girls (47.9%). Results of regression analyses that controlled for sociodemographic risk factors indicated that children who experienced parental arrest exhibited more internalizing and externalizing behaviors than comparison youth, particularly when their mother versus father had been arrested. Results of analyses that were disaggregated by child race further revealed that EF appeared to play a differential role among White (n = 5,851) and Black (n = 1,451) children. Among White children, EF was associated with fewer internalizing and externalizing behaviors regardless of whether or not a parent had been arrested. Among Black children, low levels of EF were associated with more internalizing behaviors in the context of parental arrest versus no arrest, but high levels of EF did not appear to confer benefits. EF was not significantly related to externalizing behaviors among Black children. Taken together, results suggest that parental arrests have adverse implications for child well-being that warrant continued theoretical and empirical attention. Findings also suggest that, although EF may be broadly beneficial among White children, there appear to be constraints on the extent to which high EF benefits Black children, a finding that is discussed through the lens of racial stratification and that has important implications for future theory, research, and practice.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Parental and Social Factors in relation to Child Psychopathology, Behavior, and Cognitive Function	Parental and social factors have long-term impact on the neurodevelopment of offspring, but tend to highly covary with each other. Thus, it is difficult to parse out which parental and social factor contributes most to neurodevelopmental outcomes. This study aimed to assess clusters of parental and social factors associated with child psychopathology, behavioral problems, and cognition. This study employed the data of 11,875 children (9-to-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on 39 environmental measures and 30 child behavior and cognitive measures separately to identify clusters of parental and social factors and clusters of child psychopathology, behaviour, and cognition. Regression analysis was used to examine independent effects of each cluster of parental and social factors on child psychopathology, behavioral problems, and cognition. Greater Parent Psychopathology cluster was associated with greater Child Psychopathology cluster. Moreover, greater Socioeconomic Status cluster was associated with greater child General Cognition and Executive Function but less Behavioral Inhibition clusters. Greater Proximal Social Environment and Interaction cluster were associated with less child Impulsive Behavior and Behavioral Inhibition, but greater Behavioral Activation cluster. The environmental clusters related to birth outcomes, maternal tobacco, and drug use were not significantly related to child psychopathology, behavior, and cognition. Our findings suggest that socioeconomic status, parental psychopathology, and social environment and interactions are the strongest risks for behavioral problems and cognitive performance in a general child population. Intervention programs should target modifiable factors within these domains.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Polygenic risk scores and brain structures both contribute to externalizing behavior in childhood	Introduction: Externalizing behaviors are defined as behaviors violating social norms and can be harmful to self and others. Predicting the escalation of externalizing behaviors in children would allow for early interventions to prevent the occurrence of antisocial and criminal acts. Externalizing behaviors are heritable traits, and have been associated with structures of the brain. Brain structure, in turn, is also influenced by genetics. Here, we investigated the association of genetic and brain structural variation with externalizing behaviors in late childhood, and we assessed potential mediating effects. Methods: Data was collected for 11,878 children aged 9 to 10 year olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) cohort. We extracted data on externalizing behaviors measured by the parent-reported Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), brain volumes and white matter integrity measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and polygenic risk scores (PRS) for (i) antisocial behaviors, (ii) attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder comorbid with disruptive behavior disorder (ADHD+DBD), and (iii) irritability. We examined the associations between brain structures, PRS, and externalizing behavior, and to what extent brain structures mediate the association between PRS and externalizing behavior. Phenotypic associations between brain structures and externalizing behaviors were validated in an independent cohort of 150 adolescents aged 12 to 21 years enriched for individuals with antisocial behavior. Results: Increasing levels of externalizing behaviors were associated with reduced total brain and focal gray matter volumes, but not with white matter integrity. These results could not be validated in the independent cohort, except for a good correlation of several effect-sizes between the cohorts. Higher PRS for externalizing behaviors were associated with lower cortical gray matter volume and reduced global white matter fractional anisotropy. Genetic and brain structural variation, combined with sociodemographic factors, explained up to 7% of variation in externalizing behaviors in late childhood; brain structures and PRS each explained up to ~0.5% of variation. Total cortical gray matter volume mediated the association between PRS for ADHD+DBD and externalizing behavior in late childhood.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal cannabis exposure and childhood outcomes: Results from the ABCD Study®	Importance: In light of increasing cannabis use among pregnant women, the Surgeon General of the United States recently issued an advisory against the use of marijuana during pregnancy. Objective: To determine whether cannabis use during pregnancy is associated with adverse outcomes among offspring. Design: Cross-sectional analysis of the baseline session of the ongoing longitudinal Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study℠. Setting: Data were collected from 22 sites across the United States between 2016 and 2018. Participants: Children ages 9-11 (n=11,489) and their parent/caregiver. Exposure: Prenatal cannabis exposure prior to and following maternal knowledge of pregnancy. Main Outcomes and Measures: Child psychopathology symptomatology (i.e., psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) and internalizing, externalizing, attention, thought, and social problems), cognition, sleep, birth weight, gestational age at birth, body mass index (BMI), and brain structure (i.e., total intracranial volume, white matter volume, gray matter volume). Covariates included familial (e.g., income, familial psychopathology), pregnancy (e.g., prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco), and child (e.g., substance use) variables. Results: Among 11,489 children (age 9.9±0.6 years; 47.78% female), 655 (5.70%) were prenatally exposed to cannabis. Relative to no exposure, cannabis exposure only prior to (n=413; 3.59%) and following (n=242; 2.11%) maternal knowledge of pregnancy were associated with greater offspring psychopathology characteristics (i.e., PLEs and internalizing, externalizing, attention, thought, social, and sleep problems) and BMI as well as lower cognition and gray matter volume (all \|ßs\|>0.02, psfdr<0.03). Only exposure after knowledge of pregnancy was associated with lower birth weight and total intracranial and white matter volumes relative to no exposure and exposure only before knowledge (\|ßs\|>0.02, ps<0.002). When including potentially confounding covariates, exposure after maternal knowledge of pregnancy remained associated with greater PLEs and externalizing, attention, thought, and social problems (all \|ßs\|>0.02, psfdr<0.02). Exposure only prior to maternal knowledge of pregnancy did not differ from no exposure on any outcomes when considering potentially confounding variables (all \|ßs\|<0.02, psfdr>0.70). Conclusions and Relevance: Prenatal cannabis exposure and its correlated factors are associated with greater risk for psychopathology during middle childhood. Cannabis use during pregnancy should be discouraged.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prospective association of screen time with binge-eating disorder among adolescents in the United States: The mediating role of depression.	Objective: Screen time has been reported to be associated with binge-eating disorder (BED) among adolescents in the US; however, potential mediators remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate depression symptoms as a mediator of the prospective association between screen time and BED. Method: We utilized data from 9465 children (aged 9-11 years at baseline) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (2016-2021). A generalized structural equation model was used to examine the prospective association between average daily screen time at baseline and BED at year 2, adjusting for baseline BED diagnosis, and other potential covariates (e.g., age, sex, and income). Mediation was examined using bias-corrected (BC) 95% confidence intervals for the indirect effect of baseline screen time on year 2 BED through depression symptoms (change from baseline to year 1). Results: One hundred and one participants (42.7% male, 49.4% racial/ethnic minority) met the criteria for BED in year 2. Participants were 9.9 years of age on average at baseline, 51.3% identified as male, and 43.1% identified as a racial/ethnic minority. Adjusting for covariates, screen time was prospectively associated with BED (OR = 1.09, 95% CI [1.03, 1.14], p = .005). Depression symptoms (B = .19, BC 95% CI [0.10, 0.28]) partially mediated (9.2%) the prospective association between screen time and BED. Discussion: Among US adolescents, higher baseline screen time was prospectively associated with BED diagnosis at year 2, and this relationship was partially mediated by increased depression symptoms. Preventive approaches targeting high screen use may have utility for reducing BED risk among adolescents. Public significance: Among U.S. adolescents, higher screen time was prospectively associated with the incidence of BED. This association was partially mediated by the change in depressive symptoms. Preventive approaches targeting high screen use may have utility for reducing BED risk among adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Puberty differentially predicts brain maturation in males and females during early adolescence: A longitudinal ABCD Study	Background: Research has demonstrated associations between pubertal development and brain maturation. However, existing studies have been limited by small samples, cross-sectional designs, and inconclusive findings regarding coupling directionality and sex differences. Methods: We examined the longitudinal temporal coupling of puberty status assessed using the Pubertal Development Scale (PDS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based brain grey and white matter structure. Our sample consisted of 8,896 children and adolescents at baseline (mean age = 9.9) and 6,099 at follow-up (mean age = 11.9) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Results: Applying multi-group Bivariate Latent Change Score (BLCS) models, we found that baseline pubertal status predicted the rate of change in cortical thickness among females only, while it predicted rate of change in cortical surface area for both males and females, with a significantly stronger association for females. For cortical surface area, we also found a correlation between baseline pubertal status and area and co-occurring changes over time, with both associations present in males only. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) analysis revealed correlated change between pubertal status and fractional anisotropy (FA) for both males and females, but no significant associations for mean diffusivity (MD). Conclusions: Our results suggest that pubertal status in early adolescence predicts cortical maturation, and that the strength of the associations differ between sex. Further research is needed to understand how the associations between puberty and brain maturation are related to environmental and lifestyle factors, and the impact on mental health.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Racial discrimination is associated with binge-eating disorder in early adolescents: A cross-sectional analysis.	Background: Racial and ethnic discrimination are known stressors and are associated with negative psychological and physical health outcomes. Previous studies have found relationships between racial/ethnic discrimination and binge-eating disorder (BED), though they have mainly focused on adult populations. The aim of this study was to determine associations between racial/ethnic discrimination and BED in a large, national cohort study of early adolescents. We further sought to explore associations between the racial/ethnic discrimination perpetrator (students, teachers, or other adults) and BED. Methods: We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 11,075, 2018-2020). Logistic regression analyses examined associations between self-reported experiences of racial or ethnic discrimination and binge-eating behaviors and diagnosis, adjusting for potential confounders. Racial/ethnic discrimination measures were assessed based on the Perceived Discrimination Scale, which measures experiences of discrimination based on race/ethnicity and frequency of ethnic discrimination by teachers, adults outside of school, and students. Binge-eating behaviors and diagnosis were based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (KSAD-5). Results: In this racially diverse sample of adolescents (N = 11,075, age range 9-12 years), 4.7% of adolescents reported racial or ethnic discrimination and 1.1% met the criteria for BED. In the adjusted models, racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with 3 times higher odds of having BED (OR 3.31, CI 1.66-7.74). Further, experiences of ethnic discrimination by students and adults outside school were associated with significantly increased odds of BED diagnosis (OR 1.36, CI 1.10-1.68 and OR 1.42 CI 1.06-1.90, respectively)., Increased odds of binge eating behaviors were only significantly associated with ethnic discrimination perpetuated by students (OR 1.12, CI 1.02-1.23). Conclusions: Children and adolescents who have experienced racial/ethnic discrimination, particularly when discrimination was perpetuated by other students, have higher odds of having binge-eating behaviors and diagnoses. Clinicians may consider screening for racial discrimination and providing anti-racist, trauma-informed care when evaluating and treating patients for BED.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Relationship Between Prediction Accuracy and Feature Importance Reliability: an Empirical and Theoretical Study	There is significant interest in using neuroimaging data to predict behavior. The predictive models are often interpreted by the computation of feature importance, which quantifies the predictive relevance of an imaging feature. Tian and Zalesky (2021) suggest that feature importance estimates exhibit low split-half reliability, as well as a trade-off between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability across parcellation resolutions. However, it is unclear whether the trade-off between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability is universal. Here, we demonstrate that, with a sufficient sample size, feature importance (operationalized as Haufe-transformed weights) can achieve fair to excellent split-half reliability. With a sample size of 2600 participants, Haufe-transformed weights achieve average intra-class correlation coefficients of 0.75, 0.57 and 0.53 for cognitive, personality and mental health measures respectively. Haufe-transformed weights are much more reliable than original regression weights and univariate FC-behavior correlations. Original regression weights are not reliable even with 2600 participants. Intriguingly, feature importance reliability is strongly positively correlated with prediction accuracy across phenotypes. Within a particular behavioral domain, there is no clear relationship between prediction performance and feature importance reliability across regression models. Furthermore, we show mathematically that feature importance reliability is necessary, but not sufficient, for low feature importance error. In the case of linear models, lower feature importance error is mathematically related to lower prediction error. Therefore, higher feature importance reliability might yield lower feature importance error and higher prediction accuracy. Finally, we discuss how our theoretical results relate with the reliability of imaging features and behavioral measures. Overall, the current study provides empirical and theoretical insights into the relationship between prediction accuracy and feature importance reliability.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Reproducible brain-wide association studies require thousands of individuals	Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has transformed our understanding of the human brain through well-replicated mapping of abilities to specific structures (e.g., lesion studies) and functions (e.g., task functional MRI [fMRI])1–3. Mental health research and care have yet to realize similar advances from MRI. A primary challenge has been replicating associations between inter-individual differences in brain structure/function and complex cognitive/mental health phenotypes (brain-wide association studies [BWAS]). Such BWAS have typically relied on sample sizes appropriate for classical brain mapping (median neuroimaging study n ~ 254), but potentially too small for capturing reproducible brain-behavioral phenotype associations5,6. Here, we used the three largest neuroimaging datasets with n ~ 50,000 individuals to quantify BWAS effect sizes and reproducibility as a function of sample size. BWAS associations were smaller than previously thought, resulting in statistically underpowered studies, inflated effect sizes, and replication failures at typical sample sizes. As sample sizes grew into the thousands, replication rates began to improve and effect size inflation decreased. Relatively more robust BWAS effects were detected for functional MRI (vs. structural), cognitive tests (vs. mental health questionnaires) and multivariate methods (vs. univariate). Smaller than expected brain-phenotype associations and variability across population subsamples can explain widespread BWAS replication failures. In contrast to non-BWAS approaches with larger effects (e.g., lesions, interventions, within-person), BWAS reproducibility requires samples with thousands of individuals.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Risk of lead exposure, subcortical brain structure, and cognition in a large cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children	Background: Lead, a toxic metal, affects cognitive development at the lowest measurable concentrations found in children, but little is known about its direct impact on brain development. Recently, we reported widespread decreases in cortical surface area and volume with increased risks of lead exposure, primarily in children of low-income families. Methods and Findings: We examined associations of neighborhood-level risk of lead exposure with cognitive test performance and subcortical brain volumes. We also examined whether subcortical structure mediated associations between lead risk and cognitive performance. Our analyses employed a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from the observational Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The multi-center ABCD Study used school-based enrollment to recruit a demographically diverse cohort of almost 11,900 9- and 10-year-old children from an initial 22 study sites. The analyzed sample included data from 8,524 typically developing child participants and their parents or caregivers. The primary outcomes and measures were subcortical brain structure, cognitive performance using the National Institutes of Health Toolbox, and geocoded risk of lead exposure. Children who lived in neighborhoods with greater risks of environmental lead exposure exhibited smaller volumes of the mid-anterior (partial correlation coefficient [rp] = 0.040), central (rp = 0.038), and mid-posterior corpus callosum (rp = 0.035). Smaller volumes of these three callosal regions were associated with poorer performance on cognitive tests measuring language and processing speed. The association of lead exposure risk with cognitive performance was partially mediated through callosal volume, particularly the mid-posterior corpus callosum. In contrast, neighborhood-level indicators of disadvantage were not associated with smaller volumes of these brain structures. Conclusions: Environmental factors related to the risk of lead exposure may be associated with certain aspects of cognitive functioning via diminished subcortical brain structure, including the anterior splenium (i.e., mid-posterior corpus callosum).	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Screen Time Use Among US Adolescents During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study.	Excessive screen use in adolescents has been associated with physical and mental health risks,(1) and there are known disparities in screen use across sex, race and ethnicity, and income in adolescents.(2) The COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent stay-at-home mandates, online learning, and social distancing requirements have led to an increasing reliance on digital media (ie, screens) for nearly all facets of adolescents’ lives (eg, entertainment, socialization, education). Although studies conducted worldwide have suggested an increase in screen time among children and teens during the pandemic,(3,4) this has not yet been explored using national US data. The aims of this study were to evaluate adolescents’ self-reported screen use during the pandemic across 7 modalities by sociodemographic categories and to assess mental health and resiliency factors associated with screen use among a demographically diverse, national sample of children and adolescents aged 10 to 14 years.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Screen Time and Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Among Children 9-10 Years Old: A Prospective Cohort Study.	PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to determine the prospective associations between baseline screen time and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) at 2-year follow-up in a national (United States) cohort of 9- to 10-year-old children. METHODS: We analyzed prospective cohort data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 9,208). Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between baseline self-reported screen time (exposure) and OCD, based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia (outcome), at 2-year-follow-up, adjusting for race/ethnicity, sex, household income, parent education, family history of psychopathology, and study site, excluding participants with baseline OCD. RESULTS: The sample was 48.9% female and racially and ethnically diverse (43.5% non-White). Each additional hour of total screen time was prospectively associated with 1.05 higher odds of OCD at 2-year follow-up (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01-1.09). For specific screen time modalities, each additional hour of playing video games (adjusted odds ratio 1.15, 95% CI 1.03-1.28) and watching videos (adjusted odds ratio 1.11, 95% CI 1.01-1.23) was associated with a subsequent OCD diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Video games and watching videos are prospectively associated with new-onset OCD in early adolescents. Future research should examine mechanisms linking these specific screen modalities to OCD development to inform future prevention and intervention efforts.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Screen Time and Other Determinants of Mental Health Predicting Emerging Psychotic-like Experiences in 9-10 Year Old Children	IMPORTANCE: Worsening child psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) are risk factors of poor future mental health including full blown psychotic illness. Identifying readily assessable indicators for worsening PLEs are therefore of great interest. OBJECTIVE: To examine relationships between a set of indicators (behaviors and stressors) previously associated with mental health (screen time, school environment, neighborhood safety, family conflict, parental (caregiver) acceptance, and sleep habits) and worsening PLE severity. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This prospective study included 4296 children (mean age 10 years (standard deviation = 0.7)), 52% boys) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The primary outcome was 12-month distress score of the Prodromal-Questionnaire Brief-Child (PQ-BC) Version, modeled after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, parental marital status/education, and baseline PQ-BC severity. RESULTS: Significant baseline indicators of worsening PLE severity by 12-month follow-up included high screen time (46% increase for ≥ 4.6 hours/day (vs. 0 to 1.5 hours/day), 95% CI = 28% to 66%), living in an unsafe neighborhood (30% increase in most unsafe (vs. safest), 95% CI = 6% to 61%), high family conflict (30% increase with 2-3 and 16% increase with ≥ 4 "yes" responses to questions re: conflict (vs. none), 95% CIs = 16% to 46% and 2 to 32%, respectively), lack of parental acceptance (13% decrease in group with highest possible acceptance (vs. low group), 95% CI = -24% to -2%), and sleeping < 9 hours/night (16% increase (vs. sleeping 9-11 hours/night), 95% CI = 7% to 27%). Examining screen time variants, significant associations were observed with time watching videos (33% increase for ≥ 1.2 hours/day (vs. 0 to 0.1 hours/day), 95% CI = 16% to 52%) and time texting (29% decrease when texting 0.1-0.2 hours/day (vs. none), 95% CI = -41% to -15%). An interaction between sex and video chatting was also observed, as video chatting was a negative indicator in girls but not boys. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Screen time, crime, and family environment were identified as future indicators of mental health risk. These results suggest the value of prospective evaluation of behavior and stressors in identifying at risk groups.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Sex-different interrelationships of rs945270, cerebral gray matter volumes, and attention deﬁcit hyperactivity disorder: a region-wide study across brain	Previous genome-wide association studies (GWAS) reported that the allele C of rs945270 of the kinectin 1 gene (KTN1) most significantly increased the gray matter volume (GMV) of the putamen and modestly regulated the risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). On the other hand, ADHD is known to be associated with a reduction in subcortical and cortical GMVs. Here, we examined the interrelationships of the GMVs, rs945270 alleles, and ADHD symptom scores in the same cohort of children. With data of rs945270 genotypes, GMVs of 118 brain regions, and ADHD symptom scores of 3372 boys and 3129 girls of the Adolescent Brain Cognition Development project, we employed linear regression analyses to examine the pairwise correlations adjusted for the third of the three traits and other relevant covariates, and examine their mediation effects. We found that the major allele C of rs945270 modestly increased risk for ADHD in males only when controlling for the confounding effects of the GMV of any one of the 118 cerebral regions (0.026 ≤ p ≤ 0.059: Top two: left and right putamen). This allele also significantly increased putamen GMV in males alone (left p = 2.8 × 10−5, and right p = 9.4 × 10−5; α = 2.1 × 10−4) and modestly increased other subcortical and cortical GMVs in both sexes (α < p < 0.05), whether or not adjusted for ADHD symptom scores. Both subcortical and cortical GMVs were significantly or suggestively reduced in ADHD when adjusted for rs945270 alleles, each more significantly in females (3.6 × 10−7 ≤ p < α; Top two: left pallidum and putamen) and males (3.5 × 10−6 ≤ p < α), respectively. Finally, the left and right putamen GMVs reduced 14.0% and 11.7% of the risk effects of allele C on ADHD, and allele C strengthened 4.5% (left) and 12.2% (right) of the protective effects of putamen GMVs on ADHD risk, respectively. We concluded that the rs945270-GMVs-ADHD relationships were sex-different. In males, the major allele C of rs945270 increased risk for ADHD, which was compromised by putamen GMVs; this allele also but only significantly increased putamen GMVs that then significantly protected against ADHD risk. In females, the top two GMVs significantly decreasing ADHD risk were left pallidum and putamen GMVs. Basal ganglia the left putamen in particular play the most critical role in the pathogenesis of ADHD.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Shared and unique brain network features predict multiple behavioral domains in the ABCD study	How individual differences in brain network organization track behavioral variability is a fundamental question in systems neuroscience. Recent work suggests that resting-state and task-state functional connectivity can predict specific traits at the individual level. However, most studies focus on single behavioral traits, thus not capturing broader relationships across behaviors. In a large sample of 1858 typically developing children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we show that predictive network features are distinct across the domains of cognitive performance, personality scores and mental health assessments. On the other hand, traits within each behavioral domain are predicted by similar network features. Predictive network features and models generalize to other behavioral measures within the same behavioral domain. Although tasks are known to modulate the functional connectome, predictive network features are similar between resting and task states. Overall, our findings reveal shared brain network features that account for individual variation within broad domains of behavior in childhood.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Sleep Disturbance Predicts Depression Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Initial Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate associations between sleep disturbances and mental health in adolescents. Methods: Data are from a national sample of 11,670 U.S. participants (5,594 females, aged 9 e10 years, 63.5% white) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Initial longitudinal analyses were conducted for a subset of the sample (n = 4,951). Measures of youth sleep disturbance (disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, sleep-wake transition disorders, and disorders of excessive somnolence) and “typical” total sleep time (number of hours slept on most nights in the past 6 months) were obtained from the parent-report Sleep Disturbance Scale (Data Release 2.0). Parent-report measures of youth mental health (depression, internalizing, and externalizing behaviors) from the Child Behavior Checklist and typical screen time were included. Results: At baseline, greater sleep disturbance and shorter total sleep time were associated with greater internalizing, externalizing, and depression scores. After controlling for baseline mental health symptoms, baseline sleep disturbance significantly predicted depression and internalizing and externalizing scores at 1-year follow-up. A significant interaction with sex indicated that the association between disorders of excessive somnolence and depression 1 year later was steeper for girls, compared with boys (p < .001; 95% confidence interval 1.04-3.45). Conclusions: Sleep disturbances predicted future mental health, particularly depression in this young sample, highlighting the potential to harness sleep as a tool to mitigate the persistence of depression across early adolescence and potentially prevent an adolescent onset of major depressive disorder.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Sleep disorders predict the one-year onset, persistence, but not remission of psychotic experiences in 10-11 year old children: a longitudinal analysis of the ABCD cohort data	Sleep problems have been reliably associated with psychotic experiences in adults and have been suggested as target for intervention. However, the relationship between sleep disorder and psychotic experiences in children has not been extensively studied despite the potential for guiding intervention. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset, containing baseline and one-year follow-up data of over 11,000 10-11 year olds, was utilised to investigate this relationship. More specifically, a set of pre-registered multi-level regression models were applied to test whether a) baseline sleep disorder predicts baseline psychotic experiences cross-sectionally; b) baseline sleep disorder predicts psychotic experiences one year later; c) the persistence of sleep disorder predicts the persistence psychotic experiences at one year; d) the remission of sleep disorder predicts the remission of psychotic experiences. After controlling for potential confounders, sleep disorder was associated with psychotic experiences cross-sectionally (OR=1.40, 95% CI 1.20-1.63), at one-year follow-up (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.11-1.57), and the persistence of sleep disorder predicted the persistence of psychotic experiences (OR=1.72, 95% CI 1.44-2.04). However, remission of sleep problems did not predict remission of psychotic experiences (OR=1.041, 95% CI 0.80-1.35). In all models where an association was found, sleep was one of the two strongest predictors of psychotic experiences (with stimulant medication being the other). The results indicate that sleep problems in children are common and strongly associated with psychotic experiences but the lack of co-remission raises questions about the mechanism of association. However given existing evidence in adults, further investigation and interest in sleep as a preventative mental health intervention in this age group is warranted.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social Epidemiology of Early Adolescent Cyberbullying in the United States.	To determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of cyberbullying victimization and perpetration among a racially, ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population-based sample of 11-12-year-old early adolescents. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (Year 2; N = 9429). Multiple logistic regression analyses were used to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (sex, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, country of birth, household income, parental education) and adolescent-reported cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. In the overall sample, lifetime prevalence of cyberbullying victimization was 9.6%, with 65.8% occurring in the past 12 months, while lifetime prevalence of cyberbullying perpetration was 1.1%, with 59.8% occurring in the past 12 months. Boys reported higher odds of cyberbullying perpetration (AOR 1.71, 95% CI 1.01-2.92) but lower odds of cyberbullying victimization (AOR 0.80, 95% CI 0.68-0.94) than girls. Sexual minorities reported 2.83 higher odds of cyberbullying victimization (95% CI 1.69-4.75) than nonsexual minorities. Lower household income was associated with 1.64 (95% CI 1.34-2.00) higher odds of cyberbullying victimization than higher household income, however household income was not associated with cyberbullying perpetration. Total screen time, particularly on the internet and social media, was associated with both cyberbullying victimization and perpetration. Nearly one in 10 early adolescents reported cyberbullying victimization. Pediatricians, parents, teachers, and online platforms can provide education to support victims and prevent perpetration for early adolescents at the highest risk of cyberbullying.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social epidemiology of Fitbit daily steps in early adolescence.	Abstract Background: Sociodemographic disparities in adolescent physical activity have been documented but mostly rely on self-reported data. Our objective was to examine differences in device-based step metrics, including daily step count (steps d-1), by sociodemographic factors among a diverse sample of 10-to-14-year-old adolescents in the US. Methods: We analyzed prospective cohort data from Year 2 (2018-2020) of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 6460). Mixed-effects models were conducted to estimate associations of sociodemographic factors (sex, sexual orientation, race/ethnicity, household income, parental education, and parental marital status) with repeated measures of steps d-1 over the course of 21 days. Results: Participants (49.6% female, 39.0% racial/ethnic minority) accumulated an average of 9095.8 steps d-1. In mixed-effects models, 1543.6 more steps d-1 were recorded for male versus female sex, Black versus White race (328.8 more steps d-1), heterosexual versus sexual minority sexual orientation (676.4 more steps d-1), >$200,000 versus <$25,000 household income (1003.3 more steps d-1), and having married/partnered parents versus unmarried/unpartnered parents (326.3 more steps d-1). We found effect modification by household income for Black adolescents and by sex for Asian adolescents. Conclusions: Given sociodemographic differences in adolescent steps d-1, physical activity guidelines should focus on key populations and adopt strategies optimized for adolescents from diverse backgrounds. Impact: Sociodemographic disparities in physical activity have been documented but mostly rely on self-reported data, which can be limited by reporting and prevarication bias. In this demographically diverse sample of 10-14-year-old early adolescents in the U.S., we found notable and nuanced sociodemographic disparities in Fitbit steps per day. More daily steps were recorded for male versus female sex, Black versus White race, heterosexual versus sexual minority, >$100,000 versus <$25,000 household income, and having married/partnered versus unmarried/unpartnered parents. We found effect modification by household income for Black adolescents and by sex for Asian adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social epidemiology of early adolescent problematic screen use in the United States.	To determine sociodemographic correlates of problematic screen use (social media, video games, mobile phones) among a racially/ethnically and socioeconomically diverse population-based sample of 10-14-year-old early adolescents. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (Year 2, 2018-2020; N = 8753). Multiple linear regression analyses were used to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (age, sex, race/ethnicity, primary language, household income, parental education) and adolescent-reported problematic video game (Video Game Addiction Questionnaire), social media (Social Media Addiction Questionnaire), and mobile phone use (Mobile Phone Involvement Questionnaire). Boys reported higher problematic video game use while girls reported higher problematic social media and mobile phone use. Native American, black, and Latinx adolescents reported higher scores across all problematic screen measures compared to non-Latinx white adolescents. Having unmarried/unpartnered parents was associated with higher problematic social media use. Although higher household income was generally protective against problematic video game use, these associations were weaker for black than white adolescents (p for interaction <0.05). Given the sociodemographic differences in problematic screen use, digital literacy education strategies can focus on at-risk populations, encourage targeted counseling by pediatricians, and adapt family media use plans for diverse backgrounds. While sociodemographic differences in screen time are documented, we examined sociodemographic differences in problematic screen use in a large, diverse sample of early adolescents in the US. Boys reported higher problematic video game use while girls reported higher problematic social media and mobile phone use. Native American, black, and Latinx adolescents reported higher scores across all problematic screen measures compared to non-Latinx white adolescents. Although higher household income was generally protective against problematic video game use, these associations were weaker for black than white adolescents. Beyond time spent on screens, pediatricians, parents, and educators should be aware of sociodemographic differences in problematic screen use.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Social epidemiology of the Mediterranean-dietary approaches to stop hypertension intervention for neurodegenerative delay (MIND) diet among early adolescents: the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Background: The purpose of our study was to understand the relationship between sociodemographic factors and adherence to the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet in a demographically diverse national population-based sample of 9-12-year-olds in the US. Methods: We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (Year 1, N = 8333). Multivariable linear regression analysis was used to identify associations between MIND diet score and sociodemographic factors, including race/ethnicity, household income, parent education level, age, sex, and sexual minority status. Results: Compared to White adolescents, Latino adolescents showed the greatest adherence to the MIND diet. Boys had lower adherence to the MIND diet than girls. Lower household income was associated with lower adherence to the MIND diet. Older age was associated with lower adherence to the MIND diet. Sexual minorities had a lower adherence to the MIND diet when compared to their heterosexual counterparts. Discussion: Female sex, Latino ethnicity, Asian and Black race, high household income, heterosexual sexual orientation, and younger age were associated with higher adherence to the MIND diet. These sociodemographic differences can inform targeted screening and counseling for clinicians and public health organizations among diverse adolescent populations. Impact statement: Sociodemographic disparities in diet quality have been documented, but none have explored adherence to the MIND (Mediterranean-DASH [Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension] Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay) diet in early adolescence. In this demographically diverse sample of 9-12-year-old early adolescents in the U.S., we found notable and nuanced sociodemographic disparities in adherence to the MIND diet. Sociodemographic factors associated with higher adherence to the MIND diet included female sex, Latino ethnicity, high household income, heterosexual sexual orientation, and younger age.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Sociodemographic Correlates of Contemporary Screen Time Use among 9- and 10-Year-Old Children	Objective: To determine sociodemographic correlates of contemporary screen time use among a diverse population-based sample of 9- and 10-year-old children. Study design: In 2021, we analyzed cross-sectional baseline (2016-2018) data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (n = 10 755). Multiple linear regression analyses were conducted to estimate associations between sociodemographic factors (sex, race/ethnicity, country of birth, household income, parental education) and 6 contemporary forms of screen time (television, videos [eg, YouTube], video games, social networking, texting, and video chat). Results: On average, children reported 3.99 hours of screen time per day across 6 modalities, with the most time spent watching/streaming television shows/movies (1.31 hours), playing video games (1.06 hours), and watching/streaming videos (1.05 hours). On average, Black children reported 1.58 more hours of screen time per day and Asian children reported 0.35 less hours of screen time per day compared with White children (mean 3.46 hours per day), and these trends persisted across most modalities. Boys reported higher overall screen time (0.75 hours more) than girls, which was primarily attributed to video games and videos. Girls reported more time texting, social networking, and video chatting than boys. Higher income was associated with lower screen time usage across all modalities except video chat. However, in high-income households, Latinx children reported 0.65 more hours of screen time per day than White children. Conclusions: Given the sociodemographic differences in child screen use, guideline implementation strategies can focus on key populations, encourage targeted counseling by pediatricians, and adapt Family Media Use Plans for diverse backgrounds.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Suicide ideation and neurocognition among 9- and 10-year old children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Objective: During the past decade, the pediatric suicide rate has nearly tripled. Yet, little is known about suicide behavior (SB) in children. Identification of risk factors associated with SB during childhood may be critical to preventing future attempts. The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between neurocognitive performance and suicide ideation (SI) in children. Method: The present study utilized baseline data from 11,875 participants in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a longitudinal study that follows nine- and ten-year-old children through late adolescence to examine factors that influence developmental trajectories. Suicidality was assessed by the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorder and Schizophrenia (KSADS) suicide module completed by the parent. Neurocognitive ability was assessed using the NIH Toolbox Cognition measures administered to the youth. Results: Children with a history of SI reported by their parent or concordant parent and youth report of SI demonstrated lower performance on the NIH Toolbox Picture Sequence Memory Test compared to children without SI. The difference in performance on the memory task remained significant when including demographic characteristics, family history of suicide, and internalizing symptoms in the model as covariates. Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first study to identify decreased episodic memory in children with SI. These findings are similar to results from adult and adolescent studies which have reported decreased memory performance among suicide attempters. Deficits in episodic memory may impact a child’s ability to problem-solve and generate potential future outcomes, which may increase the risk for SB. Early identification of memory deficits in children may inform suicide prevention and intervention efforts.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The Associations between Religion and Impulsivity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Impulsivity is associated with increased risk for externalizing symptoms and disorders across the lifespan. Religiosity may be a protective factor for the consequences of impulsivity. The purpose of this study was to examine in children whether (1) religion is associated with decreased impulsivity, and (2) religiosity is a protective factor in the association between impulsivity and externalizing symptoms. Data were from Wave 1 of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a nationally representative longitudinal study of children (aged 9-10, N =11,875) in the United States. Impulsivity was assessed via the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale, BIS/BAS (behavioral inhibition/behavioral activation system) scale, and the Cash-Choice task. Externalizing symptoms were assessed via the Child Behavior Checklist. Structural equation models examined various dimensions of religiosity (religious affiliation, service attendance, and importance) as moderators of the relationship between impulsivity and externalizing symptoms. Results showed greater religious attendance, but not religious importance or having any religious affiliation, was significantly associated with decreased impulsivity (r = -0.03, p = .02). Differences in impulsivity were observed between certain religious affiliations: Christian religious affiliation was associated with increased impulsivity as compared to other religions (r = 0.06, p < .001). Religiosity did not moderate associations between impulsivity and externalizing symptoms. These findings suggest impulsivity and some domains of religiosity are related in children. Religiosity was not protective of the association between impulsivity and externalizing symptoms at this age. Future studies could use a longitudinal design to better understand how these relationships form across the lifespan.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The association between adverse childhood experiences (ACES), bullying victimization, and internalizing and externalizing problems among early adolescents: Examining cumulative and interactive associations.	Both adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and bullying victimization are linked with mental health problems in adolescents. However, little is known about the overlap between the two factors and how this impacts adolescent mental health problems (i.e., internalizing and externalizing problems). The current study analyzed data from 8,085 participants (47.7% female; 44.1% racial/ethnic minority) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, baseline (2016-2018, ages 9-10 years) to Year 2. Regression analyses were used to estimate associations between ACEs, bullying victimization and mental health problems, respectively, adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, country of birth, household income, parental education, and study site. The findings showed that both ACEs and bullying victimization were independently associated with higher internalizing and higher externalizing problems. However, no significant interaction was found between ACEs and bullying victimization. Overall, the results align with the cumulative risk model of adversity, linking cumulative ACEs and bullying victimization to internalizing and externalizing problems in early adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The association between family environment and subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization in adolescents	Background: Family environment and parental monitoring have long been recognized as two important factors associated with adolescents' psychological development. Studies have suggested a potential link between parenting style/parental engagement and the likelihood of bullying victimization among adolescents. Nonetheless, no studies to date have investigated the association between family environment and the subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents. In this study, we assessed the association between family environment (eg, parental monitoring and family conflict) and subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD). Methods: We used multivariable logistic regressions to assess the association between parental monitoring and family conflict at year 1 and the subsequent risk of cyberbullying victimization at year 2 in 10,410 eligible ABCD study participants. Results: Adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, study sampling weights and study site, higher levels of parental monitoring at year 1 were associated with a lower reported past 12-month (OR: 0.61, 95% CI: 0.50-0.75) history of cyberbullying victimization at year 2. Higher levels of family conflict at year 1 were associated with a higher risk of reported past 12-month history (OR: 1.10, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16) of cyberbullying victimization one year later. Conclusion: Higher levels of parental monitoring and lower levels of family conflict are associated with a subsequent lower risk of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents. Cyberbullying victimization preventive programs should advocate for increased parental monitoring and minimize family conflict at home to reduce the risks of cyberbullying victimization among adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The role of family conflict in mediating impulsivity to early substance exposure among preteens	Objectives: Preadolescence substance exposure, which increases the risk of regular substance use, has been a public health concern. Although studies found that impulsivity is a predisposing factor of early substance exposure, the pathways through which impulsivity is associated with early substance exposure remain unclear. This study examined how family conflict mediates this association among U.S. preteens as family environment plays an essential role in pre-adolescent development. Methods: Respondents (N = 11,800, 9–10 years old) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study Release 2.01 (July 2019) were included in this study. Generalized structural equation modeling was performed to investigate the mediation effects of family conflict on the associations between childhood impulsivity and early exposure to alcohol and tobacco use, controlling for covariates based on the Problem Behavior Theory. Results: Pre-adolescents with high impulsivity levels (≥90th percentile) were more likely to report early alcohol and tobacco exposure (total effect: ORs = 1.49 and 1.70, respectively), where 4.13% and 12.41% of the associations, respectively, were meditated by family conflict (indirect effect: ORs = 1.02 and 1.07; Sobel test ps = 0.022 and 0.005, respectively). Conclusions: Family conflict mediates the associations between childhood impulsivity and early substance exposure among preteens, with higher impulsivity leading to more severe family conflicts that are, in turn, associated with a higher likelihood of early substance exposure. To prevent preteens with high impulsivity level from early use of substances, interventions may focus on reducing family conflicts such as parenting counseling that guides parents to strengthen conflict-resolution skills and create a stable home environment for preteens.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The social epidemiology of binge-eating disorder and behaviors in early adolescents	Background: Binge-eating disorder (BED) is the most common eating disorder phenotype and is linked to several negative health outcomes. Yet, little is known about the social epidemiology of BED, particularly in early adolescence. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and BED and binge-eating behaviors in a large, national cohort of 10-14-year-old adolescents in the United States (U.S.) METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of two-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (2018 - 2020) that included 10,197 early adolescents (10 - 14 years, mean 12 years) in the U.S. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between sociodemographic characteristics and BED and binge-eating behaviors, defined based on the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia. Results: In this early adolescent sample (48.8% female, 54.0% White, 19.8% Latino/Hispanic, 16.1% Black, 5.4% Asian, 3.2% Native American, 1.5% Other), the prevalence of BED and binge-eating behaviors were 1.0% and 6.3%, respectively. Identifying as gay or bisexual (compared to heterosexual; adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.25, 95% CI 1.01-5.01) and having a household income of less than $75,000 (AOR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.21-3.46) were associated with greater odds of BED. Being male (AOR: 1.28, 95% CI: 1.06-1.55), of Native American (AOR: 1.60, 95% CI: 1.01-2.55) descent, having a household income less than $75,000 (AOR: 1.34, 95% CI: 1.08-1.65), or identifying as gay or bisexual (AOR for 'Yes' Response: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.31-2.91 and AOR for 'Maybe' Response: 1.81, 95% CI: 1.19-2.76) were all associated with higher odds of binge-eating behaviors. Conclusion: Several sociodemographic variables showed significant associations with binge-eating behaviors, which can inform targeted screening, prevention, and education campaigns for BED among early adolescents.	11875/11875	Secondary Analysis	Shared
White Matter Tract Integrity, Involvement in Sports, and Depressive Symptoms in Children	White matter tract integrity, measured via fractional anisotropy (FA), may serve as a mediating variable between exercise and depression. To study this, we examined data from 3973 children participating in the ABCD study. Parents of children completed the Sports and Activities questionnaire and the Child Behavior Checklist, and children completed a diffusion MRI scan, providing information about the FA of the parahippocampal cingulum and fornix. Results showed that involvement in sports was associated with reduced depression in boys. The number of activities and sports that a child was involved in was negatively related to FA of the left fornix but was unrelated to FA of other tracts. FA of these white matter tracts was also unrelated to depressive symptoms. This suggests that while white matter tract integrity is associated with exercise, it may not be part of a pathway linking exercise to depression levels in preadolescent boys.	11875/11875	Primary Analysis	Shared
Behavioral and Neural Signatures of Working Memory in Childhood	Working memory is a foundational cognitive ability that changes over time and varies across individuals. Here, we analyze data from over 11,500 9- to 10-year-olds to establish relationships between working memory, other cognitive abilities, and frontoparietal brain activity during a working memory challenge, but not during other cognitive challenges. Our results lay the groundwork for assessing longitudinal changes in working memory and predicting later academic and other real-world outcomes.	11874/11874	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Executive Functions and Intelligence in the ABCD Study	Executive functions (EFs) and intelligence (IQ) are phenotypically correlated and heritable; however, they show variable genetic correlations in twin studies spanning childhood to middle age. We analyzed data from over 11,000 children (9-10-year-olds, including 749 twin pairs) in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine the phenotypic and genetic relations between EFs and IQ in childhood. We identified two EF factors – Common EF and Updating-Specific, which were both related to IQ (rs = .64-.81). Common EF and IQ were heritable (53-67%), and their genetic correlation (rG = .86) was not significantly different than 1. These results suggest that EFs and IQ are phenotypically but not genetically separable in middle childhood.	11874/11874	Secondary Analysis	Shared
History of depression, elevated BMI, and waist-to-height ratio in pre-adolescent children	Objective: To evaluate history of depression and self-injurious thoughts and behaviors as predictors of elevated BMI and elevated waist-to-height ratio in pre-adolescents. Methods: Baseline data were evaluated from a large, nationally representative cohort study of 9- and 10-year-old children (unweighted n = 11,875), the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Results: In the weighted sample, 10.6 % of children had a history of depression, 7.0% had engaged in non-suicidal self-injury, 13.1% had experienced suicidal ideation in their lifetime, and 1.1% had a history of attempted suicide. 34.1% of children had an elevated BMI in the overweight or obese range and 31.9% of children had a waist-to-height ratio > 0.5. In multivariate analyses, history of depression was associated with elevated BMI and waist-to-height ratio. Furthermore, sex interactions were found; girls with a history of depression were more likely to have an elevated BMI (OR 1.47, 95% CI: 1.24-1.74, p < 0.001) and elevated waist-to-height ratio (OR 1.48, 95% CI: 1.18-1.86, p = 0.002) than girls without a history of depression, but no differences were observed between boys with and without a history of depression. Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors were not associated with elevated BMI or elevated waist-to-height. Conclusions: In our study, nine- and ten-year-old girls with a history of depression were more likely to have an elevated BMI and elevated waist-to-height ratio than girls with no history of depression. These results provide important clinical context in caring for pre-adolescents with a history of depression.	11874/11874	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal cannabis exposure and sleep outcomes in children 9-10 years of age in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ Study.	Objectives: Analyze the associations between prenatal cannabis exposure and child sleep outcomes. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®) study was used to determine whether maternal reports of prenatal cannabis use were associated with child sleep outcomes among 11,875 children ages 9-10 controlling for covariates including prenatal substance exposure, mother’s education, combined household income, parental marital status, race, child sex, and child age. Results: Endorsement of any prenatal cannabis use was associated with symptoms of disorders of initiating and maintaining sleep, disorders of arousal, sleep wake disorders, disorders of excessive somnolence, and a summed sleep disorder score (all β > 0.10 and p < 0.03) while frequency of prenatal daily cannabis use was significantly associated with disorders of excessive somnolence (β = 0.29, p = 0.03). Conclusions: Although causality is not established, the results suggest potential long-term effects of prenatal cannabis exposure on sleep and the prudence of abstinence from cannabis use while pregnant.	11874/11874	Primary Analysis	Shared
Executive functions and impulsivity as transdiagnostic correlates of psychopathology in childhood: A behavioral genetic analysis	Executive functions (EFs) and impulsivity are dimensions of self-regulation that are both related to psychopathology. However, self-report measures of impulsivity and laboratory EF tasks typically display small correlations, and existing research indicates that impulsivity and EFs may tap separate aspects of self-regulation that independently statistically predict psychopathology in adulthood. However, relationships between EFs, impulsivity, and psychopathology may be different in childhood compared to adulthood. Here, we examine whether these patterns hold in the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) sample, a national sample of over 11,000 children (including 749 twin pairs) ages 9-10 years. We examine the phenotypic and genetic relationships among latent variables for different components of EFs and multiple facets of impulsivity. Additionally, we assess how EFs and impulsivity relate to composite measures and latent variables of psychopathology derived from parent report. EFs were weakly correlated with impulsivity, and the strength varied by impulsivity facet, emphasizing their separability. We did not identify significant genetic and environmental correlations between EFs and impulsivity. Moreover, controlling for their small relationships with each other, both EFs and some facets of impulsivity statistically predicted an Externalizing factor, attention problems, and social problems, and twin analyses suggested these relationships were genetic in origin. These findings indicate that EFs and impulsivity represent phenotypically and genetically separable aspects of self-regulation that are both transdiagnostic correlates of psychopathology in childhood.	11873/11873	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Functional connectome mediates the association between sleep disturbance and mental health in preadolescence: A longitudinal mediation study	Sleep disturbance is known to be associated with various mental disorders and often precedes the onset of mental disorders in youth. Given the increasingly acknowledged bidirectional influence between sleep disturbance and mental disorders, we aim to identify a shared neural mechanism that underlies sleep disturbance and mental disorders in preadolescents. We analyzed a dataset of 9,350 9–10 year-old children, among whom 8,845 had 1-year follow-up data, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Linear mixed-effects models, mediation analysis, and longitudinal mediation analysis were used to investigate the relationship between sleep disturbance, mental disorders, and resting-state network connectivity. Out of 186 unique connectivities, the effect of total sleep disturbance (TSP, from Sleep Disturbance Scale) and mental problems (MP, from Child Behavior Checklist) converged in the default mode network (DMN) and the dorsal attention network (DAN). Within- and between-network connectivities (DMN-DAN, DMN-DMN, DAN-DAN) mediated the relationship between baseline TSD and MP at 1-year follow-up and the relationship between baseline MP and TSD at 1-year follow-up. The pathway model in which sleep disturbance and mental problems affect each other through two anticorrelated brain networks (DMN and DAN) suggests a common neural mechanism between them. Longitudinally, a less segregated DMN and DAN is associated with negative outcomes on mental well-being and sleep disturbance a year later. These findings have important implications for the design of prevention and neurofeedback intervention for mental disorders and sleep problems.	11871/11871	Secondary Analysis	Shared
"I Don't Understand": Who Is Missed When We Ask Early Adolescents, "Are You Transgender"?	NA	11870/11870	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Birth weight and childhood psychopathology in the ABCD cohort: association is strongest for attention problems and is moderated by sex.	Many studies have shown low birth weight is associated with psychopathology later in life, particularly attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The association is well-replicated, independent from a variety of potential familial confounds, and follows a dose-response curve (decreasing birth weight linked with increasing odds of disorder). However, the specificity of the association to attention problems is called into question by the extent of comorbidity in ADHD, and recent findings that the association is stronger for autism than ADHD. We test the relative dose-response strength of birth weight on multiple aspects of behavior to explore specificity of the effect to attention problems. We also test recent suggestions that the association between birth weight and attention problems is driven by males. Our sample consisted of 9,076 children aged 9-10 from the United States (Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study). Outcomes included 9 problem-scales and the total problems scale from the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Attention problems were the most strongly associated with birth weight after controlling for gestational age, potential familial confounds, and multiple testing, supporting the outcome-specificity of this association. Contrary to recent registry-based findings, an association between birth weight and an autism scale was not observed. Sex moderated the effect of birth weight on total problems, attention problems and aggressive behavior such that these inverse associations were strongly driven by males. Our findings have strong implications for sex-specific prediction and etiological models of childhood psychopathology.	11870/11870	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Explaining the association between urbanicity and psychotic-like experiences in pre-adolescence: The indirect effect of urban exposures	Urban living is a growing worldwide phenomenon with more than two-thirds of people expected to live in cities by 2050. Although there are many benefits to living in an urban environment, urbanicity has also been associated with deleterious health outcomes, including increased risk for psychotic outcomes particularly when the urban exposure occurs in pre-adolescence. However, the mechanisms underlying this association is unclear. Here, we utilize one-year follow-up data from a large (N=7,979), nationwide study of pre-adolescence in the United States to clarify why urbanicity (i.e., census-tract population density) might impact psychotic-like experiences (PLE) by looking at the indirect effect of eight candidate urbanicity-related physical (e.g., pollution) and social (e.g., poverty) exposures. Consistent with other work, we found that of the evaluated exposures related to urbanicity, several were also related to increased number of PLE: PM2.5, proximity to roads, census-level homes at-risk for exposure to lead paint, census-level poverty, and census-level income-disparity. These same urban-related exposures were also related to the persistence of PLE after 1 year, but not new onset of PLE. Mediation analysis revealed that a substantial proportion the urbanicity-PLE association (number and persistence) could be explained by PM2.5 (23–44%), families in poverty (68–93%), and income disparity (67–80%). Together, these findings suggest that specific urban-related exposures contribute to the existence and maintenance, but not onset of PLE, which might help to explain why those in urban environments are disproportionately at-risk for psychosis and point toward areas for public health intervention.	11870/11870	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations Between Traumatic Stress, Brain Volumes and Post-traumatic Stress Disorder Symptoms in Children: Data from the ABCD Study	Reduced volumes in brain regions of interest (ROIs), primarily from adult samples, are associated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). We extended this work to children using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (N = 11,848; Mage = 9.92). Structural equation modeling and an elastic-net (EN) machine-learning approach were used to identify potential effects of traumatic events (TEs) on PTSD symptoms (PTSDsx) directly, and indirectly via the volumes 300 subcortical and cortical ROIs. We then estimated the genetic and environmental variation in the phenotypes. TEs were directly associated with PTSDsx (r = 0.92) in children, but their indirect effects (r < 0.0004)—via the volumes of EN-identified subcortical and cortical ROIs—were negligible at this age. Additive genetic factors explained a modest proportion of the variance in TEs (23.4%) and PTSDsx (21.3%), and accounted for most of the variance of EN-identified volumes of four of the five subcortical (52.4–61.8%) three of the nine cortical ROIs (46.4–53.3%) and cerebral white matter in the left hemisphere (57.4%). Environmental factors explained most of the variance in TEs (C = 61.6%, E = 15.1%), PTSDsx (residual-C = 18.4%, residual-E = 21.8%), right lateral ventricle (C = 15.2%, E = 43.1%) and six of the nine EN-identified cortical ROIs (C = 4.0–13.6%, E = 56.7–74.8%). There is negligible evidence that the volumes of brain ROIs are associated with the indirect effects of TEs on PTSDsx at this age. Overall, environmental factors accounted for more of the variation in TEs and PTSDsx. Whereas additive genetic factors accounted for most of the variability in the volumes of a minority of cortical and in most of subcortical ROIs.	11868/11868	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Negative Impact of Daily Screen Use on Inhibitory Control Network in Preadolescence: A Two Year Follow-Up Study	The COVID pandemic has made an unprecedented shift in children9s daily lives. Children are increasingly spending time with screens to learn and connect with others. As online environment rapidly substitutes in-person experience, understanding children9s neuropsychological trajectories associated with screen experiences is important. Given previous findings suggesting that excessive screen use can lead children to seek more immediate rewards over delayed outcomes, we hypothesized that the increased screen time delays the development of inhibitory control. By analyzing neuropsychological data for 8,334 children (9-11ys) from the ABCD Study Data, we found that children with longer screen time showed a higher reward orientation and a weaker inhibitory control system (i.e., fronto-striatal circuitry) in the brain. Importantly, the interaction of screen experience with the reward sensitivity negatively influences the development of inhibitory control system in the brain over two years, implying possible long-term negative impacts of increased daily screen time on neuropsychological development in children. The results further demonstrated that screen time especially influences the dorsal striatum connectivity, which suggests that the effect of daily screen use is more of a habitual seeking behavior. The results together provide neural and behavioral evidence on the negative impact of daily screen use on developing children.	11868/11868	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effects of sleep-corrected social jetlag on measures of mental health, cognitive ability, and brain functional connectivity in early adolescence	Approximately half of adolescents encounter a mismatch between their sleep patterns on school days and free days, also referred to as “social jetlag.” This condition has been linked to various adverse outcomes, such as poor sleep, cognitive deficits, and mental disorders. However, prior research was unsuccessful in accounting for other variables that are correlated with social jetlag, including sleep duration and quality. To address this limitation, we applied a propensity score matching method on a sample of 6335 11–12-year-olds from the 2-year follow-up (FL2) data of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. We identified 2424 pairs of participants with high sleep-corrected social jetlag (SJLsc, over 1 hour) and low SJLsc (<= 1 hour) at FL2 (1728 pairs have neuroimaging data), as well as 1626 pairs at 3-year follow-up (FL3), after matching based on 11 covariates including socioeconomic status, demographics, and sleep duration and quality. Our results showed that high SJLsc, as measured by the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, was linked to reduced crystallized intelligence (CI), lower school performance—grades, and decreased functional connectivity between cortical networks and subcortical regions, specifically between cingulo-opercular network and right hippocampus. Further mediation and longitudinal mediation analyses revealed that this connection mediated the associations between SJLsc and CI at FL2, and between SJLsc and grades at both FL2 and FL3. We validated these findings by replicating these results using objective SJLsc measurements obtained via Fitbit watches. Overall, our study highlights the negative association between social jetlag and CI during early adolescence.	11867/11867	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Linking longitudinal changes in hierarchical psychopathology to suicidal risk in adolescents	Children's suicidality has become a significant concern in recent years. While multiple factors contribute to suicide risk, psychopathology is considered the most significant risk factor in the affected children. Utilizing data from 5957 children of The Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®), we aimed to investigate the relationship between longitudinal changes in children's psychopathology and their risk of suicide. We assessed psychopathology using the ABCD Parent Children Behavior Checklist Raw Scores Aseba (CBCL), and one self-harm and three suicidal ideation diagnoses using the ABCD Youth Diagnostic Interview for DSM-5 (KSADS-5). Using exploratory factor analysis, we modelled spectra of the Hierarchical Taxonomy Of Psychopathology (HiTOP). Adjusted logistic regression analysis revealed that increasing scores on the antagonistic externalizing spectrum over one year was associated with a higher risk of self-harm and suicidal ideation in the following year (coefficient=0.073; p-value=0.029). Additionally, higher scores in the antagonistic externalizing spectrum at baseline were significantly associated with lower risk for children's suicidal ideation at second-year follow-up (coefficient=-0.121; p-value=0.021), but not self-harm behaviours. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first to adopt the temporal domain of dimensional psychopathology to identify children's suicidality at follow-up with a large-scale longitudinal dataset. The findings might suggest some potential for early detection and prevention of children's suicidality in the future.	11867/11867	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A Large-scale genome-wide association study meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder	Background Variation in liability to cannabis use disorder has a strong genetic component (estimated twin and family heritability about 50–70%) and is associated with negative outcomes, including increased risk of psychopathology. The aim of the study was to conduct a large genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify novel genetic variants associated with cannabis use disorder. Methods To conduct this GWAS meta-analysis of cannabis use disorder and identify associations with genetic loci, we used samples from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Substance Use Disorders working group, iPSYCH, and deCODE (20 916 case samples, 363 116 control samples in total), contrasting cannabis use disorder cases with controls. To examine the genetic overlap between cannabis use disorder and 22 traits of interest (chosen because of previously published phenotypic correlations [eg, psychiatric disorders] or hypothesised associations [eg, chronotype] with cannabis use disorder), we used linkage disequilibrium score regression to calculate genetic correlations. Findings We identified two genome-wide significant loci: a novel chromosome 7 locus (FOXP2, lead single-nucleotide polymorphism [SNP] rs7783012; odds ratio [OR] 1·11, 95% CI 1·07–1·15, p=1·84 × 10−9) and the previously identified chromosome 8 locus (near CHRNA2 and EPHX2, lead SNP rs4732724; OR 0·89, 95% CI 0·86–0·93, p=6·46 × 10−9). Cannabis use disorder and cannabis use were genetically correlated (rg 0·50, p=1·50 × 10−21), but they showed significantly different genetic correlations with 12 of the 22 traits we tested, suggesting at least partially different genetic underpinnings of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Cannabis use disorder was positively genetically correlated with other psychopathology, including ADHD, major depression, and schizophrenia. Interpretation These findings support the theory that cannabis use disorder has shared genetic liability with other psychopathology, and there is a distinction between genetic liability to cannabis use and cannabis use disorder.	11864/11864	Secondary Analysis	Shared
ENIGMA plasticity GWAS	Human brain structure changes throughout the lifespan. Altered brain growth or rates of decline are implicated in a vast range of psychiatric, developmental and neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we identified common genetic variants that affect rates of brain growth or atrophy in what is, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide association meta-analysis of changes in brain morphology across the lifespan. Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging data from 15,640 individuals were used to compute rates of change for 15 brain structures. The most robustly identified genes GPR139, DACH1 and APOE are associated with metabolic processes. We demonstrate global genetic overlap with depression, schizophrenia, cognitive functioning, insomnia, height, body mass index and smoking. Gene set findings implicate both early brain development and neurodegenerative processes in the rates of brain changes. Identifying variants involved in structural brain changes may help to determine biological pathways underlying optimal and dysfunctional brain development and aging.	11863/11863	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Auditory Cortex Asymmetry Associations with Individual Differences in Language and Cognition	A longstanding cerebral lateralization hypothesis predicts that disrupted development of typical leftward structural asymmetry of auditory cortex explains why children have problems learning to read. Small sample sizes and small effects, potential sex-specific effects, and associations that are limited to specific dimensions of language are thought to have contributed inconsistent results. The large ABCD study dataset (baseline visit: N = 11,859) was used to test the hypothesis of significant associations between surface area asymmetry of auditory cortex and receptive vocabulary performance across boys and girls, as well as an oral word reading effect that was specific to boys. The results provide modest support (Cohen’s d effect sizes ≤ 0.10) for the cerebral lateralization hypothesis.	11859/11859	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Fighting the scanner effect in brain MRI segmentation with a progressive level-of-detail network trained on multi-site data	Many clinical and research studies of the human brain require an accurate structural MRI segmentation. While traditional atlas-based methods can be applied to volumes from any acquisition site, recent deep learning algorithms ensure very high accuracy only when tested on data from the same sites exploited in training (i.e., internal data). The performance degradation experienced on external data (i.e., unseen volumes from unseen sites) is due to the inter-site variabilities in intensity distributions induced by different MR scanner models, acquisition parameters, and unique artefacts. To mitigate this site-dependency, often referred to as the scanner effect, we propose LOD-Brain, a 3D convolutional neural network with progressive levels-of-detail (LOD) able to segment brain data from any site. Coarser network levels are responsible to learn a robust anatomical prior useful for identifying brain structures and their locations, while finer levels refine the model to handle site-specific intensity distributions and anatomical variations. We ensure robustness across sites by training the model on an unprecedented rich dataset aggregating data from open repositories: almost 27,000 T1w volumes from around 160 acquisition sites, at 1.5 - 3T, from a population spanning from 8 to 90 years old. Extensive tests demonstrate that LOD-Brain produces state-of-the-art results, with no significant difference in performance between internal and external sites, and robust to challenging anatomical variations. Its portability opens the way for large scale application across different healthcare institutions, patient populations, and imaging technology manufacturers. Code, model, and demo are available at the project website.	11857/11857	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Obesity and Eating Disorder Disparities among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth	Obesity and eating disorders (EDs) in youth are prevalent, associated with medical and psychosocial consequences, and may persist into adulthood; therefore identifying subgroups of youth vulnerable to one or both conditions is critical. One group that may be at-risk for obesity and disordered eating is sexual and gender minorities (SGM; those who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, and/or transgender or whose sexual orientation or gender identity/expression do not conform to societal conventions). Though SGM identities may begin in childhood and early adolescence, many studies assess older adolescents and adults, and rely upon self-reported weight and eating pathology. Given the adverse sequelae of obesity and EDs, the identification of disparities among SGM youth has implications for clinical practice and public health.	11852/11852	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Using synthetic MR images for field map-less distortion correction	Functional MRI (fMRI) data acquired using echo-planar imaging (EPI) are highly distorted by magnetic field inhomogeneities. Distortion combined with underlying differences in image contrast between EPI and T1-weighted and T2-weighted (T1w/T2w) structural images makes the alignment of functional and anatomical images a challenge. Typically, separately acquired field map data are used to correct fMRI distortions and a flexible cost function insensitive to cross-modal differences in image contrast and intensity is used for aligning fMRI and anatomical images. The quality of alignment achieved with this approach can vary greatly and depends on the quality of field map data. In addition, many publicly available datasets lack field map data entirely. To address this issue, we developed Synth, a software package for distortion correction and cross-modal image registration that does not require separately acquired field map data. Synth combines information from T1w and T2w anatomical images to construct an idealized undistorted synthetic image that has similar contrast properties to fMRI data. The undistorted synthetic image then serves as an effective reference for individual-specific nonlinear unwarping to correct fMRI distortions. We demonstrate, in both pediatric (ABCD: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development) and adult (MSC: Midnight Scan Club) data that Synth performs comparably well to other leading distortion correction approaches that utilize field map data, and often outperforms them. Field map-less distortion correction with Synth allows accurate and precise registration of fMRI data with missing or corrupted field map information.	11847/11847	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Joint Multi-Ancestry and Admixed GWAS Reveals the Complex Genetics behind Human Cranial Vault Shape	The cranial vault – the portion of the skull surrounding the brain and cerebellum – is highly variable, clinically relevant, and heritable, yet its genetic architecture remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a joint multi-ancestry and admixed multivariate GWAS on 3D cranial vault shape extracted from magnetic resonance images of 6,772 children from the ABCD study cohort, identifying 30 genome-wide significant genetic loci and replicating 20 of these signals in 16,947 additional individuals of the UK Biobank. This joint multi-ancestry GWAS was enriched for genetic components of cranial vault shape shared across ancestral groups and yielded a greater discovery than a European-only GWAS. We present supporting evidence for parietal versus frontal bone localization for several of the identified genes based on expression patterns in E15.5 mice. Collectively, our GWAS loci were enriched for processes related to skeletal development and showed elevated activity in cranial neural crest cells, suggesting a role during early craniofacial development. Among the identified genes, were RUNX2 and several of its upstream and downstream actors, highlighting the prominent role of intramembranous ossification – which takes place at the cranial sutures – in influencing cranial vault shape. We found that mutations in many genes associated with craniosynostosis exert their pathogenicity by modulating the same pathways involved in normal cranial vault development. This was further demonstrated in a non-syndromic sagittal craniosynostosis case-parent trio dataset of 63 probands (n = 189), where our GWAS signals near BMP2, BBS9, and ZIC2 contributed significantly to disease risk. Moreover, we found strong evidence of overlap with genes influencing the morphology of the face and the brain, suggesting a common genetic architecture connecting these developmentally adjacent structures. Overall, our study provides a comprehensive overview of the genetics underlying normal cranial vault shape and its relevance for understanding modern human craniofacial diversity and the etiology of congenital malformations.	11845/11845	Primary Analysis	Shared
Design issues and solutions for stop-signal data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study is an unprecedented longitudinal neuroimaging sample that tracks the brain development of over 10,000 9-10 year olds through adolescence(1). At the core of this study are the three tasks that are completed repeatedly within the fMRI scanner, one of which is the stop-signal task. Laudably, the materials and data from this study are being made openly available to the community. However, in analyzing the available experimental code and data for the stop-signal task, we identified a set of design issues that we believe significantly limit its value. These issues include but are not limited to: variable stimulus durations that violate basic assumptions of dominant stopping models, trials in which stimuli are incorrectly not presented, and degenerate stop-signal delays. We present eight issues, show their effect on the existing ABCD data, suggest prospective solutions to the study organizers including task changes for future data collection, and suggest retrospective solutions for data users who wish to make the most of the existing data.	11842/11842	Primary Analysis	Shared
Identifying canonical and replicable multi-scale intrinsic connectivity networks in 100k+ resting-state fMRI datasets	Despite the known benefits of data-driven approaches, the lack of approaches for identifying functional neuroimaging patterns that capture both individual variations and inter-subject correspondence limits the clinical utility of rsfMRI and its application to single-subject analyses. Here, using rsfMRI data from over 100k individuals across private and public datasets, we identify replicable multi-spatial-scale canonical intrinsic connectivity network (ICN) templates via the use of multi-model-order independent component analysis (ICA). We also study the feasibility of estimating subject-specific ICNs via spatially constrained ICA. The results show that the subject-level ICN estimations vary as a function of the ICN itself, the data length, and the spatial resolution. In general, large-scale ICNs require less data to achieve specific levels of (within- and between-subject) spatial similarity with their templates. Importantly, increasing data length can reduce an ICN's subject-level specificity, suggesting longer scans may not always be desirable. We also find a positive linear relationship between data length and spatial smoothness (possibly due to averaging over intrinsic dynamics), suggesting studies examining optimized data length should consider spatial smoothness. Finally, consistency in spatial similarity between ICNs estimated using the full data and subsets across different data lengths suggests lower within-subject spatial similarity in shorter data is not wholly defined by lower reliability in ICN estimates, but may be an indication of meaningful brain dynamics which average out as data length increases.	11834/11834	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Charting structural and functional development of the conNAcctome	Do structural connections carrying dopamine to the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) correlate with NAcc functional activity during reward anticipation? Previous research could characterize the white-matter tract projecting from the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) to the NAcc, and separate research has found greater NAcc activity during the anticipation of monetary rewards. However, no studies have linked the structural coherence of the VTA-NAcc tract to NAcc activity. To test this link from structure to function, we analyzed raw data of 4,944 subjects from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD). Diffusion-weighted and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (FMRI) data were screened for quality (<2 mm movement in 95% of acquired volumes; discovery sample n=87, mean age=10 years, 53% female). We identified regions to seed for tractography with the FreeSurfer subcortical segmentation of the NAcc and the Pauli atlas of the VTA. We then performed constrained spherical deconvolution-based probabilistic tractography with MRtrix to visualize the VTA-NAcc tract in each hemisphere of every subject, and measured Fractional Anisotropy (FA) of the tract along its trajectory. Functionally, we extracted raw activity timecourses (percent signal change) from the NAcc, aligned the timecourse with task trial phases, and targeted NAcc activity during reward anticipation. Replicating the functional literature, NAcc activity was greatest during the anticipation of large gains ($5>$0: left hemisphere: t(86)=2.97, p<0.01; right: t(86)=2.98, p<0.01). Structural coherence at the beginning of the VTA-NAcc tract was associated with greater NAcc activity during the anticipation of large gains in both hemispheres (left: r=0.25, p<0.05; right: r=0.34, p<0.01). The tract was not associated with NAcc activity during the anticipation of smaller gains and no reward. We then reproduce the analysis in randomly-sampled subsets of the full dataset based on a power analysis corrected for the highest observable correlation given test-retest reliability of the structural and functional measurements (n=461; given observable r=0.13 with 80% power at alpha=0.05). These findings suggest that structural tracts are associated with functional activity at tract endpoints, and further identify targets to study the reciprocal development of deep brain structure and function.	7008/11826	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Analyzing prenatal cannabis exposure and its impacts on frontolimbic white matter pathway development	Abstract: Many pregnant women use cannabis to soothe symptoms of many discomforts of pregnancy, such as morning sickness and anxiety. This is significant due to recent research which has shown that fetal neurodevelopment may be disrupted by cross placental transfer of cannabis constituents, such as delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). One of the impacts of this cross placental transfer of THC is the disruption of the endocannabinoid system, which can have adverse effects on the neurodevelopment of the child, these effects could have implications across the child’s lifespan. Previous research has shown that endocannabinoids and cannabinoid receptors are expressed in the fetal brain, including the white matter, as early as five weeks into gestation. We used the data from the ongoing nationwide NIH Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to examine the impact of prenatal cannabis use on the integrity of frontolimbic white matter pathways. We focused on frontolimbic pathways since they are known to be susceptible to cannabis use. Variations in endocannabinoid signaling has shown to be important for modulating frontolimbic development. This study reports on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) data collected from 10,579 youth (M ± SD = 9.92 ± 0.62 years; 48% female; 52% White, 12.5% Black, 18.7% Hispanic, 1.8% Asian, 5.3% Other). Prenatal cannabis use was measured via a parent retrospective report. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was estimated for frontolimbic white matter tracts. In this sample, 3.9% of parents (n = 410) reported using cannabis prior to knowledge of pregnancy, and 1.1% (n = 119) reported using after knowledge. We found that prenatal cannabis exposure before knowledge of pregnancy was associated with lower FA in the left parahippocampal cingulum, left inferior-fronto-occipital fasciculus, and the right and left fornices. After FDR correction and including covariates (i.e., race, gender, ethnicity) only the right fornix remained significant (F [1, 10578] = 15.69, p < 0.001, 𝜷 = -0.038, r2 = 0.001, p < 0.001). Prenatal cannabis exposure after knowledge of pregnancy was associated with lower FA in the right and left fornices, right and left cingulate cingulum, right parahippocampal cingulum, and the left uncinate. After FDR correction and adding covariates, none of these tracts remained significant. These data add to the growing body of evidence linking prenatal cannabis exposure to altered neurodevelopment. These findings indicate that variation in frontolimbic white matter pathways may explain the link between prenatal cannabis exposure and elevated risk of mental health outcomes in offspring and should be used to encourage women to abstain from cannabis use during pregnancy or pre-conception.	11812/11812	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Brain structural associations with anhedonia and polygenic risk for anhedonia in the ABCD study	Anhedonia is a transdiagnostic symptom in mental disorders. Neuroimaging studies of anhedonia have implicated several brain structural correlates. Here we investigated whether anhedonia-related brain structural differences were present in early adolescents. 11,329 participants (aged 9 to 11 years, 5,897 males) from the population-based ABCD study were included. We investigated associations between anhedonia, PRS-anhedonia, and brain structural measures (CT, SA, sulcal depth, CV, subcortical volumes, FA and MD for white matter tracts). Linear mixed models were performed, adjusting for sex, age, age2, race/ethnicity, ICV, and assessment site, as well as brain hemisphere, family ID and first 10 principal genetic components where applicable. Compared to adolescents without anhedonia (N=10,283), those with present/past anhedonia (N=1,046) had smaller total SA and lower CV, and smaller regional SA/CV in the fusiform, inferior parietal cortex, middle temporal cortex and rostral middle frontal cortex (β = -0.105 to -0.057). Higher PRS-anhedonia was associated with smaller total CV, total SA and total subcortical volume, as well as smaller SA in the superior frontal cortex and increased sulcal depth in the rostral middle frontal lobe (β = -0.049 to 0.028). No associations with CT, subcortical volumes or diffusion tensor imaging measures of white matter integrity were found. Overall, anhedonia and PRS-anhedonia were associated with brain structural differences in adolescents, and some associations mirror our previous findings in adults. These results contribute to the understanding of a possible biological basis for adolescent anhedonia and may help to identify early neural biomarkers for mental disorders. Future work should assess how these associations change over time in longitudinal studies.	11811/11811	Primary Analysis	Shared
Gene–environment interplay in anhedonia and reward-related brain morphology and function	Psychiatric disorders are the consequence of complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. Anhedonia, as a transdiagnostic symptom in multiple psychiatric disorders, has been linked to both genetic and environmental risk factors. However, the gene–environment interplay that contributes to anhedonia is poorly understood. The goal of this study was to investigate the associations between PRS-anhedonia and environmental risk exposures, and their interactions on phenotypic anhedonia and reward-related brain structure and function in two large population-based samples, UK Biobank and the ABCD study. We investigated gene–environment correlations and interactions in 19667 White European participants (55.30 ± 7.49 years, 51.58% females) from UK Biobank and 9213 adolescents of diverse ancestries (9.90 ± 0.62 years, 46.5% females) from the ABCD study separately. PRS-anhedonia was derived from an earlier genome-wide association study of state anhedonia. Many environmental risk factors such as parent depression and childhood trauma were included. Phenotypic anhedonia was assessed based on the subscale for depression in DSM-5. Brain characteristics included cortical thickness, surface area, cortical volume, sulcal depth, as well as brain activation during the Monetary Incentive Delay task and analyses were limited to priori regions of interest (seventeen reward-related brain structures). Spearman's rank correlation, logistic regression, linear regression and mixed linear regression were performed, with relevant covariates controlled for and supplementary analyses conducted for clarity. We found PRS-anhedonia was associated with multiple environmental exposures in the expected direction in both cohorts. Family conflict and school disengagement in the ABCD study significantly moderated the effect of PRS-anhedonia on the probability of parent-reported lifetime anhedonia. In addition, analyses on brain morphology and function found significant interactions of PRS-anhedonia with parent depression, adverse life events, family conflict, parent acceptance, and aggregate environmental risk scores. Interactive effects were found on surface area/ cortical volume/ functional activation in middle frontal cortex, cingulate cortex, caudate and pallium, among other reward- and non-reward-related brain structures, with detailed interaction patterns differing for environmental measures. These findings support the gene–environment interplay in psychiatry, especially effects of gene–environment interaction at the neurobiological level. Future efforts are needed to replicate these findings and to further understand the influence of environmental risk on genetic predispositions associated neurobiological vulnerability to mental disorders.	11811/11811	Primary Analysis	Shared
Longitudinal Assessments of Neurocognitive Performance and Brain Structure Associated with E-cigarette and Tobacco Initiation in Early Age	Empirical evidence on neurocognitive effects of early initiation of tobacco products is nascent. The tobacco use landscape has also substantially changed with more adolescents initiating e-cigarettes. This cohort study examined the longitudinal associations of tobacco initiation and neurocognition using multivariate linear mixed model, and the data were drawn from Wave 1 and 2-year follow-up of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. This national cohort study identified early-age tobacco initiation significantly associated with lower crystalized cognition composite score and impaired brain development in total cortical area and volume. Region of interest analysis also revealed smaller cortical area and volume across frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes.	11811/11811	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Traces of pubertal brain development and health revealed through domain adapted brain network fusion	Puberty demarks a period of profound brain dynamics that orchestrates changes to a multitude of neuroimaging-derived phenotypes. This poses a dimensionality problem when attempting to chart an individual’s brain development on a single scale. Here, we illustrate shifts in subject similarity of imaging data that relate to pubertal maturation and altered mental health, suggesting that dimensional reference spaces of subject similarity render useful to chart brain dynamics in youths.	11811/11811	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Screen time is associated with mental health, academic outcomes, and peer relationships in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development ℠ Study	We are using screens more than ever. The high rate of electronic media use among children and adolescents begs the question: is screen time harming our youth? The current study draws from a nationwide sample of 11,875 participants in the United States, aged 9 to 10 years, from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD Study®). We investigate relationships between screen time and mental health, behavioral problems, academic performance, sleep habits, and peer relationships by conducting a series of correlation and regression analyses, controlling for SES and race/ethnicity. We find that more screen time is associated with worse mental health, increased behavioral problems, decreased academic performance, and poorer sleep, but heightened quality of peer relationships. However, effect sizes associated with screen time and the various outcomes were small; SES was more strongly associated with each outcome measure. Our analyses do not establish causality and the small effect sizes observed suggest that while adolescents spend a considerable amount of time behind screens, screen time is unlikely to be directly harmful to 9-and-10-year-old children.	11792/11792	Primary Analysis	Shared
Effects of the physical and social environment on youth cognitive performance	Individual differences in children's cognitive abilities impact life and health outcomes. What factors influence these individual differences during development? Here, we test whether children's environments predict cognitive performance, independent of well-characterized socioeconomic effects. We analyzed data from 9002 9- to 10-year olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, an ongoing longitudinal study with community samples across the United States. Using youth- and caregiver-report questionnaires and national database registries (e.g., neighborhood crime, walkability), we defined principal components summarizing children's home, school, neighborhood, and cultural environments. In two independent samples (ns = 3475, 5527), environmental components explained unique variance in children's general cognitive ability, executive functioning, and learning/memory abilities. Furthermore, increased neighborhood enrichment was associated with an attenuated relationship between sociodemographics and general cognitive abilities. Thus, the environment accounts for unique variance in cognitive performance in children and should be considered alongside sociodemographic factors to better understand brain functioning and behavior across development.	11746/11746	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Limits to the generalizability of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of youth: An examination of ABCD Study® baseline	This study examined how resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data quality and availability relate to clinical and sociodemographic variables within the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. A sample of participants with an adequate sample of quality baseline rs-fMRI data containing low average motion (framewise displacement≤0.15; low-noise; n=4,356) was compared to a sample of participants without an adequate sample of quality data and/or containing high average motion (higher-noise; n=7,437) using Chi-squared analyses and t-tests. A linear mixed model examined relationships between clinical and sociodemographic characteristics and average head motion in the sample with low-noise data. Relative to the sample with higher-noise data, the low-noise sample included more females, youth identified by parents as non-Hispanic white, and youth with married parents, higher parent education, and greater household incomes (ORs=1.32-1.42). Youth in the low-noise sample were also older and had higher neurocognitive skills, lower BMIs, and fewer externalizing and neurodevelopmental problems (ds=0.12-0.30). Within the low-noise sample, several clinical and demographic characteristics related to motion. Thus, participants with low-noise rs-fMRI data may be less representative of the general population and motion may remain a confound in this sample. Future rs-fMRI studies of youth should consider these limitations in the design and analysis stages in order to optimize the representativeness and clinical relevance of analyses and results.	11741/11741	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Socioeconomic status, BMI, and brain development in children	"Low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood is associated with deficits in executive function and changes in cortical morphology. Furthermore, rates of childhood obesity are greater among low SES children and childhood obesity is also associated with cortical alterations and impaired neurocognition, specifically in the domain of executive function. To investigate the influence of BMI on the relationships between SES and both neurocognition and brain morphology, we used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to construct multiple linear regression models and conduct mediation analyses. Overall, SES as measured by household income, highest level of parental education, and area deprivation, was associated with lower BMI, greater total and prefrontal cortical volume, and better performance on assessments of executive function. Mediation analysis indicated that BMI had a significant indirect effect on associations between area deprivation and both total and prefrontal cortical volumes. BMI also played a mediating role in the associations between area deprivation and composite neurocognitive scores, which were driven by performance on tasks of working memory and cognitive flexibility, but not cognitive control. These findings suggest that BMI should be considered in future studies investigating the relationship between low SES and poor neurodevelopmental outcomes."	11739/11739	Primary Analysis	Shared
Measures of Brain Connectivity and Cognition by Sex in US Children	Importance: The neurobiological underpinnings underlying sex differences in cognition during adolescence are largely unknown. Objective: To examine sex differences in brain circuitry and their association with cognitive performance in US children. Design, setting, and participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed behavioral and imaging data from 9- to 11-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study between August 2017 and November 2018. The ABCD study is an open-science, multisite study following up more than 11 800 youths into early adulthood for 10 years with annual laboratory-based assessments and biennial magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The selection of ABCD study children for the current analysis was based on the availability of functional and structural MRI data sets in ABCD Brain Imaging Data Structure Community Collection format. Five hundred and sixty participants who had excessive level of head motion (>50% of time points with framewise displacement >0.5 mm) during resting-state functional MRI were excluded from the analyses. Data were analyzed between January and August 2022. Main outcomes and measures: The main outcomes were the sex differences in (A) global functional connectivity density at rest and (B) mean water diffusivity (MD) and (C) the correlation of these metrics with total cognitive scores. Results: A total of 8961 children (4604 boys and 4357 girls; mean [SD] age, 9.92 [0.62] years) were included in this analysis. Girls had higher functional connectivity density in default mode network hubs than boys, predominantly in the posterior cingulate cortex (Cohen d = -0.36), and lower MD and transverse diffusivity, predominantly in the superior corticostriatal white matter bundle (Cohen d = 0.3). Age-corrected fluid and total composite scores were higher for girls than for boys (Cohen d = -0.08 [fluid] and -0.04 [total]; P = 2.7 × 10-5). Although total mean (SD) brain volume (1260 [104] mL in boys and 1160 [95] mL in girls; t = 50; Cohen d = 1.0; df = 8738) and the proportion of white matter (d = 0.4) were larger for boys than for girls, the proportion of gray matter was larger for girls than for boys (d = -0.3; P = 2.2 × 10-16). Conclusions and relevance: The findings of this cross-sectional study on sex differences in brain connectivity and cognition are relevant to the future creation of brain developmental trajectory charts to monitor for deviations associated with impairments in cognition or behavior, including those due to psychiatric or neurological disorders. They could also serve as a framework for studies investigating the differential contribution of biological vs social or cultural factors in the neurodevelopmental trajectories of girls and boys.	11650/11725	Primary Analysis	Shared
Genome-wide association analyses of individual differences in quantitatively assessed reading- and language-related skills in up to 34,000 people	The use of spoken and written language is a capacity that is unique to humans. Individual differences in reading- and language-related skills are influenced by genetic variation, with twin-based heritability estimates of 30-80%, depending on the trait. The relevant genetic architecture is complex, heterogeneous, and multifactorial, and yet to be investigated with well-powered studies. Here, we present a multicohort genome-wide association study (GWAS) of five traits assessed individually using psychometric measures: word reading, nonword reading, spelling, phoneme awareness, and nonword repetition, with total sample sizes ranging from 13,633 to 33,959 participants aged 5-26 years (12,411 to 27,180 for those with European ancestry, defined by principal component analyses). We identified a genome-wide significant association with word reading (rs11208009, p=1.098 x 10-8) independent of known loci associated with intelligence or educational attainment. All five reading-/language-related traits had robust SNP-heritability estimates (0.13–0.26), and genetic correlations between them were modest to high. Using genomic structural equation modelling, we found evidence for a shared genetic factor explaining the majority of variation in word and nonword reading, spelling, and phoneme awareness, which only partially overlapped with genetic variation contributing to nonword repetition, intelligence and educational attainment. A multivariate GWAS was performed to jointly analyse word and nonword reading, spelling, and phoneme awareness, maximizing power for follow-up investigation. Genetic correlation analysis of multivariate GWAS results with neuroimaging traits identified association with cortical surface area of the banks of the left superior temporal sulcus, a brain region with known links to processing of spoken and written language. Analysis of evolutionary annotations on the lineage that led to modern humans showed enriched heritability in regions depleted of Neanderthal variants. Together, these results provide new avenues for deciphering the biological underpinnings of these uniquely human traits.	10217/11710	Primary Analysis	Shared
The importance of social factors in the association between physical activity and depression in children.	Background: Physical activity is associated with reduced depression in youth and adults. However, our understanding of how different aspects of youth activities-specifically, the degree to which they are social, team-oriented, and physical-relate to mental health in children is less clear. Methods: = 7355, NDA release 2.0.1). Results: We show and replicate that social-physical activities are associated with lower depressive symptoms. Next, we demonstrate that social connections, measured by number of close friends, partially mediate the association between social-physical activities and lower depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our results provide a rubric for using data-driven techniques to investigate different aspects of youth activities and highlight the social dynamics of physical activities as a possible protective factor against depression in childhood.	11673/11673	Primary Analysis	Shared
The adaptation of youths’ attention alongside digital media	Digital entertainment is designed to sustain an individual's attention by minimizing the need for active, vigilant attention processing (Exogenous) or self-regulation (Endogenous) of focus (Kokoç et al., 2021; Portugal et al., 2021; Ra, 2019). As youth develop alongside the advancing digital landscape, it is pertinent to understand how individuals consume and capture the cacophony of digital demands on attention. Longitudinal studies have observed positive relationships between screen time and the development of Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) symptomatology, but changes from digital media of the attention system at a neurological level have yet to be examined in healthy populations (Corkin et al., 2021; Soares et al., 2021). Herein, we compare high and low digital media users' behavioral attention changes from early to mid-adolescence. Additionally, we examine cross-sectional neurological differences between the high and low-media use groups through resting-state functional connectivity to examine the differences between the exogenous and endogenous attention systems. Based on the typical neural development of adolescents (Thomas et al., 2020; Kleinberg et al., 2010), we expect both self-report and behavioral attention to increase from ages 9 to 11. Additionally, for youth who are classified as high screen time users (5+ hours a day), we expect them to have lower attention across both time points. Finally, we hypothesize there will be more discrepancies in attention networks (endogenous and exogenous systems) for high digital media users compared to low digital media users.	11651/11651	Primary Analysis	Shared
Corticolimbic connectivity mediates the relationship between pubertal timing and mental health problems	Background: Undergoing puberty ahead of peers (“earlier pubertal timing”) is an important risk factor for mental health problems during early adolescence. The current study examined pathways between pubertal timing and mental health via connectivity of neural systems implicated in emotional reactivity and regulation (specifically corticolimbic connections) in 9- to 14-year-olds. Method: Research questions were examined in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a large population representative sample in the United States. Linear mixed models examined associations between pubertal timing and resting-state corticolimbic connectivity. Significant connections were examined as potential mediators of the relationship between pubertal timing and mental health (withdrawn depressed and rule-breaking delinquency) problems. Exploratory analyses interrogated whether the family environment moderated neural risk patterns in those undergoing puberty earlier than their peers. Results: Earlier pubertal timing was related to decreased connectivity between limbic structures (bilateral amygdala and right hippocampus) and the cingulo-opercular network (CON), left amygdala and somatomotor (mouth) network (SMN-M), as well as between the left hippocampus and ventral attention network (VAN) and visual network (VN). Corticolimbic connections also mediated the relationship between earlier pubertal timing and increased withdrawn depressed problems (but not rule-breaking delinquency). Finally, parental acceptance buffered against connectivity patterns that were implicated in withdrawn depressed problems in those undergoing puberty earlier than their peers. Conclusion: Findings highlight the role of decreased corticolimbic connectivity in mediating pathways between earlier pubertal timing and withdrawn depressed problems, and we present preliminary evidence that the family environment may buffer against these neural risk patterns during early adolescence.	11614/11614	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Corticostriatal connectivity mediates the reciprocal relationship between parent-reported sleep duration and impulsivity in early adolescents	Background: Adolescence, a developmental period characterized by significant changes in sleep, is associated with normative increases in impulsivity. While short sleep duration has been linked to elevated impulsivity, the neural mechanism underlying the relationship between short sleep duration and elevated impulsivity remains poorly understood. Methods: We analyzed a dataset of 7,884 drug-naive 9-10 year-olds from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Among them, 5,166 have two-year follow-up neuroimaging data. Linear mixed-effects models, mediation analyses, and longitudinal mediation analyses were used to investigate the relationship between parent-reported sleep duration, impulsivity, and functional and structural connectivity between the cortex and the striatum. Results: We found that less sleep duration is significantly associated with higher positive and negative urgency, which are two affect-related components of impulsivity. In addition, we observed a link between short sleep duration and reduced corticostriatal connectivity. Neural pathways associated with short sleep duration—functional connectivity between the cingulo-opercular network and the left caudate, and between the cingulo-parietal network and the right pallidum—mediated the association between sleep duration and positive urgency both at baseline and two-year follow-up. Longitudinal mediation analyses further revealed that short sleep duration and elevated positive urgency exacerbated each other through these two corticostriatal connectivities. Conclusions: These findings highlight the key role of corticostriatal connectivities in the reciprocal relationship between short sleep duration and elevated impulsivity. Given the increasing prevalence of short sleep duration in adolescents, the link between sleep duration, impulsivity, and corticostriatal connectivities has important implications for timely interventions to address impulsive problems in early adolescents.	11564/11564	Secondary Analysis	Shared
35.2 Probing Structural and Functional Subcortical Regions Implicated in Youth Depression	Background: Prior structural and functional neuroimaging research in adolescent major depressive disorder (MDD) has consistently implicated abnormalities in subcortical regions (Auerbach et at., 2014; Luking et al., 2016). However, research has often relied on sample sizes that limit power to detect effects that are presumed to be small. Additionally, heterogeneity in disease course and treatment history undoubtedly affects the reliable identification of structural and functional abnormalities among unaffected, high-risk youth as well as youth diagnosed with MDD. To reconcile inconsistent structural and functional neuroimaging findings, the presentation will leverage data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study and Boston Adolescent Neuroimaging of Depression and Anxiety (BANDA). ABCD is a multi-site project that was designed to assess normal variability in adolescent brain and cognitive development among 9-10-year-old children. By contrast, BANDA is a human connectome project that aims to characterize neural circuitry underlying depression and anxiety in adolescents ages 14-16 years. Collectively, these projects afford a unique opportunity to probe subcortical abnormalities in at-risk and currently depressed youth. Methods: The ABCD Study acquired structural MRI data from 9-10-year-old children (n = 4,521). Of these children, 29.7% (n = 1,343) had a parental depressive history. Secondary analyses also tested whether subcortical brain differences were present in youth with a lifetime depressive disorder history. For BANDA, adolescents (n = 141) completed an incentive processing task while fMRI data were collected. Primary analyses probed differences in subcortical activation, and secondary analyses will test whether blunted activation within striatal regions related to anhedonia and a history of suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Results: Several findings emerged. Within ABCD, relative to low-risk youth, high-risk participants with a maternal, but not paternal, depression history exhibited smaller volumes of the right putamen, right accumbens, and left pallidum (FDR-corrected p < 0.05, p < 0.002, t < −2.57) as well as smaller left amygdala volumes (this latter finding did not pass FDR correction). As expected, depressive disorders were more common among those with a parental history of depression (15.96% [parental depressive history] vs. 8.72% [no parental depressive history]; χ2(1) = 47.36, p = 5.90 x 10–12), but there were no significant associations (after FDR correction) between subcortical volumes and children’s depressive disorder history. Among all BANDA participants, there was greater activation in the nucleus accumbens for reward versus loss (t(140) = 10.00, p < 0.001). Preliminary analyses showed that the reward-loss contrast activation was blunted in adolescents with depression and anxiety (B = −0.47, t = −2.29, p = 0.02). For adolescents with depression and anxiety, incentive-related activation was altered in a number of other regions in whole brain analyses, including reduced anterior insula and anterior cingulate activation as well as increased activation in the mPFC and posterior cingulate.	11534/11534	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Early Path Dominance as a Principle for Neurodevelopment	We perform targeted attack, a systematic computational unlinking of the network, to analyze its effects on global communication across the network through its giant cluster. Across diffusion magnetic resonance images from individuals in the UK Biobank, Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study and Developing Human Connectome Project, we find that targeted attack procedures on increasing white matter tract lengths and densities are remarkably invariant to aging and disease. Time-reversing the attack computation suggests a mechanism for how brains develop, for which we derive an analytical equation using percolation theory. Based on a close match between theory and experiment, our results demonstrate that tracts are limited to emanate from regions already in the giant cluster and tracts that appear earliest in neurodevelopment are those that become the longest and densest.	11514/11514	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Gray matter volumetric correlates of behavioral activation and inhibition system traits in children: An exploratory voxel-based morphometry study of the ABCD project data	Approach and avoidance represent two fundamental behavioral traits that develop early in life. Previous studies have examined the neural correlates of approach and avoidance traits in adults and adolescents. Here, using the data set of the Adolescent Brain Cognition Development project, we investigated the structural cerebral bases of behavioral activation system (BAS) and behavioral inhibition system (BIS) in children. We employed voxel-based morphometry to examine how gray matter volumes (GMV) related specifically to BAS and BIS traits in 11,542 children (5491 girls, age 9–10 years) with 648 and 2697 identified as monozygotic twins (MZ) and dizygotic twins/siblings (DZ), respectively. After accounting for the BIS score, higher BAS scores (residuals) were positively correlated with the GMV of the ventral striatum (VS), and the correlation was stronger in MZ than in DZ and unrelated children, with a heritability (h2) of 0.8463. Higher BAS scores were negatively correlated with the GMV of bilateral visual, lateral orbitofrontal, temporal, and inferior frontal cortex, as well as the precuneus. Higher BIS (after accounting for BAS) scores were negatively correlated with the GMVs of the ventral caudate and bilateral putamen/pallidum, hypothalamus, and right anterior insula, and the correlation was stronger in MZ than in DZ and unrelated children, with a heritability of 0.8848. A cluster in the VS showed positive and negative correlation with the BAS and BIS scores, respectively. These findings suggest shared and distinct cerebral volumetric bases of the BAS and BIS traits in children. Whereas both traits have a strong genetic basis, the BAS relative to BIS appears to be more amenable to environmental influences. These findings add to the literature of developmental neuroscience and may help identify genetic risk factors of externalizing and internalizing psychopathology.	11512/11512	Primary Analysis	Shared
Mediating Role of the Default Mode Network on Parental Acceptance/Warmth and Psychopathology in Youth	Humans are reliant on their caregivers for an extended period of time, offering numerous opportunities for environmental factors, such as parental attitudes and behaviors, to impact brain development. The default mode network (DMN) is a neural system encompassing the medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, precuneus, and temporo-parietal junction, which is implicated in aspects of cognition and psychopathology. Delayed DMN maturation in children and adolescents has been associated with greater general dimensional psychopathology, and positive parenting behaviors have been suggested to serve as protective mechanisms against atypical DMN development. The current study aimed to extend the existing research by examining whether within-DMN resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) would mediate the relation between parental acceptance/warmth and youth psychopathology. Data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which included a community sample of 9,058 children ages 9-10.9 years, were analyzed to test this prediction. Results from the analysis demonstrated a significant mediation, where greater parental acceptance/warmth predicted greater within-DMN RSFC, which in turn predicted lower psychopathology. Our study provides preliminary support for the notion that positive parenting traits may reduce the risk for psychopathology in youth through their influence on the DMN. Due to the cross-sectional nature of this study, we can only draw correlational inference; therefore, these relationships should be tested longitudinally in future investigations.	11487/11487	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Functional brain networks are associated with both sex and gender in children	Sex and gender are associated with human behavior throughout the lifespan and across health and disease, but whether they are associated with similar or distinct neural phenotypes is unknown. Here, we demonstrate that, in children, sex and gender are uniquely reflected in the intrinsic functional connectivity of the brain. Somatomotor, visual, control, and limbic networks are preferentially associated with sex, while network correlates of gender are more distributed throughout the cortex. These results suggest sex and gender are irreducible to one another not only in society but also in biology.	11421/11421	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association Between Discrimination Stress and Suicidality in Preadolescent Children	Objective: Youth suicide rates in the United States have been increasing in recent years, especially in Black Americans, the reasons for which are unclear. Environmental adversity is key in youth suicidality; hence there is a need to study stressors that have a disproportionate impact on Black youths. We aimed to disentangle the unique contribution of racial/ethnic discrimination from other adversities associated with childhood suicidal ideation and attempts (suicidality). Method: We analyzed data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, which included a large, diverse sample of US children (N 1⁄4 11,235, mean age 10.9 years, 20.2% Black), assessed for multiple environmental adversities including discrimination. Multivariate regression models tested the association of self-reported racial/ethnic discrimination with suicidality, covarying for multiple confounders including other discrimination types (toward nonUS-born individuals, sexual orientationbased, and weight-based). Matched analyses contrasted effects of racial/ ethnic discrimination and racial identity on suicidality. Results: Black youths reported more discrimination and higher suicidality rates than non-Black youths. High racial/ethnic discrimination was positively and significantly associated with suicidality, adjusting for other discrimination types (odds ratio 1⁄4 2.6, 95% CI 1⁄4 2.13.2). Findings remained significant after adjusting for multiple suicidality risk factors. Once experienced, racial/ethnic discrimination was similarly associated with suicidality in White, Black, and Hispanic youths. Matched analyses revealed that racial/ethnic discrimination was associated with suicidality (relative risk 1⁄4 2.7, 95% CI 1⁄4 23.5), whereas Black race was not (relative risk 1⁄4 0.9, 95% CI 1⁄4 0.71.2). Conclusion: Racial/ethnic discrimination is disproportionately experienced by Black children, and is associated with preadolescent suicidality, over and above other adversities. Findings highlight the need to address discrimination as part of suicide prevention strategies. Cross-sectional design hampers causal inferences.	11234/11234	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Concordance in child-parent reporting of social victimization experiences in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study	Objective: To investigate child-parent concordance in reporting social victimization experiences and whether concordance was associated with child behavioral symptoms. Methods: This was an observational study with data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. The analytic sample was 11235 9- or 10-year-old children from the United States. Exposure variables were demographic and protective factors (child perceptions of parental relationships, school protective factors, neighborhood safety). The outcome was parent-child concordance on six domains of child social victimization: conventional crime, peer victimization, witnessing violence, internet victimization, school victimization, and gun violence. Child behavior symptoms were measured using the Child Behavior Checklist. Results: Exposure to social victimization was low (9% of the sample). Concordance ranged from 18-50%. The highest levels of concordance were observed for conventional crime (k=0.48, P<.001) and witnessing violence (k=0.48, P<.001). Parents’ perceptions of greater neighborhood safety was associated with lower odds of concordant conventional crime (OR= 0.92, 95% CI=0.86–0.99) and witnessing violence (OR=0.92, 95% CI-0.84–0.99). Concordance was associated with more internalizing/externalizing behaviors. Conclusions: Parents under-report social victimization in relation to children. Concordance in reporting social victimization may be an indicator of the severity of experiences, underscoring the need to consider child reports when screening for adversity.	11234/11234	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop task in the ABCD study: Psychometric validation and associations with measures of cognition and psychopathology	Characterizing the interactions among attention, cognitive control, and emotion during adolescence may provide important insights into why this critical developmental period coincides with a dramatic increase in risk for psychopathology. However, it has proven challenging to develop a single neurobehavioral task that simultaneously engages and differentially measures these diverse domains. In the current study, we describe properties of performance on the Emotional Word-Emotional Face Stroop (EWEFS) task in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a task that allows researchers to concurrently measure processing speed/attentional vigilance (i.e., performance on congruent trials), inhibitory control (i.e., Stroop interference effect), and emotional information processing (i.e., difference in performance on trials with happy as compared to angry distracting faces). We first demonstrate that the task manipulations worked as designed and that Stroop performance is associated with multiple cognitive constructs derived from different measures at a prior time point. We then show that Stroop metrics tapping these three domains are preferentially associated with aspects of externalizing psychopathology and inattention. These results highlight the potential of the EWEFS task to help elucidate the longitudinal dynamics of attention, inhibitory control, and emotion across adolescent development, dynamics which may be altered by level of psychopathology.	11234/11234	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The Mediating Role of Family Acceptance and Conflict on Suicidality among Sexual and Gender Minority Youth	Introduction Prior research suggests sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are profoundly impacted by levels of parental support. This study assessed mediating effects of generalized family acceptance and conflict on lifetime suicidal behaviors among a large diverse sample comprising both SGM and non-SGM youth in early adolescence, when intervention to optimize family dynamics may be critical. Materials Using data from the first-year follow-up of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study based in the United States, mediation was tested using a binary logistic regression model fitted with a generalized structural equation. Models included SGM status as the independent variable, family acceptance or family conflict sum score as the mediator, and the presence of lifetime suicidal behaviors as the dependent variable. Models adjusted for age, birth-assigned sex (as reported by the parent/guardian), and race/ethnicity. Results Of 11,235 youths, lifetime suicidal behaviors were reported by 1.5% (n = 164). Youths with SGM identities reported 40% less parental acceptance and 47% greater family conflict, compared to non-SGM peers. Both parental acceptance and family conflict partially mediated associations between SGM identification and odds of lifetime suicidal behavior (ps = .001). Conclusions Identification of modifiable risk factors for suicidality in this vulnerable population, including parental acceptance and family conflict, is critical to improving health outcomes. Clinicians should work with SGM youth and their families starting in childhood to optimize family dynamics and bolster acceptance to potentially reduce adverse health outcomes.	11234/11234	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Childhood trauma and health-promoting behaviors in pre-adolescents	Objective: To understand the relationship between childhood trauma and diet, sleep, and screen time. Methods: Baseline and one-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were analyzed for children 9-10 (unweighted n = 11,233). For childhood trauma, parents completed the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for DSM-5 (KSADS-COMP) subsection for traumatic events at baseline. We created three levels of childhood adversity: exposure to no childhood adversity, exposure to one category of childhood adversity, and exposure to two or more categories of childhood adversity. Health promoting behaviors were assessed at the 1-year follow-up. Diet quality was measured from parent report as the sum score of 14 yes/no questions about healthy diet. Sleep problems were measured by parent report as the total sleep disturbance scale; higher scores indicate worse sleep. Screen time was assessed by calculating an average daily screen time from a youth survey. Linear regression analyses were used to assess the relationship between childhood trauma and each health promoting behavior, adjusting for family income and sex. Results: Compared to children with no trauma, childhood trauma was associated with a lower diet score - one trauma (-0.24 (95% CI -0.44 to -0.03), p=0.03) and two or more traumas (-0.66 (-0.90 to -0.42), p<0.001). Similarly, childhood trauma was associated with a higher sleep disruption score - one trauma (1.8 (0.27 to 6.4), p<0.001) and two or more traumas (3.8 (0.44 to 8.7), p<0.001). Finally, childhood trauma was associated with more screen time - one trauma (0.41 hours (0.20 to 0.62), p<0.001) and two or more traumas (0.89 hours (0.53 to 1.24), p<0.001). Conclusions: Childhood trauma in pre-adolescents is associated with unhealthy diet, sleep disruption, and more screen time. These findings suggest potential behaviors to target to mitigate the negative impact of childhood trauma on adult health.	11233/11233	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Sensory Over-responsivity: A Feature of Childhood Psychiatric Illness Associated With Altered Functional Connectivity of Sensory Networks	BACKGROUND: Sensory over-responsivity (SOR) is recognized as a common feature of autism spectrum disorder. However, SOR is also common among typically developing children, in whom it is associated with elevated levels of psychiatric symptoms. The clinical significance and neurocognitive bases of SOR in these children remain poorly understood and actively debated. METHODS: This study used linear mixed-effects models to identify psychiatric symptoms and network-level functional connectivity (FC) differences associated with parent-reported SOR in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a large community sample (9 to 12 years of age) (N = 11,210). RESULTS: Children with SOR constituted 18% of the overall sample but comprised more than half of the children with internalizing or externalizing scores in the clinical range. Controlling for autistic traits, both mild and severe SOR were associated with greater concurrent symptoms of depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Controlling for psychiatric symptoms and autistic traits, SOR predicted increased anxiety, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and prodromal psychosis symptoms 1 year later and was associated with FC differences in brain networks supporting sensory and salience processing in datasets collected 2 years apart. Differences included reduced FC within and between sensorimotor networks, enhanced sensorimotor-salience FC, and altered FC between sensory networks and bilateral hippocampi. CONCLUSIONS: SOR is a common, clinically relevant feature of childhood psychiatric illness that provides unique predictive information about risk. It is associated with differences in brain networks that subserve tactile processing, implicating a neural basis for sensory differences in affected children.	11225/11225	Primary Analysis	Shared
Benchmarking Cross-ancestry Polygenic Score Methods in a Large Sample of Ancestrally Diverse Adolescents from the ABCD StudyⓇ	Using individuals’ genetic data researchers can generate Polygenic Scores (PS) that are able to predict risk for diseases, variability in different behaviors as well as anthropomorphic measures. This is achieved by leveraging models learned from previously published large Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWASs) associating locations in the genome with a phenotype of interest. Previous GWASs have predominantly been performed in European ancestry individuals. This is of concern as PS generated in samples with a different ancestry to the original training GWAS have been shown to have lower performance and limited portability, and many efforts are now underway to collect genetic databases on individuals of diverse ancestries. In this study, we compare multiple methods of generating PS, including pruning and thresholding and bayesian continuous shrinkage models, to see which of them is best able to overcome these limitations. To do this we use the ABCD Study, a longitudinal cohort with deep phenotyping on individuals of diverse ancestry. We generate PS for anthropometric and psychiatric phenotypes using previously published GWA summary statistics and examine their performance in three subsamples of ABCD: African ancestry individuals (n=811), European ancestry Individuals (n=6,703), and admixed ancestry individuals (n=3,664). We find that the continuous shrinkage methods, PRScs and PRScsx Meta, show the best performance across ancestries and phenotypes.	11177/11177	Primary Analysis	Shared
Assessing the longitudinal associations between decision-making processes and attention problems in early adolescence	Previous studies indicate a co-development of cognitive processes and psychopathology in late childhood to early adolescence yet, the underlying decision-making processes are poorly understood. The present study thus sought to elucidate the co-development of decision-making processes and attention problems, both common impairments in psychopathology. Utilising baseline and two-year follow-up data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, hierarchical drift diffusion modelling (DDM), and multigroup univariate and bivariate latent change score models, we found impaired evidence accumulation (drift rate) in attention problems. Both response caution (decision threshold) and encoding- and responding processes (non-decision time) were unaffected. There were no sex differences in the analyses on the co-development of decision-making processes and attention problems. The results provide novel insight into the underlying decision-making deficits in attention problems.	11140/11148	Primary Analysis	Shared
Multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis of over 1 million subjects identifies loci underlying multiple substance use disorders.	Genetic liability to substance use disorders can be parsed into loci that confer general or substance-specific addiction risk. We report a multivariate genome-wide association meta-analysis that disaggregates general and substance-specific loci from published summary statistics of problematic alcohol use, problematic tobacco use, cannabis use disorder and opioid use disorder in a sample of 1,025,550 individuals of European descent and 92,630 individuals of African descent. Nineteen independent single-nucleotide polymorphisms were genome-wide significant (P < 5 × 10–8) for the general addiction risk factor (addiction-rf), which showed high polygenicity. Across ancestries, PDE4B was significant (among other genes), suggesting dopamine regulation as a cross-substance vulnerability. An addiction-rf polygenic risk score was associated with substance use disorders, psychopathologies, somatic conditions and environments associated with the onset of addictions. Substance-specific loci (9 for alcohol, 32 for tobacco, 5 for cannabis and 1 for opioids) included metabolic and receptor genes. These findings provide insight into genetic risk loci for substance use disorders that could be leveraged as treatment targets.	11067/11104	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive traits in children aged 9 to 10	Impulsivity refers to a set of traits that are generally negatively related to critical domains of adaptive functioning and are core features of numerous psychiatric disorders. The current study examined the gray and white matter correlates of five impulsive traits measured using an abbreviated version of the UPPS-P (Urgency, (lack of) Premeditation, (lack of) Perseverance, Sensation-Seeking, Positive Urgency) impulsivity scale in children aged 9 to 10 (N = 11,052) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Linear mixed effect models and elastic net regression were used to examine features of regional gray matter and white matter tractography most associated with each UPPS-P scale; intraclass correlations were computed to examine the similarity of the neuroanatomical correlates among the scales. Positive Urgency showed the most robust association with neuroanatomy, with similar but less robust associations found for Negative Urgency. Perseverance showed little association with neuroanatomy. Premeditation and Sensation Seeking showed intermediate associations with neuroanatomy. Critical regions across measures include the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, lateral temporal cortex, and orbitofrontal cortex; critical tracts included the superior longitudinal fasciculus and inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus. Negative Urgency and Positive Urgency showed the greatest neuroanatomical similarity. Some UPPS-P traits share neuroanatomical correlates, while others have distinct correlates or essentially no relation to neuroanatomy. Neuroanatomy tended to account for relatively little variance in UPPS-P traits (i.e., Model R2 < 1%) and effects were spread throughout the brain, highlighting the importance of well powered samples.	11051/11051	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A Family-Built Brain: Associations between family environment and child brain function and structure	This project examines the relation between family environment (FE) and brain functioning and structure. We hypothesize that an unsupportive FE accelerates brain development, and will examine whether pubertal status mediates the relation between FE and brain functioning. FE will be measured by a latent construct combining questionnaire data on family relationships and demographical information, such as socioeconomic status and parental marital status, using structural equation modeling in MPlus. Pubertal status will be measured by the Pubertal Development Scale and sex hormones. Brain function and structure will be assessed using resting-state fMRI, DTI and T1 weighted scans.	10966/10966	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Peer victimization is linked to heightened corticolimbic activation during emotion processing in early adolescents	Bullying, or peer victimization, is a salient stressor that affects over 5 million adolescents in the US every year, regardless of ethnicity, gender, or socioeconomic status. Prior research links peer victimization to increased risk of anxiety disorders, which are the most common mental health disorders and affect approximately one in three individuals. Anxiety disorders commonly begin during early adolescence and neuroimaging studies suggest that altered functioning of emotion processing corticolimbic neural circuitry (e.g., amygdala, hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, insula) may underlie the link between peer victimization and vulnerability to anxiety. Here, we leveraged neuroimaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to test the hypothesis that victimization shapes the functional recruitment of corticolimbic circuitry during emotion processing during early adolescence. Using the emotional n-back task (N = 4,822, age 10-11 years, 47% female), we found that youth who were more frequent victims of overt, relational, or reputational victimization reported more anxiety symptoms (r’s>.09, p’s<.001). However, youth who were more frequent victims of overt (but not relational or reputational) victimization demonstrated heightened activation of the hippocampus, insula, and rostral ACC (rACC) to emotional faces (r’s>.03, p’s<.04). Further, overt victimization moderated the association between rACC response and anxiety (b=-1, 95% CI [-1.5, -.49], t=3.77, p=.0002). In particular, higher anxiety was associated with lower rACC response at higher levels of victimization. At lower levels of victimization, in contrast, higher anxiety was associated with higher rACC response. These data reveal a candidate mechanism driving elevated risk for anxiety in peer victimized youth.	10898/10898	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of Mental Health Burden With Prenatal Cannabis Exposure From Childhood to Early Adolescence: Longitudinal Findings From the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Dramatic increases in cannabis use during pregnancy are alarming because of evidence that prenatal exposure may be associated with a host of adverse outcomes.1 We previously found that prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) following maternal knowledge of pregnancy is associated with increased psychopathology during middle childhood using baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study.2 Here, leveraging longitudinal ABCD study data (data release 4.0), we examined whether associations with psychopathology persist into early adolescence.	10640/10640	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Biopsychosocial Attributes of Single-region and Multi-region Body Pain During Early Adolescence Analysis of the ABCD Cohort	Multi-region pain during adolescence is associated with a higher symptom burden and lower quality of life. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the biopsychosocial attrib- utes of single-region and multi-region pain among healthy young adolescents. We analyzed data from 10,320 children aged 10.6 to 14 years who self-reported pain in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Pain was coded as single-region or multi-region based on body map data. One in 5 young adolescents indicated recent multi-region pain. Sequential regression supported improved model fit when psychological and sociocultural factors were added to a biological model of pain; however, these models improved the classification of multi-region but not single-region pain. A significant interaction effect of sex and puberty remained constant across models with increased odds of pain at each advancing pubertal stage for both sexes compared with prepuberty, but no difference between girls and boys at late puberty (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.45 [1.72, 3.49] and adjusted OR = 1.63 [1.20, 2.23], respectively). Psychological factors improved the classification of multi-region pain with significant effects of anxiety, somatic symptoms, and somnolence. Finally, compared with White and non-Hispanic children, Black and Hispanic children were less likely to report pain (adjusted OR = 0.70 [0.61, 0.80]; adjusted OR = 0.88 [0.78, 0.99], respectively) but had significantly higher pain interference when pain was present (adjusted OR = 1.49 [1.29, 1.73] and adjusted OR = 1.20 [1.06, 1.35], respectively). Pain is a biopsychosocial phenomenon, but psychological and sociocultural features may be more relevant for multi-region compared with single-region pain during early adolescence.	10522/10522	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Shared genetic etiology between cortical brain morphology and tobacco, alcohol, and cannabis use	Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genomic variants associated with brain morphology and substance use behaviors (SUB). However, the genetic overlap between brain structure and SUB has not been characterized. We leveraged GWAS summary data of 71 brain imaging measures and alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use to investigate their genetic overlap using a linkage disequilibrium score regression. We used genomic structural equation modeling to model a ‘SUB common genetic factor’ and investigated its genetic overlap with brain structure. Furthermore, we estimated SUB polygenic risk scores (PRS) and examined whether they predicted brain imaging traits using the Adolescent Behavior and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We identified eight significant negative genetic correlations, including between (a) alcoholic drinks per week and average cortical thickness, and (b) intracranial volume with age of smoking initiation. We observed five positive genetic correlations, including those between (a) insula surface area and lifetime cannabis use, and (b) the common SUB genetic factor and pericalcarine surface area. SUB polygenic risk scores were associated brain structure variation in ABCD. Our findings highlight a shared genetic etiology between variation in cortical brain morphology and SUB, suggesting that genetic variants associated with SUB may be causally related to brain structure differences.	10403/10403	Primary Analysis	Shared
Fine particulate matter exposure during childhood relates to hemispheric-specific differences in brain structure	Background Emerging findings have increased concern that exposure to fine particulate matter air pollution (aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm; PM2.5) may be neurotoxic, even at lower levels of exposure. Yet, additional studies are needed to determine if exposure to current PM2.5 levels may be linked to hemispheric and regional patterns of brain development in children across the United States. Objectives We examined the cross-sectional associations between geocoded measures of concurrent annual average outdoor PM2.5 exposure, regional- and hemisphere-specific differences in brain morphometry and cognition in 10,343 9- and 10- year-old children. Methods High-resolution structural T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and NIH Toolbox measures of cognition were collected from children at ages 9-10 years. FreeSurfer was used to quantify cortical surface area, cortical thickness, as well as subcortical and cerebellum volumes in each hemisphere. PM2.5 concentrations were estimated using an ensemble-based model approach and assigned to each child’s primary residential address collected at the study visit. We used mixed-effects models to examine regional- and hemispheric- effects of PM2.5 exposure on brain estimates and cognition after considering nesting of participants by familial relationships and study site, adjustment for socio-demographic factors and multiple comparisons. Results Annual residential PM2.5 exposure (7.63 ± 1.57 µg/m3) was associated with hemispheric specific differences in gray matter across cortical regions of the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes as well as subcortical and cerebellum brain regions. There were hemispheric-specific associations between PM2.5 exposures and cortical surface area in 9/31 regions; cortical thickness in 22/27 regions; and volumes of the thalamus, pallidum, and nucleus accumbens. We found neither significant associations between PM2.5 and task performance on individual measures of neurocognition nor evidence that sex moderated the observed associations. Discussion Even at relatively low-levels, current PM2.5 exposure across the U.S. may be an important environmental factor influencing patterns of structural brain development in childhood. Prospective follow-up of this cohort will help determine how current levels of PM2.5 exposure may affect brain development and subsequent risk for cognitive and emotional problems across adolescence.	10343/10343	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effect of exposure to maternal diabetes during pregnancy on offspring’s brain cortical thickness and neurocognitive functioning	OBJECTIVE: Maternal diabetes may affect the developing brain of the fetus, which may adversely affect the neurocognitive functioning (NCF) of diabetes-exposed children. We examined the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal diabetes (DP) on brain structure and neurocognition in preadolescent children, ages 9-10. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: This secondary data analysis study used cross-sectional structural neuroimaging and NCF data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N=9,963). Differences in brain cortical thickness (CTh) and five cognitive abilities (executive function, working and episodic memory, processing speed, and language abilities) between diabetes-exposed and unexposed children were examined. Generalized linear models were used to adjust for the effect of confounding variables. Indirect effect of CTh into the relationship between maternal DP and NCF were also examined. RESULTS: The average age of the children was 9.9 years (SD 7.5); half of them were male and non-Hispanic White. Diabetes-exposed children (n=714) had lower CTh of the whole-brain (2.744mm VS 2.756mm; p 0.008) and lower scores in processing speed task (85.97 VS 87.28; p=0.021 compared to unexposed children (n=9249) after adjusting for demographic and other confounding variables. Diabetes-exposed children also had lower score in fluid intelligence [β (95%CI): -0.837 (-1.604, -0.171)]) and total cognition [β (95%CI): -0.728 (-1.338,-0.119)]. CTh partially mediated [Direct effect=β (95%CI): -3.239 (-5.834, -0.644); indirect effect=β (95%CI): -3.239 (-5.834, -0.644)] the effect of maternal DP on offspring’s processing speed. CONCLUSION: Diabetes-exposed children have reduced CTh and NCF during preadolescence age, which may have implications for psychomotor development during later life. Prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings	10218/10218	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Common Genetic Variation Related to Schizophrenia is Associated with Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents	Genetic risk for schizophrenia is associated with cognitive performance even before the typical age of onset. A recent study identified also genetic variants associated with resilience to schizophrenia. We hypothesized that polygenic risk and resilience variants would exert divergent effects on cognitive performance, in adolescents, children and adults from three different cohorts. We found higher polygenic risk for schizophrenia associated with lower performance in the cognitive domains of social cognition, executive function, and long-term memory across all cohorts. Higher polygenic resilience was positively associated with better performance in the cognitive domains of social cognition, executive functions, spatial processing, and attention. Hence, we found that genetic variants associated with SZ via risk or resilience have functional cognitive correlates in adolescents without a psychiatric diagnosis and that these correlates can be found starting at a very young age up until adulthood. Our findings support the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, suggesting that genetic risk factors may interact with the physiology of neurodevelopmental processes years before the onset age for schizophrenia.	10217/10217	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Neighborhood deprivation, prefrontal structure, and cognitive function	BACKGROUND: Neighborhood deprivation adversely effects neurodevelopment and cognitive function; however, mechanisms remain unexplored. Neighborhood deprivation could be particularly impactful in late childhood/early adolescence, in neural regions with protracted developmental trajectories, e.g., prefrontal cortex (PFC). METHODS: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study recruited 10,205 youth. Geocoded residential history was used to extract individual neighborhood characteristics. A general cognitive ability index and MRI scans were completed. Associations with neurocognition were examined. The relation of PFC surface area and cortical thickness to neighborhood deprivation was tested. PFC subregions and asymmetry, with putative differential environmental susceptibility during key developmental periods, were explored. Analyses tested PFC area as a possible mediating mechanism. RESULTS: Neighborhood deprivation predicted neurocognitive performance (β = - 0.11), even after accounting for parental education and household income (β = -0.07). Higher neighborhood deprivation related to greater overall PFC surface area (η p 2 = 0.003), and differences in leftward asymmetry were observed for area (η p 2 = 0.001), and thickness (η p 2 = 0.003). Subregion analyses highlighted differences among critical areas that are actively developing in late childhood/early adolescence and are essential to modulating high order cognitive function. These included orbitofrontal, superior frontal, rostral middle frontal, and frontal pole regions (Cohen’s d = 0.03-0.09). PFC surface area partially mediated the relation between neighborhood deprivation and neurocognition. DISCUSSION: Neighborhood deprivation related to cognitive function (a foundational skill tied to a range of lifetime outcomes) and PFC morphology, with evidence found for partial mediation of PFC on neurocognitive function. Results inform public health conceptualizations of development and environmental vulnerability.	10204/10204	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effect of maternal hypertensive disorder on their children’s neurocognitive functioning	Objective: The aim of the study was to examine the effect of prenatal exposure to maternal HDP on brain structure and NCF in singleton children aged between 9-10 years the baseline wave of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Methods: The ABCD Study® interviewed each child (and their parents), measured NCF, and performed neuroimaging. Exposure to maternal high blood pressure (HBP) and preeclampsia or eclampsia (PE/EL) were extracted from the developmental history questionnaire. Differences in cortical thickness (CTh) and five cognitive abilities (executive function, working and episodic memory, processing speed, and language abilities) between exposed and unexposed children were examined using generalized linear models. The mediating effects of CTh, birthweight, and BMI on the relationship between maternal HDP on NCF were also examined. Result: A total of 584-children exposed to HBP, 387-children exposed to PE/EL, and 5,877 unexposed children were included in the analysis. Neither CTh nor NCF differed between the exposed and unexposed children with or without adjusting for the confounders including the child’s age, sex, race, education, and birth histories. The whole-brain CTh did not mediate any of the relationships between HDP and NCF. However, the relationship between HDP and most of the NCF was mediated by birthweight and BMI. Conclusions: Our results do not support maternal HDP, in comparison to other perinatal risk factors, as a direct risk factor for later-life cognitive functions. Prospective longitudinal studies, following up from infancy, are needed to further delineate the effect of HDP on children’s cognitive abilities.	10183/10183	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal cannabis exposure, the brain, and psychopathology during early adolescence	Prenatal cannabis exposure (PCE) is associated with mental health problems in early adolescence, but the possible neurobiological mechanisms remain unknown. In a large longitudinal sample of adolescents (ages 9-12, n=9,322-10,186), we find that PCE is associated with localized differences in gray and white matter of the frontal and parietal cortices, their associated white matter tracts, and with striatal resting state connectivity, even after accounting for potential pregnancy, familial, and child confounds. Variability in forceps minor and pars triangularis diffusion metrics partially longitudinally mediate associations of PCE with attention problems and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) symptoms. PCE-related differences in brain development may confer vulnerability to worse mental health in early adolescence. Analyses used the 5.0 ABCD release: https://dx.doi.org/10.15154/8873-zj65	10159/10159	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Distinct Regionalization Patterns of Cortical Morphology are Associated with Cognitive Performance Across Different Domains	Cognitive performance in children is predictive of academic and social outcomes; therefore, understanding neurobiological mechanisms underlying individual differences in cognition during development may be important for improving quality of life. The belief that a single, psychological construct underlies many cognitive processes is pervasive throughout society. However, it is unclear if there is a consistent neural substrate underlying many cognitive processes. Here, we show that a distributed configuration of cortical surface area and apparent thickness, when controlling for global imaging measures, is differentially associated with cognitive performance on different types of tasks in a large sample (N = 10 145) of 9–11-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study. The minimal overlap in these regionalization patterns of association has implications for competing theories about developing intellectual functions. Surprisingly, not controlling for sociodemographic factors increased the similarity between these regionalization patterns. This highlights the importance of understanding the shared variance between sociodemographic factors, cognition and brain structure, particularly with a population-based sample such as ABCD.	10092/10092	Secondary Analysis	Shared
ABCD_Harmonizer: An Open‑source Tool for Mapping and Controlling for Scanner Induced Variance in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Data from multisite magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies contain variance attributable to the scanner that can reduce statistical power and potentially bias results if not appropriately managed. The Adolescent Cognitive Brain Development (ABCD) study is an ongoing, longitudinal neuroimaging study acquiring data from over 11,000 children starting at 9–10 years of age. These scans are acquired on 29 different scanners of 5 different model types manufactured by 3 different vendors. Publicly available data from the ABCD study include structural MRI (sMRI) measures such as cortical thickness and diffusion MRI (dMRI) measures such as fractional anisotropy. In this work, we 1) quantify the variance attributable to scanner effects in the sMRI and dMRI datasets, 2) demonstrate the effectiveness of the data harmonization approach called ComBat to address scanner effects, and 3) present a simple, open-source tool for investigators to harmonize image features from the ABCD study. Scanner-induced variance was present in every image feature and varied in magnitude by feature type and brain location. For almost all features, scanner variance exceeded variability attributable to age and sex. ComBat harmonization was shown to effectively remove scanner induced variance from all image features while preserving the biological variability in the data. Moreover, we show that for studies examining relatively small subsamples of the ABCD dataset, the use of ComBat harmonized data provides more accurate estimates of effect sizes compared to controlling for scanner effects using ordinary least squares regression.	10090/10090	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Hierarchical Individual Variation and Socioeconomic Impact on Personalized Functional Network Topography in ABCD Children	The spatial topography of large-scale functional networks on the cerebral cortex varies substantially across individuals, particularly in the higher-order association cortices. Childhood functional organization has been linked to academical performance, quality of life and mental health outcomes throughout adolescence and adulthood. However, the individual variability of personalized functional network topography and its relationship with socioeconomic status (SES) during childhood remain unclear. Here, we delineated 17 personalized functional networks for children aged 9–10 years using 20 minutes of high-quality functional MRI data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. We found that individual variations in personalized functional network topography increase along a hierarchical sensorimotor-association axis across the cortex. Furthermore, we observed that functional network topography significantly predicts unseen individuals’ SES, which was defined as the family income-to-needs ratio. Moreover, the association between topography and SES is hierarchically organized along the sensorimotor-association cortical axis, with stronger positive associations at the higher-order association cortex. Finally, we have publicly released children’s functional networks at https://nda.nih.gov/study.html?id=2484. These findings highlight a hierarchically organized cortical plasticity of childhood functional neuroanatomy in humans.	163/10073	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Polygenic risk scores for alcohol involvement relate to brain structure in substance‐naïve children: results from the ABCD Study	Brain imaging-derived structural correlates of alcohol involvement have largely been speculated to arise as a consequence of alcohol exposure. However, they may also reflect predispositional risk. In substance naïve children of European ancestry who completed the baseline session of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (n = 3013), mixed-effects models estimated whether polygenic risk scores (PRS) for problematic alcohol use (PAU-PRS) and drinks per week (DPW-PRS) are associated with magnetic resonance imaging-derived brain structure phenotypes (i.e., total and regional: cortical thickness, surface area and volume; subcortical volume; white matter volume, fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity). Follow-up analyses evaluated whether any identified regions were also associated with polygenic risk among substance naïve children of African ancestry (n = 898). After adjustment for multiple testing correction, polygenic risk for PAU was associated with lower volume of the left frontal pole and greater cortical thickness of the right supramarginal gyrus (\|βs\| > 0.009; ps < 0.001; psfdr < 0.046; r2s < 0.004). PAU PRS and DPW PRS showed nominally significant associations with a host of other regional brain structure phenotypes (e.g., insula surface area and volume). None of these regions showed any, even nominal association among children of African ancestry. Genomic liability to alcohol involvement may manifest as variability in brain structure during middle childhood prior to alcohol use initiation. Broadly, alcohol-related variability in brain morphometry may partially reflect predisposing genomic influence. Larger discovery genome-wide association studies and target samples of diverse ancestries are needed to determine whether observed associations may generalize across ancestral origins.	10046/10054	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Prenatal Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Exposure, Depression, and Brain Morphology in Middle Childhood: Results from the ABCD Study	Background: Prenatal selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) exposure has been inconsistently linked to depression and little is known about neural correlates. We examined whether prenatal SSRI exposure is associated with depressive symptoms and brain structure during middle childhood. Methods: Prenatal SSRI exposure (retrospective caregiver-report), depressive symptoms (caregiver-reported Child Behavior Checklist) and brain structure (MRI-derived subcortical volume; cortical thickness and surface area) were assessed in children (analytic ns=5,420-7,528; 235 with prenatal SSRI exposure; 9-10 years old) who completed the baseline Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study session. Linear mixed effects models nested data. Covariates included familial, pregnancy, and child variables. Matrix spectral decomposition adjusted for multiple testing. Results: Prenatal SSRI exposure was not independently associated with depression after accounting for recent maternal depressive symptoms. Prenatal SSRI exposure was associated with greater left superior parietal surface area (b=145.3 mm2, p=0.00038) and lateral occipital cortical thickness (b=0.0272 mm, p=0.0000079); neither was associated with child depressive symptoms. Child depression was associated with smaller global brain structure. Conclusions: Our findings, combined with adverse outcomes of exposure to maternal depression and the utility of SSRIs for treating depression, suggest that risk for depression during middle childhood should not discourage SSRI use during pregnancy. Associations between prenatal SSRI exposure and brain structure were small in magnitude and not associated with depression. It will be important for future work to examine associations between prenatal SSRI exposure and depression through young adulthood, when risk for depression increases.	10009/10009	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Neurobiological, familial and genetic risk factors for dimensional psychopathology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study	Background Adolescence is a key period for brain development and the emergence of psychopathology. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study was created to study the biopsychosocial factors underlying healthy and pathological brain development during this period, and comprises the world’s largest youth cohort with neuroimaging, family history and genetic data. Methods We examined 9856 unrelated 9-to-10-year-old participants in the ABCD study drawn from 21 sites across the United States, of which 7662 had multimodal magnetic resonance imaging scans passing quality control, and 4447 were non-Hispanic white and used for polygenic risk score analyses. Using data available at baseline, we associated eight ‘syndrome scale scores’ from the Child Behavior Checklist—summarizing anxious/depressed symptoms, withdrawn/depressed symptoms, somatic complaints, social problems, thought problems, attention problems, rule-breaking behavior, and aggressive behavior—with resting-state functional and structural brain magnetic resonance imaging measures; eight indicators of family history of psychopathology; and polygenic risk scores for major depression, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and anorexia nervosa. As a sensitivity analysis, we excluded participants with clinically significant (>97th percentile) or borderline (93rd–97th percentile) scores for each dimension. Results Most Child Behavior Checklist dimensions were associated with reduced functional connectivity within one or more of four large-scale brain networks—default mode, cingulo-parietal, dorsal attention, and retrosplenial-temporal. Several dimensions were also associated with increased functional connectivity between the default mode, dorsal attention, ventral attention and cingulo-opercular networks. Conversely, almost no global or regional brain structural measures were associated with any of the dimensions. Every family history indicator was associated with every dimension. Major depression polygenic risk was associated with six of the eight dimensions, whereas ADHD polygenic risk was exclusively associated with attention problems and externalizing behavior (rule-breaking and aggressive behavior). Bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa polygenic risk were not associated with any of the dimensions. Many associations remained statistically significant even after excluding participants with clinically significant or borderline psychopathology, suggesting that the same risk factors that contribute to clinically significant psychopathology also contribute to continuous variation within the clinically normal range. Conclusions This study codifies neurobiological, familial and genetic risk factors for dimensional psychopathology across a population-scale cohort of community-dwelling preadolescents. Future efforts are needed to understand how these multiple modalities of risk intersect to influence trajectories of psychopathology into late adolescence and adulthood.	9854/9854	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Impact of multi-domain environmental factors and behaviors and processes on the developing adolescent connectome	Adolescence is a period of profound but incompletely understood changes in the brain's neural circuitry (the connectome), which is vulnerable to risk factors, including insufficient sleep, unhealthy weight and adverse events, but may be protected by positive factors such as a nurturing family environment, positive social factors and healthy sleep behaviors and activity. The effects of these complex and often inter-connected factors remain poorly understood. Using advanced computational techniques from Network Science, Machine Learning and Statistics, and longitudinal data from the ABCD cohort, the goal of this study is to untangle and robustly characterize the differential effects of social factors and physiological processes on the developing connectome, from early adolescence to young adulthood.	9799/9799	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Decoupling Sleep and Brain Size in Childhood: An Investigation of Genetic Covariation in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Background: Childhood sleep problems are common and among the most frequent and impairing comorbidities of childhood psychiatric disorders. In adults, sleep disturbances are heritable and show strong genetic associations with brain morphology; however, little is known about the genetic architecture of childhood sleep and potential etiological links between sleep, brain development, and pediatric-onset psychiatric symptoms. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (nPhenotype = 4428 for discovery/replication, nGenetics = 4728; age 9–10 years), we assessed phenotypic relationships, heritability, and genetic correlations between childhood sleep disturbances (insomnia, arousal, breathing, somnolence, hyperhidrosis, sleep-wake transitions), brain size (surface area, cortical thickness, volume), and dimensional psychopathology. Results: Sleep disturbances showed widespread positive associations with multiple domains of childhood psychopathology; however, only insomnia showed replicable associations with smaller brain surface area. Among the sleep disturbances assessed, only insomnia showed significant heritability (h2SNP = 0.15, p < .05) and showed substantial genetic correlations with externalizing and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology (rGs > 0.80, ps < .05). We found no evidence of genetic correlation between childhood insomnia and brain size. Furthermore, polygenic risk scores calculated from genome-wide association studies of adult insomnia and adult brain size did not predict childhood insomnia; instead, polygenic risk scores trained using attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder genome-wide association studies predicted decreased surface area at baseline as well as insomnia and externalizing symptoms longitudinally. Conclusions: Findings demonstrate a distinct genetic architecture underlying childhood insomnia and brain size and suggest genetic overlap between childhood insomnia and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology. Additional research is needed to examine how genetic risk manifests in altered developmental trajectories and comorbid sleep/psychiatric symptoms across adolescence.	9792/9792	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of lead-exposure risk and family income with childhood brain outcomes	Socioeconomic factors influence brain development and structure, but most studies have overlooked neurotoxic insults that impair development, such as lead exposure. Childhood lead exposure affects cognitive development at the lowest measurable concentrations, but little is known about its impact on brain development during childhood. We examined cross-sectional associations among brain structure, cognition, geocoded measures of the risk of lead exposure and sociodemographic characteristics in 9,712 9- and 10-year-old children. Here we show stronger negative associations of living in high-lead-risk census tracts in children from lower- versus higher-income families. With increasing risk of exposure, children from lower-income families exhibited lower cognitive test scores, smaller cortical volume and smaller cortical surface area. Reducing environmental insults associated with lead-exposure risk might confer greater benefit to children experiencing more environmental adversity, and further understanding of the factors associated with high lead-exposure risk will be critical for improving such outcomes in children.	9712/9712	Primary Analysis	Shared
Differences in cortical morphology and child internalizing or externalizing problems: accounting for the co-occurrence	Background: Childhood internalizing and externalizing problems frequently co-occur. Many studies report neural correlates of either internalizing or externalizing problems, but few account for their co-occurrence. We aimed to assess specific cortical substrates of these psychiatric problems. Methods: We used data from 9,635 children aged 9-11 years in the baseline Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Internalizing and externalizing problem composite scales scores were derived from the Child Behavior Checklist. We standardized FreeSurfer-derived volumes of 68 cortical regions. We examined internalizing and externalizing problems separately and jointly (covariate-adjustment) in relation to cortical volumes, with and without adjusting for total brain volume (TBV) in multivariate linear regressions adjusted for demographics and multiple comparisons. We fit bifactor models to confirm the consistency of patterns exploring specific internalizing and specific externalizing problems. Sensitivity analyses included a vertex-wide analysis and a replication in another large population-based study. Results: In separate TBV-unadjusted analyses, externalizing and internalizing problems were associated with smaller cortical volumes. If adjusted for externalizing behavior, however, larger cortical volumes were associated with internalizing problems, while smaller cortical volumes remained associated with externalizing problems after adjustment for internalizing problems. The bifactor model produced similar results, which were consistently replicated in another pre-adolescent neuroimaging sample. These associations likely represent global effects: adjusting for TBV rendered most associations non-significant. Vertex-wise analyses confirmed global patterns. Conclusion: Our results suggest that internalizing and externalizing problems have globally opposing, and non-specific associations with cortical morphology in childhood, which are only apparent if analyses account for their co-occurrence.	9634/9635	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volumes across a spectrum of psychopathology symptoms during childhood	Background: Gray matter morphometry studies have lent seminal insights into the etiology of mental illness. Existing research has primarily focused on adults and then, typically on a single disorder. Examining brain characteristics in late childhood, when the brain is preparing to undergo significant adolescent reorganization and various forms of serious psychopathology are just first emerging, may allow for a unique and highly important perspective of overlapping and unique pathogenesis. Methods: A total of 8,645 youth were recruited as part of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were collected, and psychotic-like experiences (PLEs), depressive, and anxiety symptoms were assessed three times over a two-year period. Cortical thickness, surface area, and subcortical volume were used to predict baseline symptomatology and symptom progression over time. Results: Some features could possibly signal common vulnerability, predicting progression across forms of psychopathology (e.g., superior frontal and middle temporal regions). However, there was specific predictive value for emerging PLEs (lateral occipital and precentral thickness), anxiety (parietal thickness/area and cingulate), and depression (e.g. parahippocampal and inferior temporal). Conclusion: Findings indicate common and distinct patterns of vulnerability for varying forms of psychopathology are present during late childhood, before the adolescent reorganization, and have direct relevance for informing novel conceptual models along with early prevention and intervention efforts.	9612/9612	Primary Analysis	Shared
Polygenic Risk for Schizophrenia, Major Depression, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Hippocampal Subregion Volumes in Middle Childhood	Studies demonstrate that individuals with diagnoses for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), and Schizophrenia (SCZ) may exhibit smaller hippocampal gray matter relative to otherwise healthy controls, although the effect sizes vary in each disorder. Existing work suggests that hippocampal abnormalities in each disorder may be attributable to ge- netic liability and/or environmental variables. The following study uses baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®) to address three open questions regarding the relationship between genetic risk for each disorder and hippocampal volume reductions: a) whether polygenic risk scores (PGRS) for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ are related to hip- pocampal volume; b) whether PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ are differentially related to specific hippocampal subregions along the longitudinal axis; and c) whether the association between PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ and hippocampal volume is moderated by sex and/or environmental adversity. In short, we did not find associations between PGRS for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ to be significantly related to any hippocampal subregion volumes. Furthermore, neither sex nor enviornmental adversity significantly moderated these associations. Our study provides an important null finding on the relationship genetic risk for MDD, PTSD, and SCZ to measures of hippocampal volume.	9595/9595	Secondary Analysis	Shared
? Study Title: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® (ABCD) Data Release: COVID Rapid Response Research (RRR) Survey Second data release	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®), the largest longitudinal study of brain development and child health in the United States, follows over 10 years 11,878 children recruited from 21 U.S. research sites, recruited at ages 9-10 in 2016-18. In March 2020, when our participants were ages 11- to 13-years-old, the world became substantially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to an upheaval in the economy and the lives of almost every family. The ABCD Study developed brief surveys sent electronically to all ABCD participants and their participating parent/guardian about the impact of the pandemic on their lives. An overview of the ABCD Study is at https://abcdstudy.org. We sent Survey 1 May 16-22, 2020, Survey 2 June 24-27, 2020, Survey 3 August 4-5, 2020, survey 4 October 8, 2020, survey 5 December 13, 2020, and survey 6 March 12-13, 2021. Data from the survey 4, 5, and 6 constitute this data release. Future releases will contain data from subsequent surveys.	9471/9471	Primary Analysis	Shared
Explainable machine learning approach to predict and explain the relationship between task-based fMRI and individual differences in cognition	Despite decades of costly research, we still cannot accurately predict individual differences in cognition from task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Moreover, aiming for methods with higher prediction is not sufficient. To understand brain-cognition relationships, we need to explain how these methods draw brain information to make the prediction. Here we applied an explainable machine-learning (ML) framework to predict cognition from task-based fMRI during the n-back working-memory task, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (n = 3,989). We compared 9 predictive algorithms in their ability to predict 12 cognitive abilities. We found better out-of-sample prediction from ML algorithms over the mass-univariate and ordinary least squares (OLS) multiple regression. Among ML algorithms, Elastic Net, a linear and additive algorithm, performed either similar to or better than nonlinear and interactive algorithms. We explained how these algorithms drew information, using SHapley Additive explanation, eNetXplorer, Accumulated Local Effects, and Friedman’s H-statistic. These explainers demonstrated benefits of ML over the OLS multiple regression. For example, ML provided some consistency in variable importance with a previous study and consistency with the mass-univariate approach in the directionality of brain-cognition relationships at different regions. Accordingly, our explainable-ML framework predicted cognition from task-based fMRI with boosted prediction and explainability over standard methodologies.	9468/9468	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study® (ABCD) Data Release: COVID Rapid Response Research (RRR) Survey First data release (Surveys #1, 2, and 3)	The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study (ABCD Study®), the largest longitudinal study of brain development and child health in the United States, follows over 10 years 11,878 children recruited from 21 U.S. research sites, recruited at ages 9-10 in 2016-18. In March 2020, when our participants were ages 11- to 13-years-old, the world became substantially affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, leading to an upheaval in the economy and the lives of almost every family. The ABCD Study developed brief surveys sent electronically to all ABCD participants and their participating parent/guardian about the impact of the pandemic on their lives. An overview of the ABCD Study is at https://abcdstudy.org. We sent Survey 1 May 16-22, 2020, Survey 2 June 24-27, 2020, and Survey 3 August 4-5, 2020. Data from these first three surveys constitute this data release. Future releases will contain data from subsequent surveys.	9268/9268	Primary Analysis	Shared
Companion Animals and Adolescent Stress and Adaptive Coping During the COVID-19 Pandemic	The pandemic associated with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has caused significant life disruptions for youth worldwide. In addition to the physical health challenges of COVID-19, the social isolation caused by lockdowns, school closures, and social distancing guidelines have the potential to significantly impact adolescent mental health and well-being. Adolescents are at particular risk, given the importance of social development during this developmental period. Given this risk, there is a need for identifying contextual resources that may help promote stress reduction, positive mental health outcomes, and adaptive coping during the pandemic. Pets can play a role in providing emotional support for youth, and are not subject to the same social distancing restrictions as human social contacts during COVID-19. This analysis explores the role of companion animals in the family as a source of resilience during the pandemic may provide important information about how to support adaptive coping in adolescence.	9268/9268	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Covid-related effects on sleep, screen-time, and mood in the ABCD sample	Adolescence is characterized by dramatic physical, social, and emotional changes, making teens particularly vulnerable to the mental health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. This longitudinal study identifies young adolescents who are most vulnerable to the psychological toll of the COVID-19 pandemic and provides insights to inform strategies to help adolescents cope better in times of crisis. A data-driven approach combined with traditional statistical methods was applied to a longitudinal, demographically diverse cohort of more than 3000 young adolescents (range=10-14 years) participating in the ongoing Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® in the United States, including multiple pre-pandemic visits and three pandemic assessments during the COVID-19 pandemic (May-August, 2020). We fitted machine learning and statistical models and provided a comprehensive list of the strongest predictors of psychological distress in individuals. Positive affect, stress, anxiety, and depressive symptoms were accurately detected with our classifiers. Female sex and pre-pandemic internalizing symptoms and sleep problems were strong predictors of psychological distress. Parent- and youth-reported pandemic-related psychosocial factors, including poorer quality and functioning of family relationships, more screen time, and witnessing discrimination in relation to the pandemic further predicted youth distress. Screen time increased across the pandemic, and was associated with poorer sleep measures. However, better social support, regular physical activities, coping strategies, and healthy behaviors predicted better emotional well-being. Findings highlight the importance of social connectedness and healthy lifestyle behaviors, such as sleep and physical activity, as buffering factors against the deleterious effects of the pandemic on adolescents’ mental health, and the need for greater attention towards coping strategies that help the most vulnerable adolescents, particularly girls and those with pre-pandemic psychological problems. Findings also show more screen time was associated with poorer sleep behavior, before and during the pandemic. While recreational screen usage is an integral component of adolescent’s activities, especially during the pandemic, excessive use can have negative effects for essential health behaviors like sleep, highlighting the need to promote balanced screen usage.	9268/9268	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Profiles of pet ownership during the COVID-19 pandemic	This study aims to investigate the profiles of pet owners during COVID-19. To better understand the role of pets during COVID for diverse families, the goal of this analysis is to 1) assess if there are systematic sociodemographic differences between families with and without pets, and 2) explore if these sociodemographic differences are related to acquiring or losing a pet during the pandemic COVID.	9268/9268	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Resilience to COVID-19: Socioeconomic disadvantage associated with positive caregiver-youth communication and youth preventative actions	Socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with larger COVID-19 disease burdens and pandemic-related economic impacts. We utilized the longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study to understand how family- and neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage relate to disease burden, family communication, and preventative responses to the pandemic in over 6,000 youth-caregiver dyads. Data were collected at three timepoints (May to August 2020). Here, we show that both family- and neighborhood-level disadvantage were associated with caregivers’ reports of greater family COVID-19 disease burden, less perceived exposure risk, more frequent caregiver-youth conversations about COVID-19 risk/prevention and reassurance, and greater youth preventative behaviors. Families with more socioeconomic disadvantage may be adaptively incorporating more protective strategies to reduce emotional distress and likelihood of COVID-19 infection. The results highlight the importance of caregiver-youth communication and disease-preventative practices for buffering the economic and disease burdens of COVID-19, along with policies and programs that reduce these burdens for families with socioeconomic disadvantage. Full text: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpubh.2022.734308/full	9267/9267	Primary Analysis	Shared
Psychotic-Like Experiences Associated with Sleep Disturbance and Brain Volumes in Youth	Background: Sleep disturbance is characteristic of schizophrenia and at-risk populations, suggesting a possible etiological role in psychosis. Biological mechanisms underlying associations between sleep and psychosis vulnerability are unclear, although reduced sleep-regulatory brain structure volumes are a proposed contributor. This study is the first to examine relationships between psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; subclinical symptoms reflecting psychosis vulnerability/risk), sleep, and brain volumes in youth. Methods: Brain volumes of five sleep-related structures were examined in relation to PLEs and difficulties initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) in 9,260 9- to 11-year-olds participating in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Analytic models examined relationships between DIMS, PLEs, and brain volumes, as well as DIMS as a mediator of brain volume–PLEs relationships. Although sleep regulation structures (i.e., thalamus, basal forebrain, and hypothalamus) were of primary interest, other potentially relevant structures to sleep-related functioning and psychosis (i.e., hippocampus and amygdala) were also examined. Results: PLEs were associated with increased DIMS as well as reduced volume in some, but not all, brain structures, including the thalamus and basal forebrain in children. DIMS was also associated with reduced left thalamus volume in youth. Increased DIMS partially, statistically mediated the relationship between left thalamic volume and PLEs, although the effect was relatively small. Conclusions: Results highlight left thalamic volume as a potential neural mechanism underlying sleep disturbances and PLEs in childhood. Future studies should assess causal relationships between sleep, PLEs, and brain structure across adolescent development, interactions with other psychosis risk factors, and the role of sleep interventions in prevention of psychosis and a range of psychiatric conditions across the lifespan.	9258/9258	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Discovery of genomic loci of the human cerebral cortex using genetically informed brain atlases	To determine the impact of genetic variants on the brain, we used genetically-informed brain atlases in genome-wide association studies of regional cortical surface area and thickness in 39,898 adults and 9136 children. We uncovered 440 genome-wide significant loci in the discovery cohort and 800 from a post-hoc combined meta-analysis. Loci in adulthood were largely captured in childhood, showing signatures of negative selection, and were linked to early neurodevelopment and pathways associated with neuropsychiatric risk. Opposing gradations of decreased surface area and increased thickness were associated with common inversion polymorphisms. Inferior frontal regions, encompassing Broca’s area which is important for speech, were enriched for human-specific genomic elements. Thus a mixed genetic landscape of conserved and human-specific features is concordant with brain hierarchy and morphogenetic gradients.	9136/9136	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Breastfeeding Duration is Associated With Domain-Specific Improvements in Cognitive Performance in 9-10-Year-Old Children	Significant immunological, physical and neurological benefits of breastfeeding in infancy are well-established, but to what extent these gains persist into later childhood remain uncertain. This study examines the association between breastfeeding duration and subsequent domain-specific cognitive performance in a diverse sample of 9-10-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. The analyses included 9,116 children that attended baseline with their biological mother and had complete neurocognitive and breastfeeding data. Principal component analysis was conducted on data from an extensive battery of neurocognitive tests using varimax-rotation to extract a three-component model encompassing General Ability, Executive Functioning, and Memory. Propensity score weighting using generalized boosted modeling was applied to balance the distribution of observed covariates for children breastfed for 0, 1-6, 7-12, and more than 12 months. Propensity score-adjusted linear regression models revealed a significant association between breastfeeding duration and performance on neurocognitive tests representing General Ability, but no evidence of a strong association with Executive Function or Memory. Benefits on General Ability ranged from a .109 (1-6 months) to .301 (> 12 months) standardized beta coefficient difference compared to those not breastfed. Results indicate clear cognitive benefits of breastfeeding but that these do not generalize to all measured domains, with implications for public health policy as it pertains to nutrition during infancy.	9115/9115	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Differentiating distinct and converging neural correlates of types of systemic environmental exposures	Background: Systemic environmental disadvantage relates to a host of health and functional outcomes. Specific structural factors have seldom been linked to neural structure, however, clouding understanding of putative mechanisms. Examining relations during childhood/preadolescence, a dynamic period of neurodevelopment, could aid bridge this gap. Methods: A total of 10,213 youth were recruited from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study. Self-report and objective measures (Census and Federal bureau of investigation metrics extracted using geocoding) of environmental exposures were used, including stimulation indexing lack of safety and high attentional demands, discrepancy indexing social exclusion/lack of belonging, and deprivation indexing lack of environmental enrichment. Environmental measures were related to cortical thickness, surface area and subcortical volume regions, controlling for other environmental exposures and accounting for other brain regions. Results: Self-report (\|β\|=0.04-0.09) and objective (\|β\|=0.02-0.06) environmental domains related to area/thickness in overlapping (e.g. insula, caudal anterior cingulate), and unique regions (e.g. for discrepancy, rostral anterior and isthmus cingulate, implicated in socioemotional functions; for stimulation, precuneus, critical for cue reactivity and integration of environmental cues, and for deprivation, superior frontal, integral to executive functioning). For stimulation and discrepancy exposures, self-report and objective measures showed similarities in correlate regions, while deprivation exposures evidenced distinct correlates for self-report and objective measures. Conclusions: Results represent a necessary step toward broader work aimed at establishing mechanisms and correlates of structural disadvantage, highlighting the relevance of going beyond aggregate models by considering types of environmental factors, and the need to incorporate both subjective and objective measurements in these efforts.	9043/9043	Primary Analysis	Shared
Examining Reaction Time Variability on the Stop Signal Task in the ABCD Study	Objective: Reaction time variability (RTV) has been estimated using Gaussian, ex-Gaussian, and diffusion model (DM) indices. Rarely have studies examined inter-relationships among these performance indices in childhood, and the use of reaction time (RT) computational models have been slow to take hold in the developmental psychopathology literature. Here, we extend prior work in adults by examining the inter-relationships among different model parameters in the ABCD sample and demonstrate how computational models of RT can clarify mechanisms of time-on-task effects and sex differences in RTs. Method: This study utilized trial-level data from the Stop-Signal Task from 8916 children (9-10 years old) to examine Gaussian, ex-Gaussian, and DM indicators of RTV. In addition to describing RTV patterns, we examined inter-relations amongst these indicators, temporal patterns, and sex differences. Results: There was no one-to-one correspondence between DM and ex-Gaussian parameters. Nonetheless, drift rate was most strongly associated with standard deviation of RT and tau, while non-decisional processes were most strongly associated with RT, mu, and sigma. Performance worsened across time with changes driven primarily by decreasing drift rate. Boys were faster and less variable than girls, likely attributable to girls’ wide boundary separation. Conclusions: Intercorrelations among model parameters are similar in children as has been observed in adults. Computational approaches play a crucial role in understanding performance changes over time and can also clarify mechanisms of group differences. For example, standard RT models may incorrectly suggest slowed processing speed in girls that is actually attributable to other factors. Note: The subject level reaction time variability data used in this study can be accessed through the collection Parsing Neurobiological Bases of Heterogeneity in ADHD (C3605) https://nda.nih.gov/edit_collection.html?id=3605	8914/8916	Secondary Analysis	Shared
School climate, cortical structure, and socioemotional functioning: Associations across family income levels.	School climates are important for children’s socioemotional development and may also serve as protective factors in the context of adversity. Nevertheless, little is known about the potential neural mechanisms of such associations, as there has been limited research concerning the relation between school climate and brain structure, particularly for brain regions relevant for mental health and socioemotional functioning. Moreover, it remains unclear whether the role of school climate differs depending on children’s socioeconomic status (SES). We addressed these questions in baseline data for 9-10 year-olds from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (analytic sample for socioemotional outcomes, n = 8,887), conducted at 21 sites across the US. Cortical thickness, cortical surface area, and subcortical volume were derived from T1-weighted brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). School climate was measured by youth report, and socioemotional functioning was measured by both youth and parent report. A positive school climate and higher family income were associated with lower internalizing and externalizing symptoms, with no evidence of moderation. There were no associations between school climate and cortical thickness or subcortical volume, though family income was positively associated with hippocampal volume. For cortical surface area, however, there was both a positive association with family income and moderation: there was an interaction between school climate and income for total cortical surface area and locally in the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. In all cases there was an unexpected negative association between school climate and cortical surface area in the lower-income group. Consequently, while the school climate appears to be related to better socioemotional function for all youth, findings suggest that the association between a positive school environment and brain structure only emerges in the context of socioeconomic stress and adversity. Longitudinal data is needed to understand the role of these neural differences in socioemotional functioning over time.	8885/8885	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between socioeconomic status and white matter microstructure in children: indirect effects via obesity and cognition	Importance: Both neighborhood and household socioeconomic disadvantage relate to negative health outcomes and altered brain structure in children. It is unclear whether such findings extend to white matter development, and via what mechanisms socioeconomic status (SES) influences the brain. Objective: To test independent associations between neighborhood and household SES indicators and white matter microstructure in children, and examine whether body mass index and cognitive function (a proxy of environmental cognitive/sensory stimulation) may plausibly mediate these associations. Design: This cross-sectional study used baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, an ongoing 10-year cohort study tracking child health. Setting: School-based recruitment at 21 U.S. sites. Participants: Children aged 9 to 11 years and their parents/caregivers completed baseline assessments between October 1st, 2016 and October 31st, 2018. Data analysis was conducted from July to December 2022. Exposures: Neighborhood disadvantage was derived from area deprivation indices at primary residence. Household SES indicators were total income and the highest parental education attainment. Main Outcomes and Measures: Thirty-one major white matter tracts were segmented from diffusion-weighted images. The Restriction Spectrum Imaging (RSI) model was implemented to measure restricted normalized directional (RND; reflecting oriented myelin organization) and isotropic (RNI; reflecting glial/neuronal cell bodies) diffusion in each tract. Obesity-related measures were body mass index (BMI), BMI z-scores, and waist circumference, and cognitive performance was assessed using the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery. Linear mixed-effects models tested the associations between SES indicators and scanner-harmonized RSI metrics. Structural equation models examined indirect effects of obesity and cognitive performance in the significant associations between SES and white mater microstructure summary principal components. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, pubertal development stage, intracranial volume, and head motion. Results: The analytical sample included 8842 children (4299 [48.6%] girls; mean age [SD], 9.9 [0.7] years). Greater neighborhood disadvantage and lower parental education were independently associated with lower RSI-RND in forceps major and corticospinal/pyramidal tracts, and had overlapping associations in the superior longitudinal fasciculus. Lower cognition scores and greater obesity-related measures partially accounted for these SES associations with RSI-RND. Lower household income was related to higher RSI-RNI in almost every tract, and greater neighborhood disadvantage had similar effects in primarily frontolimbic tracts. Lower parental education was uniquely linked to higher RSI-RNI in forceps major. Greater obesity-related measures partially accounted for these SES associations with RSI-RNI. Findings were mostly robust in sensitivity analyses and corroborated using traditional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). Conclusions and Relevance: These cross-sectional results demonstrate that both neighborhood and household contexts are relevant to white matter development in children, and suggest cognitive performance and obesity as possible pathways of influence. Interventions targeting obesity reduction and improving cognition from multiple socioeconomic angles may ameliorate brain health in low-SES children.	8842/8842	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A multi-cohort study of resting-state connectivity alterations in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder	Most studies examining connectomic abnormalities associated with ADHD have used small, underpowered samples and thus produced inconsistent findings. Here we combined data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) and Lifespan Human Connectome Project Development (HCP-D) cohorts (NDAR collections #2573, #2846 and #3165), as well as datasets from non-NDAR sources including the ADHD-200, Healthy Brain Network (HBN), National Consortium on Alcohol and Neurodevelopment in Adolescence (NCANDA) and Neurobehavioral Clinical Research (NCR) cohorts. We aimed to identify network-level resting-state features associated ADHD diagnosis and traits in this large multi-cohort sample. We applied the same 36-parameter+despiking pipeline to subjects from all datasets, and combined data using mega-analytic mixed models, which included nested random intercepts for study, site and family ID. In the group comparison, we compared 1301 subjects with diagnosed ADHD against 1301 unaffected controls (total N=2,602; 1710 males (65.72%); mean age=10.86 years, sd=2.05). Patients and controls were 1:1 nearest neighbor matched on in-scanner motion and key demographic variables. Associations between ADHD-traits and resting-state connectivity were assessed in a large multi-cohort sample (N=10,113). ADHD diagnosis was associated with less anticorrelation between the default mode and salience/ventral attention (B=0.009, t=3.45, p-FDR=0.004, d=0.14, 95% CI=0.004, 0.014), somatomotor (B=0.008, t=3.49, p-FDR=0.004, d=0.14, 95% CI=0.004, 0.013), and dorsal attention networks (B=0.01, t=4.28, p-FDR<0.001, d=0.17, 95% CI=0.006, 0.015). These results were robust to sensitivity analyses considering comorbid internalizing problems, externalizing problems and psychostimulant medication. Similar findings were observed when examining ADHD traits. Finding associations between ADHD and connectivity of the default mode to task-positive networks is consistent with default mode network models of disorder, although all effect sizes were small.	8323/8817	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of Local Variation in Neighborhood Disadvantage in Metropolitan Areas With Youth Neurocognition and Brain Structure	Importance: Neighborhood disadvantage is an important social determinant of health in childhood and adolescence. Less is known about the association of neighborhood disadvantage with youth neurocognition and brain structure, and particularly whether associations are similar across metropolitan areas and are attributed to local differences in disadvantage. Objective: To test whether neighborhood disadvantage is associated with youth neurocognitive performance and with global and regional measures of brain structure after adjusting for family socioeconomic status and perceptions of neighborhood characteristics, and to assess whether these associations (1) are pervasive or limited, (2) vary across metropolitan areas, and (3) are attributed to local variation in disadvantage within metropolitan areas. Design, Setting and Participants: This cross-sectional study analyzed baseline data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a cohort study conducted at 21 sites across the US. Participants were children aged 9.00 to 10.99 years at enrollment. They and their parent or caregiver completed a baseline visit between October 1, 2016, and October 31, 2018. Exposure: Neighborhood disadvantage factor based on U.S. census tract characteristics Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s): Neurocognition was measured with the NIH Toolbox Cognition Battery, and T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess whole-brain and regional measures of structure. Linear mixed-effects models examined the association between neighborhood disadvantage and outcomes after adjusting for sociodemographic factors. Results: Of the 11 875 children in the ABCD Study cohort, 8598 children (72.4%) were included in this analysis. The study sample had a mean (SD) age of 118.8 (7.4) months and included 4526 boys (52.6%). Every 1-unit increase in the neighborhood disadvantage factor was associated with lower performance on 6 of 7 subtests, such as Flanker Inhibitory Control and Attention (unstandardized Β = −0.5; 95% CI, −0.7 to −0.2; false discovery rate (FDR)–corrected P = .001) and List Sorting Working Memory (unstandardized Β = −0.7; 95% CI, −1.0 to −0.3; FDR-corrected P < .001), as well as on all composite measures of neurocognition, such as the Total Cognition Composite (unstandardized Β = −0.7; 95% CI, −0.9 to −0.5; FDR-corrected P < .001). Each 1-unit increase in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with lower whole-brain cortical surface area (unstandardized Β = −692.6 mm2; 95% CI, −1154.9 to −230.4 mm2; FDR-corrected P = .007) and subcortical volume (unstandardized Β = −113.9 mm3; 95% CI, −198.5 to −29.4 mm3; FDR-corrected P = .03) as well as with regional surface area differences, primarily in the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Associations largely remained after adjusting for perceptions of neighborhood safety and were both consistent across metropolitan areas and primarily explained by local variation in each area. Conclusions and Relevance: This study found that, in the US, local variation in neighborhood disadvantage was associated with lower neurocognitive performance and smaller cortical surface area and subcortical volume in young people. The findings demonstrate that neighborhood disadvantage is an environmental risk factor for neurodevelopmental and population health and enhancing the neighborhood context is a promising approach to improving the health and development of children and adolescents.	8598/8598	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Direct and Indirect Associations of Widespread Individual Differences in Brain White Matter Microstructure with Executive Functioning and General and Specific Dimensions of Psychopathology in Children	Background: Executive functions (EF) are centrally important because they are broadly associated with risk for psychopathology and substance abuse. Because EF has been linked to white matter microstructure, we tested the prediction that fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) in white matter tracts are associated with EF and both general and specific dimensions of psychopathology in children younger than the age of widespread psychoactive substance use. Method: Parent symptom ratings, EF test scores, and diffusion tensor parameters were obtained from 9,500 9-10 year olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Results: A latent factor derived from EF test scores was significantly associated with all general and specific factors of psychopathology defined in a bifactor model. Furthermore, latent EF was associated with MD in 16 of 17 bilateral white matter tracts (range: β = -0.05; SE = 0.02; - β = -0.23; SE = 0.05) and FA in eight tracts. There were no direct associations of psychopathology with FA or MD in any tract, but there were significant indirect associations via EF of FA in multiple association and projection fibers and MD in all tracts except the forceps minor with both specific conduct problems and attention-deficit hyperactivity problems (ADHD) (range: β = 0.01; SE = 0.01; through β = 0.08; SE = 0.02). Conclusions: EF in children is inversely associated with indices of white matter microstructural integrity throughout the brain and the variance in white matter microstructure shared with EF is significantly associated with ADHD and conduct problems.	8587/8587	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between prenatal exposure to gestational diabetes mellitus, brain structure, and child adiposity markers	Objectives: To investigate the mediating role of child brain structure in the relationships between prenatal gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) exposure and child adiposity. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 9-10-year-old participants and siblings across the United States. Data was obtained from the baseline assessment of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. Brain structure was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging. GDM exposure was self-reported, and discordance for GDM exposure within biological siblings was identified. Mixed effects and mediation models were used to examine associations between prenatal GDM exposure, brain structure, and adiposity markers with sociodemographic covariates. Results: The sample included 8,521 children (7% GDM-exposed), among whom there were 28 sibling pairs discordant for GDM exposure. Across the entire study sample, prenatal exposure to GDM was associated with lower global and regional cortical gray matter volume (GMV) in the bilateral rostral middle frontal gyrus and superior temporal gyrus. GDM-exposed siblings also demonstrated lower global cortical GMV than un-exposed siblings. Global cortical GMV partially mediated the associations between prenatal GDM exposure and child adiposity markers. Conclusions: Our results identify brain markers of prenatal GDM exposure and suggest that low cortical GMV may explain increased obesity risk for offspring prenatally exposed to GDM.	8517/8517	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The genetic architecture of human cortical folding	CURRENT ISSUE Science Advances cover image There are no results at this time ADVERTISEMENT LATEST NEWS There are no results at this time ADVERTISEMENT RECOMMENDED RESEARCH ARTICLESMARCH 2020 The genetic architecture of the human cerebral cortex REVIEWSNOVEMBER 2008 Genetic Mapping in Human Disease RESEARCH ARTICLESAUGUST 2009 The Genetic Architecture of Maize Flowering Time RESEARCH ARTICLESSEPTEMBER 2020 Cell type–specific genetic regulation of gene expression across human tissues ADVERTISEMENT Abstract The folding of the human cerebral cortex is a highly genetically regulated process that allows for a much larger surface area to fit into the cranial vault and optimizes functional organization. Sulcal depth is a robust yet understudied measure of localized folding, previously associated with multiple neurodevelopmental disorders. Here, we report the first genome-wide association study of sulcal depth. Through the multivariate omnibus statistical test (MOSTest) applied to vertex-wise measures from 33,748 U.K. Biobank participants (mean age, 64.3 years; 52.0% female), we identified 856 genome-wide significant loci (P < 5 × 10−8). Comparisons with cortical thickness and surface area indicated that sulcal depth has higher locus yield, heritability, and effective sample size. There was a large amount of genetic overlap between these traits, with gene-based analyses indicating strong associations with neurodevelopmental processes. Our findings demonstrate sulcal depth is a promising neuroimaging phenotype that may enhance our understanding of cortical morphology.	8072/8072	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Vertex-wise multivariate genome-wide association study identifies 780 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology	Brain morphology has been shown to be highly heritable, yet only a small portion of the heritability is explained by the genetic variants discovered so far. Here we extended the Multivariate Omnibus Statistical Test (MOSTest) and applied it to genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of vertex-wise structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) cortical measures from N=35,657 participants in the UK Biobank. We identified 695 loci for cortical surface area and 539 for cortical thickness, in total 780 unique genetic loci associated with cortical morphology robustly replicated in 8,060 children of mixed ethnicity from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study®. This reflects more than 8-fold increase in genetic discovery at no cost to generalizability compared to the commonly used univariate GWAS methods applied to region of interest (ROI) data. Functional follow up including gene-based analyses implicated 10% of all protein-coding genes and pointed towards pathways involved in neurogenesis and cell differentiation. Power analysis indicated that applying the MOSTest to vertex-wise structural MRI data triples the effective sample size compared to conventional univariate GWAS approaches. The large boost in power obtained with the vertex-wise MOSTest together with pronounced replication rates and highlighted biologically meaningful pathways underscores the advantage of multivariate approaches in the context of highly distributed polygenic architecture of the human brain.	8072/8072	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Multimethod investigation of the neurobiological basis of ADHD symptomatology in children aged 9-10: baseline data from the ABCD study	Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder is associated with numerous neurocognitive deficits, including poor working memory and difficulty inhibiting undesirable behaviors that cause academic and behavioral problems in children. Prior work has attempted to determine how these differences are instantiated in the structure and function of the brain, but much of that work has been done in small samples, focused on older adolescents or adults, and used statistical approaches that were not robust to model overfitting. The current study used cross-validated elastic net regression to predict a continuous measure of ADHD symptomatology using brain morphometry and activation during tasks of working memory, inhibitory control, and reward processing, with separate models for each MRI measure. The best model using activation during the working memory task to predict ADHD symptomatology had an out-of-sample R2 = 2% and was robust to residualizing the effects of age, sex, race, parental income and education, handedness, pubertal status, and internalizing symptoms from ADHD symptomatology. This model used reduced activation in task positive regions and reduced deactivation in task negative regions to predict ADHD symptomatology. The best model with morphometry alone predicted ADHD symptomatology with an R2 = 1% but this effect dissipated when including covariates. The inhibitory control and reward tasks did not yield generalizable models. In summary, these analyses show, with a large and well-characterized sample, that the brain correlates of ADHD symptomatology are modest in effect size and captured best by brain morphometry and activation during a working memory task.	7999/7999	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder symptoms and Brain Morphology: Examining Confounding Bias	Background: Associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain morphology have been reported, although with several inconsistencies. These may partly stem from confounding bias, which could distort associations and limit generalizability. We examined how associations between brain morphology and ADHD symptoms change with adjustments for potential confounders typically overlooked in the literature (aim 1), and for IQ and head motion, which are typically corrected for but play ambiguous roles (aim 2). Methods: Participants were 10-year-old children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (N=7,722) and Generation R (N=2,531) studies. Cortical area, volume, and thickness were measured with MRI and ADHD symptoms with the Child Behavior Checklist. Surface-based cross-sectional analyses were run. Results: ADHD symptoms related to widespread cortical regions when solely adjusting for demographic factors. Additional adjustments for socioeconomic and maternal behavioral confounders (aim 1) generally attenuated associations, as cluster sizes halved and effect sizes substantially reduced. Cluster sizes further changed when including IQ and head motion (aim 2), however, we argue that adjustments might have introduced bias. Conclusions: Careful confounder selection and control can help identify more robust and specific regions of associations for ADHD symptoms, across two cohorts. We provided guidance to minimizing confounding bias in psychiatric neuroimaging.	7989/7990	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Intra-individual variability in task performance after cognitive training is associated with long-term outcomes in children	The potential benefits and mechanistic effects of working memory training in children are the subject of much research and debate. The cumulative evidence indicates that training can alter brain structure and function in the short term and have lasting effects on behaviour. We show that five weeks of school-based, adaptive working memory training led to greater activity in prefrontal and striatal brain regions, higher task accuracy, and reduced intra-individual variability in response times. Using a sequential sampling decision model, we demonstrate that this reduction in intra-individual variability can be explained by changes to the evidence accumulation rates and thresholds. Critically, intra-individual variability was more closely associated with academic skills and mental health 6-12 months after the end of training than task accuracy. Taken together, our results suggest that improvements in attention control are the initial mechanism that leads to the long-run benefits from adaptive working memory training. Improvements in selective and sustained attention after the training might serve as a scaffold for subsequent changes in higher cognitive processes, academic skills, and general well-being. Furthermore, these results highlight that the selection of outcome measures and the timing of the assessments play a crucial role in detecting training efficacy. Intra-individual variability appears to be useful in quantifying the immediate impact of cognitive training interventions and predicting the future emergence of academic and socioemotional skills. Thus, evaluating intra-individual variability, during or directly after training could allow for the early tailoring of training interventions in terms of duration or content to maximise their impact.	7844/7844	Primary Analysis	Shared
Prevalence of Perceived Racism and Discrimination Among US Children Aged 10 and 11 Years: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	This cross-sectional study uses data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study to assess the prevalence of perceived racism and discrimination among US children aged 10 through 11 years.	7787/7788	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Charting brain growth and aging at high spatial precision.	Defining reference models for population variation, and the ability to study individual deviations is essential for understanding inter-individual variability and its relation to the onset and progression of medical conditions. In this work, we assembled a reference cohort of neuroimaging data from 82 sites (N=58,836; ages 2–100) and used normative modeling to characterize lifespan trajectories of cortical thickness and subcortical volume. Models are validated against a manually quality checked subset (N=24,354) and we provide an interface for transferring to new data sources. We showcase the clinical value by applying the models to a transdiagnostic psychiatric sample (N=1985), showing they can be used to quantify variability underlying multiple disorders whilst also refining case-control inferences. These models will be augmented with additional samples and imaging modalities as they become available. This provides a common reference platform to bind results from different studies and ultimately paves the way for personalized clinical decision-making.	6631/7714	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The association of outdoor ambient fine particulate matter with intracellular white matter microstructural properties among children in a cross-sectional study	Outdoor fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a ubiquitous environmental neurotoxicant that may affect the developing brain. Little is known about associations between PM2.5 and white matter connectivity. Objectives: To identify associations between annual residential PM2.5 exposure and white matter microstructure health in a national sample of children ages 9-10 years-old; to determine if associations are specific to certain white matter pathways or vary across neuroimaging diffusion markers reflective of intracellular and extracellular microstructural processes. Design: Cross-sectional Setting: The Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study®, comprised of 21 study sites across the United States, using baseline data collected from October 2016 to October 2018 Participants: Children ages 9-10 years-old Exposure: Annual average of fine particulate matter (PM2.5 exposure) estimated by ensemble-based models and assigned to the primary residential addresses at baseline Main Outcomes and Measures: Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) and tractography were used to delineate white matter tracts. The biophysical modeling technique of restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) was implemented to examine total hindered diffusion and restricted, isotropic and anisotropic intracellular diffusion in each tract. Hierarchical mixed effects models with natural splines were utilized to analyze the associations between PM2.5 exposure and DWI. Results: In a study population of 7,602 children (ages 8.9-11.1 years; 47.8% female), hemispheric effects were seen in associations between annual ambient PM2.5 and white matter microstructure. Hemisphere-stratified models revealed significant associations between PM2.5 exposure and restricted isotropic intracellular diffusion in the left cingulum, left superior longitudinal fasciculus, and bilaterally in the fornix and uncinate fasciculus. In tracts with the strongest positive associations, a PM2.5 increase from 8 µg/m3 to 12 µg/m3 related to increases of 2.164% (95% CI: 0.490, 3.838) in the left cingulum, 1.949% (95% CI: 0.430, 3.468) in the left uncinate, and 1.676% (95% CI: 0.014, 3.338) in the right uncinate. Widespread negative associations were observed between PM2.5 and mean diffusivity. Conclusions and Relevance: In this cross-sectional study, our findings suggested that annual average PM2.5 exposure during childhood relates to increased restricted isotropic diffusion and decreased mean diffusivity of specific white matter tracts, potentially reflecting differences in the composition of white matter microarchitecture.	7601/7601	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Analysis of duration of breastfeeding, neighborhood deprivation, and brain structure and adiposity markers among US children 9–10 years old	Objective To investigate relationships of breastfeeding (bf) duration with brain structure and adiposity markers in youth and how these relationships are modulated by neighborhood socioeconomic environments (SEEs). Study Design This was a cross-sectional study of children enrolled in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (n = 7,511). Analysis was conducted between August 2021 and July 2022. Mixed effects models examined associations of bf duration with global brain measures and adiposity markers, adjusting for sociodemographic, pre- and post-natal covariates. Stratified analysis was performed by area deprivation index (ADI) tertiles. Results Child’s total cortical surface area (SA) (FDR corrected P<0.001), cortical (FDR corrected P<0.001) and subcortical gray matter (GM) volume (FDR corrected P<0.001) increased monotonically with increased bf duration. Body mass index (BMI) z-scores (FDR corrected P=0.001), waist circumference (FDR corrected P=0.002) and waist-toheight ratio (WHtR) (FDR corrected P=0.001) decreased monotonically with increased bf duration. Bf duration was inversely associated with adiposity markers in children from high- and medium- ADI neighborhoods. Bf duration was positively associated with SA across ADI tertiles. Conclusions and Relevance In this cross-sectional study, longer bf duration was associated with lower adiposity indices, particularly in children from lower SEEs and greater SA across SEE levels. Incremental increases in bf duration would confer long-term benefits for offspring.	7508/7508	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Human cortex development is shaped by molecular and cellular brain systems	Human brain morphology undergoes complex developmental changes with diverse regional trajectories. Various biological factors influence cortical thickness development, but human data are scarce. Building on methodological advances in neuroimaging of large cohorts, we show that population-based developmental trajectories of cortical thickness unfold along patterns of molecular and cellular brain organization. During childhood and adolescence, distributions of dopaminergic receptors, inhibitory neurons, glial cell populations as well as features of brain metabolism explain up to 50% of variance associated with regional cortical thickness trajectories. Cortical maturation patterns in later life are best explained by distributions of cholinergic and glutamatergic systems. These observations are validated in longitudinal data from over 8,000 adolescents, explaining up to 59% of developmental change at population- and 18% at single-subject level. Integrating multilevel brain atlases with normative modeling and population neuroimaging provides a biologically and clinically meaningful path to understand typical and atypical brain development in living humans.	7209/7209	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Exploring the Relationships Between Autozygosity, Educational Attainment, and Cognitive Ability in a Contemporary, Trans-Ancestral American Sample	Previous studies have found significant associations between estimated autozygosity - the proportion of an individual's genome contained in homozygous segments due to distant inbreeding - and multiple traits, including educational attainment (EA) and cognitive ability. In one study, estimated autozygosity showed a stronger association with parental EA than the subject's own EA. This was likely driven by parental EA's association with mobility: more educated parents tended to migrate further from their hometown, and because of the strong correlation between ancestry and geography in the Netherlands, these individuals chose partners farther from their ancestry and therefore more different from them genetically. We examined the associations between estimated autozygosity, cognitive ability, and parental EA in a contemporary sub-sample of adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study℠ (ABCD Study®) (analytic N = 6,504). We found a negative association between autozygosity and child cognitive ability consistent with previous studies, while the associations between autozygosity and parental EA were in the expected direction of effect (with greater levels of autozygosity being associated with lower EA) but the effect sizes were significantly weaker than those estimated in previous work. We also found a lower mean level of autozygosity in the ABCD sample compared to previous autozygosity studies, which may reflect overall decreasing levels of autozygosity over generations. Variation in spousal similarities in ancestral background in the ABCD study compared to other studies may explain the pattern of associations between estimated autozygosity, EA, and cognitive ability in the current study.	7140/7140	Primary Analysis	Shared
Characterizing the dimensional structure of early-life adversity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Increasing evidence suggests that different dimensions of early-life adversity may be associated with unique neurodevelopmental mechanisms and behavioral outcomes. We sought to characterize the underlying dimensional structure of co-occurring adverse experiences among a community sample of youth (ages 9-10) from a subset of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 7,115). We identified 60 environmental and experiential variables that reflect adverse experiences. Exploratory factor analysis identified 10 early-life adversity dimensions of co-occurrence corresponding to conceptual domains such as caregiver substance use and biological caregiver separation, caregiver psychopathology, caregiver lack of support, and socioeconomic disadvantage / neighborhood lack of safety. These dimensions demonstrated distinct associations with internalizing problems, externalizing problems, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control. Non-metric multidimensional scaling characterized the qualitative similarity among the 10 identified dimensions. Results supported a nonlinear three-dimensional structure representing early-life adversity, including continuous gradients of “perspective”, “environmental uncertainty”, and “acts of omission/commission”. Our findings suggest that there are 10 dimensions of early-life adversity in the ABCD sample at baseline, and the resulting dimensions may have unique implications for neurodevelopment and youth behavior.	7097/7097	Primary Analysis	Shared
White matter microstructure shows sex differences in late childhood: Evidence from 6,797 children	Sex differences in white matter microstructure have been robustly demonstrated in the adult brain using both conventional and advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) approaches. However, the effect of sex on white matter microstructure prior to adulthood remains poorly understood, with previous developmental work focusing on conventional microstructure metrics and yielding mixed results. Here we thoroughly and rigorously characterized sex differences in white matter microstructure among over 6,000 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study who were between 9 and 10 years old. Microstructure was quantified using both the conventional model - diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) - and an advanced model, restriction spectrum imaging (RSI). DTI metrics included fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean, axial, and radial diffusivity (MD, AD, RD). RSI metrics included normalized isotropic, directional, and total intracellular diffusion (N0, ND, NT). We found significant and replicable sex differences in DTI or RSI microstructure metrics in every white matter region examined across the brain. The impact of sex on FA was regionally specific. Across white matter regions, boys exhibited greater MD, AD, and RD than girls, on average. Girls displayed increased N0, ND, and NT compared to boys, on average, suggesting greater cell and neurite density in girls. Together, these robust and replicable findings provide an important foundation for understanding sex differences in health and disease.	6797/6797	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Population level multimodal neuroimaging correlates of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder among children	Objectives: Leveraging a large population-level morphologic, microstructural, and functional neuroimaging dataset, we aimed to elucidate the underlying neurobiology of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children. In addition, we evaluated the applicability of machine learning classifiers to predict ADHD diagnosis based on imaging and clinical information. Methods: From the Adolescents Behavior Cognitive Development (ABCD) database, we included 1,798 children with ADHD diagnosis and 6,007 without ADHD. In multivariate logistic regression adjusted for age and sex, we examined the association of ADHD with different neuroimaging metrics. The neuroimaging metrics included fractional anisotropy (FA), neurite density (ND), mean-(MD), radial-(RD), and axial diffusivity (AD) of white matter (WM) tracts, cortical region thickness and surface areas from T1-MPRAGE series, and functional network connectivity correlations from resting-state fMRI. Results: Children with ADHD showed markers of pervasive reduced microstructural integrity in white matter (WM) with diminished neural density and fiber-tracks volumes - most notable in the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition, ADHD diagnosis was associated with reduced cortical volume and surface area, especially in the temporal and frontal regions. In functional MRI studies, ADHD children had reduced connectivity among default-mode network and the central and dorsal attention networks, which are implicated in concentration and attention function. The best performing combination of feature selection and machine learning classifier could achieve a receiver operating characteristics area under curve of 0.613 (95% confidence interval = 0.580-0.645) to predict ADHD diagnosis in independent validation, using a combination of multimodal imaging metrics and clinical variables. Conclusion: Our study highlights the neurobiological implication of frontal lobe cortex and associate WM tracts in pathogenesis of childhood ADHD. We also demonstrated possible potentials and limitations of machine learning models to assist with ADHD diagnosis in a general population cohort based on multimodal neuroimaging metrics.	6690/6690	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Mapping gene by early life stress interactions on child subcortical brain structures: A genome-wide prospective study	Background: Although it is well-established that both genetics and the environment influence brain development, they are typically examined separately. Here, we aimed to prospectively investigate the interactive effects of genetic variants-from a genome-wide approach-and early life stress (ELS) on child subcortical brain structures, and their association with subsequent mental health problems. Method: Primary analyses were conducted using data from the Generation R Study (N = 2257), including genotype and cumulative prenatal and postnatal ELS scores (encompassing life events, contextual risk, parental risk, interpersonal risk, direct victimisation). Neuroimaging data were collected at age 10 years, including intracranial and subcortical brain volumes (accumbens, amygdala, caudate, hippocampus, pallidum, putamen, thalamus). Genome-wide association and genome-wide-by-environment interaction analyses (GWEIS, run separately for prenatal/postnatal ELS) were conducted for eight brain outcomes (i.e., 24 genome-wide analyses) in the Generation R Study (discovery). Polygenic scores (PGS) using the resulting weights were calculated in an independent (target) cohort (adolescent brain cognitive development Study; N = 10,751), to validate associations with corresponding subcortical volumes and examine links to later mother-reported internalising and externalising problems. Results: One GWEIS-prenatal stress locus was associated with caudate volume (rs139505895, mapping onto PRSS12 and NDST3) and two GWEIS-postnatal stress loci with the accumbens (rs2397823 and rs3130008, mapping onto CUTA, SYNGAP1, and TABP). Functional annotation revealed that these genes play a role in neuronal plasticity and synaptic function, and have been implicated in neuro-developmental phenotypes, for example, intellectual disability, autism, and schizophrenia. None of these associations survived a more stringent correction for multiple testing across all analysis sets. In the validation sample, all PGSgenotype were associated with their respective brain volumes, but no PGSGxE associated with any subcortical volume. None of the PGS associated with internalising or externalising problems. Conclusions: This study lends novel suggestive insights into gene-environment interplay on the developing brain as well as pointing to promising candidate loci for future replication and mechanistic studies.	6530/6541	Primary Analysis	Shared
Differentiating kinds of systemic chronic stressors with relation to psychotic-like experiences in late childhood and early adolescence: the stimulation, discrepancy, and deprivation model of psychosis	Conceptualizations that distinguish systems-level stress exposures are lacking; the stimulation (lack of safety and high attentional demands), discrepancy (social exclusion and lack of belonging), and deprivation (SDD; lack of environmental enrichment) theory of psychosis and stressors occurring at the systems level has not been directly tested. Exploratory factor analysis was conducted on 3,207 youths, and associations with psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) were explored. Although model fit was suboptimal, five factors were defined, and four were consistent with the SDD theory and related to PLEs. Objective and subjective or self-report exposures for deprivation showed significantly stronger PLE associations compared with discrepancy and objective stimulation factors. Objective and subjective or self-report measures converged overall, although self-report stimulation exhibited a significantly stronger association with PLEs compared with objective stimulation. Considering distinct systems-level exposures could help clarify putative mechanisms and psychosis vulnerability. The preliminary approach potentially informs health policy efforts aimed at psychopathology prevention and intervention.	6427/6427	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Parsing Heterogeneity in Developmental Trajectories of Internalizing and Externalizing Symptomatology in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Background: Psychopathology demonstrates marked changes within and between individuals across development, especially during the transition from childhood to adolescence. Evidence characterizing the directionality and rate of change across distinct dimensions of psychopathology has been mixed, with different studies indicating increases, decreases, or no change in internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Moreover, much remains unknown about the extent to which trajectories differ across individuals. Methods: Using a large, diverse national sample of youth (9-10 years old at baseline) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study® (n = 6,405) we tested trajectories of psychopathology over three years. At each time point, parents reported their child’s internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results: Results from a latent growth curve model indicated that, on average, externalizing symptoms decreased across the three time points, whereas internalizing symptoms did not significantly change. We then used growth mixture modeling to identify latent subgroups of pre-adolescents with distinct psychopathology trajectories. Results indicated that there were four different internalizing trajectories: a high-stable group, a moderate-decreasing group, a moderate-increasing group, and a low-decreasing group. For externalizing symptoms, there were three trajectories: a high-decreasing group, a moderate-increasing group, and a low-decreasing group. We also used parallel process growth analysis to examine the co-development of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and identified five subgroups with distinct patterns of co-development. These subgroups were differentially associated with sex and age. Conclusion: These findings highlight important heterogeneity in the development of psychopathology during pre-adolescence.	6404/6404	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Neighborhood deprivation shapes motivational neurocircuit recruitment in children	Implementing motivated behaviors based on prior reward is central to adaptive human functioning, but aberrant reward-motivated behavior is a core feature of neuropsychiatric illness. Children from disadvantaged neighborhoods have decreased access to rewards, which may shape motivational neurocircuits and risk for psychopathology. Here, we leverage the unprecedented neuroimaging data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to test the hypothesis that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage shapes the functional recruitment of motivational neurocircuits in children. Specifically, via ABCD’s Monetary Incentive Delay task (N=6,396 9-10 year old children), we find that children from zip codes with a high Area Deprivation Index (ADI) demonstrate blunted recruitment of striatum (dorsal and ventral nuclei) and pallidum during reward anticipation. In fact, blunted dorsal striatal recruitment during reward anticipation mediated the association between ADI and increased attention problems. These data reveal a candidate mechanism driving elevated risk for psychopathology in children from socioeconomically disadvantaged neighborhoods.	6396/6396	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Male‑specific, replicable and functional roles of genetic variants and cerebral gray matter volumes in ADHD: a gene‑wide association study across KTN1 and a region‑wide functional validation across brain	Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with reduction of cortical and subcortical gray matter volumes (GMVs). The kinectin 1 gene (KTN1) has recently been reported to significantly regulate GMVs and ADHD risk. In this study, we aimed to identify sex-specific, replicable risk KTN1 alleles for ADHD and to explore their regulatory effects on mRNA expression and cortical and subcortical GMVs. We examined a total of 1020 KTN1 SNPs in one discovery sample (ABCD cohort: 5573 males and 5082 females) and three independent replication European samples (Samples #1 and #2 each with 802/122 and 472/141 male/female offspring with ADHD; and Sample #3 with 14,154/4945 ADHD and 17,948/16,246 healthy males/females) to identify replicable associations within each sex. We examined the regulatory effects of ADHD-risk alleles on the KTN1 mRNA expression in two European brain cohorts (n = 348), total intracranial volume (TIV) in 46 European cohorts (n = 18,713) and the ABCD cohort, as well as the GMVs of seven subcortical structures in 50 European cohorts (n = 38,258) and of 118 cortical and subcortical regions in the ABCD cohort. We found that four KTN1 variants significantly regulated the risk of ADHD with the same direction of effect in males across discovery and replication samples (0.003 ≤ p ≤ 0.041), but none in females. All four ADHD-risk alleles significantly decreased KTN1 mRNA expression in all brain regions examined (1.2 × 10-5 ≤ p ≤ 0.039). The ADHD-risk alleles significantly increased basal ganglia (2.8 × 10-22 ≤ p ≤ 0.040) and hippocampus (p = 0.010) GMVs but reduced amygdala GMV (p = 0.030) and TIV (0.010 < p ≤ 0.013). The ADHD-risk alleles also significantly reduced some cortical (right superior temporal pole, right rectus) and cerebellar but increased other cortical (0.007 ≤ p ≤ 0.050) GMVs. To conclude, we identified a set of replicable and functional risk KTN1 alleles for ADHD, specifically in males. KTN1 may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of ADHD, and the reduction of specific cortical and subcortical, including amygdalar but not basal ganglia or hippocampal, GMVs may serve as a neural marker of the genetic effects.	6191/6191	Primary Analysis	Shared
Subcortical and Cerebellar Volume Differences in Bilingual and Monolingual Children: An ABCD Study	Research suggests that bilingual children experience an extension or delay in the closing of the sensitive/critical period of language development due to multiple language exposure. Moreover, bilingual experience may impact the development of subcortical regions, although these conclusions are drawn from research with adults, as there is a scarcity of research during late childhood and early adolescence. The current study included 1,215 bilinguals and 5,894 monolinguals from the ABCD Study to examine the relationship between subcortical volume and English vocabulary in heritage Spanish bilingual and English monolingual children, as well as volumetric differences between the language groups. We also examined the unique effects of English usage in bilinguals' subcortical volumes. In general, bilinguals had less cerebellar volume and greater volume in the putamen, thalamus, and globus pallidus than monolinguals. English vocabulary was positively related to volume in the cerebellum, thalamus, caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens, and right pallidum in all children. Moreover, the positive relationship between vocabulary and volume in the nucleus accumbens was stronger for monolingual adolescents than bilingual adolescents. Results are somewhat in line with existing literature on the dynamic volume adaptation of subcortical brain regions due to bilingual development and experience. Future research is needed to further explore these regions longitudinally across development to examine structural change in bilingual brains.	5999/5999	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Individual Trajectories of Depressive Symptoms Across Early Adolescence in African Americans, European Americans, and Latinx: Associations with Polygenic Risk for Depression and Substance Use Intent and Harm	There are distinct individual trajectories of depressive symptoms across adolescence which are most often differentiated into low, moderate/stable, and high/increasing groups. Some research has examined polygenic influences for depression, finding associations with those trajectories characterized by greater depressive symptoms. A separate literature indicates substance use can result from trajectories with elevated symptoms. However, the majority of this research has been in White youth. It is critical to identify depressive symptom trajectories, polygenic influences, and substance use outcomes in diverse samples to understand unique processes and convey equitable benefits from research. Using data from the Adolescent Cognitive Brain Development Study (ABCD), we examined depressive symptom trajectories within African American (AA, n = 1783), European American (EA, n = 6179), and Latinx (LX, n = 2410) youth across early adolescence (age 9-10 to 12-13) as well as trajectory associations with racially/ethnically aligned polygenic scores (Dep-PGS) and substance use intent and perceived harm. Differential trajectories were found in AA, EA, and LX youth but low and high trajectories were represented within each group. A Dep-PGS by income interaction was associated with membership in a greater depressive symptom trajectory in AA youth. In EA youth, greater Dep-PGS was broadly associated with membership in greater depressive symptom trajectories. In AA youth, membership in the low trajectory was associated with greater substance use intent. In EA youth, membership in higher depressive symptom trajectories was associated with greater substance use intent and less perceived harm. There were no genetic or substance use associations with trajectories of depressive symptoms in LX youth. These findings indicate that there are distinct depressive symptom trajectories in AA, EA, and LX youth accompanied by unique associations with genetic predisposition for depressive symptoms and substance use outcomes.	5982/5982	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Stability of polygenic scores across discovery genome-wide association studies	Polygenic scores (PGS) are commonly evaluated in terms of their predictive accuracy at the population level by the proportion of phenotypic variance they explain. To be useful for precision medicine applications, they also need to be evaluated at the individual level when phenotypes are not necessarily already known. We investigated the stability of PGS in European American (EUR) and African American (AFR)-ancestry individuals from the Philadelphia Neurodevelopmental Cohort and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study using different discovery genome-wide association study (GWAS) results for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), type 2 diabetes (T2D), and height. We found that pairs of EUR-ancestry GWAS for the same trait had genetic correlations >0.92. However, PGS calculated from pairs of same-ancestry and different-ancestry GWAS had correlations that ranged from <0.01 to 0.74. PGS stability was greater for height than for PTSD or T2D. A series of height GWAS in the UK Biobank suggested that correlation between PGS is strongly dependent on the extent of sample overlap between the discovery GWAS. Focusing on the upper end of the PGS distribution, different discovery GWAS do not consistently identify the same individuals in the upper quantiles, with the best case being 60% of individuals above the 80th percentile of PGS overlapping from one height GWAS to another. The degree of overlap decreases sharply as higher quantiles, less heritable traits, and different-ancestry GWAS are considered. PGS computed from different discovery GWAS have only modest correlation at the individual level, underscoring the need to proceed cautiously with integrating PGS into precision medicine applications.	5844/5962	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Location matters: Regional variation in association of community burden of COVID-19 with caregiver and youth worry	Our study characterized associations between three indicators of COVID-19's community-level impact in 20 geographically diverse metropolitan regions and how worried youth and their caregivers in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ Study have been about COVID-19. County-level COVID-19 case/death rates and monthly unemployment rates were geocoded to participants’ addresses. Caregivers’ (vs. youths’) COVID-19-related worry was more strongly associated with COVID-19's community impact, independent of sociodemographics and pre-pandemic anxiety levels, with these associations varying by location. Public-health agencies and healthcare providers should avoid adopting uniform “one-size-fits-all” approaches to addressing COVID-19-related emotional distress and must consider specific communities’ needs, challenges, and strengths.	5677/5677	Primary Analysis	Shared
Clouding up cognition?: Secondhand cannabis and tobacco exposure related to cognitive functioning in youth	Background Increasing legalization of cannabis, in addition to longstanding rates of tobacco use, raises concerns for possible cognitive decrements from secondhand smoke or environmental exposure, although little research exists. We investigate the relation between cognition and secondhand and environmental cannabis and tobacco exposure in youth. Methods The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study year 2 follow-up (N = 5580; 48% female) cognitive performance and secondhand or environmental cannabis or tobacco exposure data were used. Principal components analysis identified a global cognition factor. Linear mixed-effects models assessed global cognition and individual cognitive task performance by cannabis and/or tobacco environmental exposure. Sociodemographics and other potential confounds were examined. p values were adjusted using the false discovery rate method. Results Global cognition was not related to any exposure group after testing corrections and considering confounds. Beyond covariates and family- and site-level factors, secondhand tobacco was related to poorer visual memory (p = .02), and environmental tobacco was associated with poorer visuospatial (p = .02) and language (p = .008) skills. Secondhand cannabis was related to cognition, but not after controlling for potential confounders (p > .05). Environmental cannabis was related to better oral reading (p = .01). Including covariates attenuated effect sizes. Conclusions Secondhand tobacco exposure was associated with poorer visual memory, while environmental tobacco exposure was related to poorer language and visuospatial skills. Secondhand cannabis was not related to cognition after controlling for sociodemographic factors, but environmental cannabis exposure was related to better reading. Because, to our knowledge, this is the first known study of its kind and thus preliminary, secondhand cannabis should continue to be investigated to confirm results.	5579/5580	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) of Late Onset Alzheimer Disease Genetic Risk in Children of European Ancestry at Middle Childhood: Results from the ABCD Study	Genetic risk for Late Onset Alzheimer Disease (AD) has been associated with lower cognition and smaller hippocampal volume in healthy young adults. However, whether these and other associations are present during childhood remains unclear. Using data from 5556 genomically-confirmed European ancestry youth who completed the baseline session of the ongoing the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®), our phenome-wide association study estimating associations between four indices of genetic risk for late-onset AD (i.e., AD polygenic risk scores (PRS), APOE rs429358 genotype, AD PRS with the APOE region removed (ADPRS-APOE), and an interaction between ADPRS-APOE and APOE genotype) and 1687 psychosocial, behavioral, and neural phenotypes revealed no significant associations after correction for multiple testing (all ps > 0.0002; all pfdr > 0.07). These data suggest that AD genetic risk may not phenotypically manifest during middle-childhood or that effects are smaller than this sample is powered to detect.	5556/5556	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The role of perceived threats on mental health, social, and neurocognitive youth outcomes: A multicontextual, person-centered approach.	Perceived threat in youth's environments can elevate risk for mental health, social, and neurocognitive difficulties throughout the lifespan. However, few studies examine variability in youth's perceptions of threat across multiple contexts or evaluate outcomes across multiple domains, ultimately limiting our understanding of specific risks associated with perceived threats in different contexts. This study examined associations between perceived threat in youth's neighborhood, school, and family contexts at ages 9-10 and mental health, social, and neurocognitive outcomes at ages 11-12 within a large US cohort (N = 5525) enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). Latent profile analysis revealed four distinct profiles: Low Threat in all contexts, Elevated Family Threat, Elevated Neighborhood Threat, and Elevated Threat in all contexts. Mixed-effect models and post hoc pairwise comparisons showed that youth in Elevated Threat profile had poorer mental health and social outcomes 2 years later. Youth in the Elevated Family Threat profile uniquely showed increased disruptive behavior symptoms, whereas youth in the Elevated Neighborhood Threat profile predominantly displayed increased sleep problems and worse neurocognitive outcomes 2 years later. Together, findings highlight the importance of considering perceptions of threat across multiple contexts to achieve a more nuanced developmental picture.	5523/5524	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Cross-ethnicity/race generalization failure of behavioral prediction from resting-state functional connectivity	Algorithmic biases that favor majority populations pose a key challenge to the application of machine learning for precision medicine. Here, we assessed such bias in prediction models of behavioral phenotypes from brain functional magnetic resonance imaging. We examined the prediction bias using two independent datasets (pre-adolescent versus adult) of mixed ethnic/racial composition. When predictive models were trained on data dominated by white Americans (WA), out-of-sample prediction errors were generally higher in African Americans (AA) than for WA. This bias towards WA corresponds to more WA-like brain-behavior association patterns learned by the models. When models were trained on AA only, compared to training only on WA or an equal number of AA and WA participants, AA prediction accuracy improved but stayed below that for WA. Overall, the results point to the need for caution and further research regarding the application of current brain-behavior prediction models in minority population.	5351/5351	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Nucleus Accumbens Cytoarchitecture Predicts Weight Gain in Children	The prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents worldwide has quadrupled since 1975 and is a key predictor of obesity later in life. Previous work has consistently observed relationships between macroscale measures of reward-related brain regions (e.g., the nucleus accumbens [NAcc]) and unhealthy eating behaviors and outcomes; however, the mechanisms underlying these associations remain unclear. Recent work has highlighted a potential role of neuroinflammation in the NAcc in animal models of diet-induced obesity. Here we leverage a novel diffusion MRI technique, restriction spectrum imaging, to probe the microstructure (cellular density) of subcortical brain regions. More specifically, we test the hypothesis that the cell density of reward-related regions is associated with obesity-related metrics and early weight gain. In a large cohort of nine- and ten-year-olds enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we demonstrate that cellular density in the NAcc is related to individual differences in waist circumference at baseline and is predictive of increases in waist circumference after one year. These findings suggest a neurobiological mechanism for pediatric obesity consistent with rodent work showing that high saturated fat diets increase gliosis and neuroinflammation in reward-related brain regions, which in turn lead to further unhealthy eating and obesity.	5334/5334	Primary Analysis	Shared
Statistical modeling of brain structural connectome for ABCD dataset	There has been a huge interest in studying human brain connectomes inferred from different imaging modalities and exploring their relationships with human traits, such as cognition. Brain connectomes are usually represented as networks, with nodes corresponding to different regions of interest (ROIs) and edges to connection strengths between ROIs. Due to the high-dimensionality and non-Euclidean nature of networks, it is challenging to depict their population distribution and relate them to human traits. Current approaches focus on summarizing the network using either pre-specified topological features or principal components analysis (PCA). In this work, building on recent advances in deep learning, we develop a nonlinear latent factor model to characterize the population distribution of brain graphs and infer their relationships to human traits. We refer to our method as Graph AuTo-Encoding (GATE). We applied GATE to two large-scale brain imaging datasets, the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study and the Human Connectome Project (HCP) for adults, to study the structural brain connectome and its relationship with cognition. Numerical results demonstrate huge advantages of GATE over competitors in terms of prediction accuracy, statistical inference, and computing efficiency. We found that the structural connectome has a stronger association with a wide range of human cognitive traits than was apparent using previous approaches.	5251/5251	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Unique prediction of developmental psychopathology from genetic and familial risk	"Background: Early detection is critical for easing the rising burden of psychiatric disorders. However, the specificity of psychopathological measurements and genetic predictors is unclear among youth. Methods: We measured associations between genetic risk for psychopathology (polygenic risk scores (PRS) and family history (FH) measures) and a wide range of behavioral measures in a large sample (n = 5,204) of early adolescent participants (9-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development StudySM . Associations were measured both with and without accounting for shared variance across measures of genetic risk. Results: When controlling for genetic risk for other psychiatric disorders, polygenic risk for problematic opioid use (POU) is uniquely associated with lower behavioral inhibition. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression (DEP), and attempted suicide (SUIC) PRS shared many significant associations with externalizing, internalizing, and psychosis-related behaviors. However, when accounting for all measures of genetic and familial risk, these PRS also showed clear, unique patterns of association. Polygenic risk for ASD, BIP, and SCZ, and attempted suicide uniquely predicted variability in cognitive performance. FH accounted for unique variability in behavior above and beyond PRS and vice versa, with FH measures explaining a greater proportion of unique variability compared to the PRS. Conclusion: Our results indicate that, among youth, many behaviors show shared genetic influences; however, there is also specificity in the profile of emerging psychopathologies for individuals with high genetic risk for particular disorders. This may be useful for quantifying early, differential risk for psychopathology in development."	5203/5203	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Characterizing different cognitive and neurobiological profiles in a community sample of children using a non-parametric approach: An fMRI study	Executive Functions (EF) is an umbrella term for a set of mental processes geared towards goal-directed behavior supporting academic skills such as reading abilities. One of the brain’s functional networks implicated in EF is the Default Mode Network (DMN). The current study uses measures of inhibitory control, a main sub-function of EF, to create cognitive and neurobiological "inhibitory control profiles" and relate them to reading abilities in a large sample (N = 5055) of adolescents aged 9–10 from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Using a Latent Profile Analysis (LPA) approach, data related to inhibitory control was divided into four inhibition classes. For each class, functional connectivity within the DMN was calculated from resting-state data, using a non-parametric algorithm for detecting group similarities. These inhibitory control profiles were then related to reading abilities. The four inhibitory control groups showed significantly different reading abilities, with neurobiologically different DMN segregation profiles for each class versus controls. The current study demonstrates that a community sample of children is not entirely homogeneous and is composed of different subgroups that can be differentiated both behaviorally/cognitively and neurobiologically, by focusing on inhibitory control and the DMN. Educational implications relating these results to reading abilities are noted.	5053/5053	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Changes in patterns of age-related network connectivity are associated with risk for schizophrenia	Alterations in fMRI-based brain functional network connectivity (FNC) are associated with schizophrenia (SCZ) and the genetic risk or subthreshold clinical symptoms preceding the onset of SCZ, which often occurs in early adulthood. Thus, age-sensitive FNC changes may be relevant to SCZ risk-related FNC. We used independent component analysis to estimate FNC from childhood to adulthood in 9,236 individuals. To capture individual brain features more accurately than single-session fMRI, we studied an average of three fMRI scans per individual. To identify potential familial risk-related FNC changes, we compared age-related FNC in unaffected siblings (SIB) and first-degree relatives (FHR) of SCZ patients with neurotypical controls (NC) at the same age-stage. Then, we examined how polygenic risk scores for SCZ influenced risk-related FNC patterns. Finally, we investigated the same risk-related FNC patterns in adult SCZ patients (oSCZ) and young individuals with subclinical psychotic symptoms (PSY). Age-sensitive risk-related FNC patterns emerge during adolescence and early adulthood, but not before. Young SIB always followed older NC patterns, with decreased FNC in a cerebellar-occipitoparietal circuit and increased FNC in two prefrontal-sensorimotor circuits when compared to young NC. Some of these FNC alterations were also found in oSCZ, with one exhibiting reversed pattern. All were linked to polygenic risk for SCZ in unrelated individuals (R2 varied from 0.02 to 0.09). Young PSY showed FNC alterations in the same direction as SIB when compared to NC. These results suggest that age-related neurotypical FNC correlate with genetic risk for SCZ and are detectable with MRI in young participants.	4936/4936	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The association between child alcohol sipping and alcohol expectancies in the ABCD study	Background Underage drinking is a serious societal concern, yet relatively little is known about child sipping of alcohol and its relation to beliefs about alcohol. The current study aimed to (1) examine the contexts in which the first sip of alcohol occurs (e.g., type of alcohol, who provided sip, sip offered or taken without permission); (2) examine the association between sipping and alcohol expectancies; and (3) explore how different contexts of sipping are related to alcohol expectancies. We expected to find that children who had sipped alcohol would have increased positive expectancies and reduced negative expectancies compared to children who had never sipped alcohol. Methods Data were derived from the 2.0 release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a longitudinal study of children in the United States. We utilized data from 4,842 children ages 9 to 11; 52% were male, 60% were White, 19% were Hispanic/Latinx, and 9% were Black/African American. Results We found that 22% of the sample had sipped alcohol. Children reported sipping beer most frequently, and the drink most often belonged to the child’s father. We found that children who had sipped had higher positive alcohol expectancies than children who had not while accounting for variables related to alcohol expectancies. Child sipping was not significantly associated with negative expectancies and the context of the first sip of alcohol was not significantly associated with positive and negative expectancies. Conclusions Providing sips of alcohol to children is associated with them having more favorable expectations about drinking.	4831/4831	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Conduct disorder symptomatology is associated with an altered functional connectome in a large national youth sample	Conduct disorder (CD), characterized by youth antisocial behavior, is associated with a variety of neurocognitive impairments. However, questions remain regarding the neural underpinnings of these impairments. To investigate novel neural mechanisms that may support these neurocognitive abnormalities, the present study applied a graph analysis to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data collected from a national sample of 4,781 youth, ages 9–10, who participated in the baseline session of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study (ABCD Study®). Analyses were then conducted to examine the relationships among levels of CD symptomatology, metrics of global topology, node-level metrics for subcortical structures, and performance on neurocognitive assessments. Youth higher on CD displayed higher global clustering (β = .039, 95% CIcorrected [.0027 .0771]), but lower Degreesubcortical (β = −.052, 95% CIcorrected [−.0916 −.0152]). Youth higher on CD had worse performance on a general neurocognitive assessment (β = −.104, 95% CI [−.1328 −.0763]) and an emotion recognition memory assessment (β = −.061, 95% CI [−.0919 −.0290]). Finally, global clustering mediated the relationship between CD and general neurocognitive functioning (indirect β = −.002, 95% CI [−.0044 −.0002]), and Degreesubcortical mediated the relationship between CD and emotion recognition memory performance (indirect β = −.002, 95% CI [−.0046 −.0005]). CD appears associated with neuro-topological abnormalities and these abnormalities may represent neural mechanisms supporting CD-related neurocognitive disruptions.	4781/4781	Primary Analysis	Shared
Genetic liability to major psychiatric disorders contributes to multi-faceted quality of life outcomes in children and adults	Importance Psychiatric disorders are highly heritable. Under a liability threshold model, an important question arises as to what extent genetic liability for psychiatric disorders relates to, and possibly impacts on, different aspects of quality of life in the general population. Objective To characterize the link between psychiatric genetic liability and diverse aspects of quality of life in childhood and adulthood. Design, setting, and participants The study utilized data from two population-based cohorts, namely preadolescent children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (N=4,645) and white British adults from the UK Biobank study (N=377,664). Main outcomes and measures The genetic liabilities to seven major psychiatric disorders were quantified by a set of polygenic scores (PGSs) derived from the largest genome-wide association studies to date. General linear models assessed associations between PGSs and the estimated latent quality of life factors, controlling for age, sex, site, genotyping batch, plate, and genetic ancestry. Results In each cohort, we estimated three latent factors indexing distinct but correlated quality of life domains (i.e., educational performance and cognition (Edu), physical health (Hea), and peer experience (Peer) in ABCD cohort; social economic status (SES), physical health (Hea), and social well-being (Soc) in UK Biobank), in addition to a general factor that captured the covariances between the three latent factors (QoL). In the ABCD cohort, ADHD-PGS was significantly associated with Edu, Peer, and general QoL (β=-0.094~-0.140, p<7.81×10-9) factors. In UK Biobank, all examined disorder PGSs were significantly associated with the general QoL factor and at least one first-order subdomain, with ADHD-PGS (β=-0.056~-0.096, p<5.91×10-186) and MDD-PGS (β=-0.042~-0.066, p<3.63×10-125) showing the largest effects. Conclusions and relevance The present study reveals an inverse relationship between psychiatric genetic liabilities and multiple quality of life metrics, with ADHD-associated genetic risk being the main contributor in both children and adults, and MDD additionally showing effects in adults. All effect sizes observed were small, as expected. Understanding potential real-world outcomes of disorder-related genetic risks in the general population could have significant implications for healthcare, research, and society as a whole.	4028/4643	Primary Analysis	Shared
Fairness-related performance and explainability effects in deep learning models for brain image analysis	Purpose: Explainability and fairness are two key factors for the effective and ethical clinical implementation of deep learning-based machine learning models in healthcare settings. However, there has been limited work on investigating how unfair performance manifests in explainable artificial intelligence (XAI) methods, and how XAI can be used to investigate potential reasons for unfairness. Thus, the aim of this work was to analyze the effects of previously established sociodemographic-related confounders on classifier performance and explainability methods. Approach: A convolutional neural network (CNN) was trained to predict biological sex from T1-weighted brain MRI of 4,547 9–10-year-old adolescents from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Performance disparities of the trained CNN between White and Black subjects were analyzed and saliency maps were generated for each subgroup at the intersection of sex and race. Results: The classification model demonstrated a significant difference in the percentage of correctly classified White male (90.3±1.7%) and Black male (81.1±4.5%) subjects. Conversely, slightly higher performance was seen in Black female (89.3±4.8%) compared to White female (86.5±2.0) subjects. Saliency maps showed subgroup-specific differences, corresponding to brain regions previously associated with pubertal development. In line with this finding, average pubertal development scores of subjects used in this study were significantly different between Black and White females (p<0.001) and males (p<0.001). Conclusions: We demonstrate that a CNN with significantly different sex classification performance between Black and White adolescents can identify different important brain regions when comparing subgroup saliency maps. Importance scores vary substantially between subgroups within brain structures associated with pubertal development, a race-associated confounder for predicting sex. This study illustrates that unfair models can lead to different XAI results between subgroups, and that these results may be able to inform potential reasons for biased performance.	4547/4547	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association of Prenatal Cannabis Exposure With Psychosis Proneness Among Children in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Research letter - no abstract	4519/4522	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 1.0	The ABCD Curated Annual Release 1.0 includes high quality baseline data from the first ~4,500 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the physical & mental health, neurocognition, substance use, biospecimens and culture & environment domains. All personally identifiable information is removed from the data to ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, download the Curated Annual Release 1.0 Summary document.	4521/4521	Primary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD) - Annual Release 1.1	The ABCD Curated Annual Release 1.1 includes high quality baseline data from the first ~4,500 research participants, including minimally processed brain image volumes and tabulated structural MRI, diffusion MRI, resting-state fMRI and task fMRI results, as well as all non-imaging assessment data from the genetics, physical & mental health, neurocognition, substance use, biospecimens and culture & environment domains. All personally identifiable information is removed from the data to ensure participant confidentiality and anonymity. For a detailed description of all the measures included in this release, download the Curated Annual Release 1.1 Summary document.	4521/4521	Primary Analysis	Shared
Demographic, Psychological, Behavioral, and Cognitive Correlates of BMI in Youth: Findings from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study	Background: Previous research has implicated demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive variables in the onset and maintenance of pediatric overweight/obesity. No adequately-powered study has simultaneously modeled these variables to assess their relative associations with body mass index (BMI; kg/m2) in a nationally representative sample of youth. Methods: Multiple machine learning regression approaches were employed to estimate the relative importance of 43 demographic, psychological, behavioral, and cognitive variables previously associated with BMI in youth to elucidate the associations of both fixed (e.g., demographics) and potentially modifiable (e.g., psychological/behavioral) variables with BMI in a diverse representative sample of youth. The primary analyses consisted of 9-10 year olds divided into a training (n = 2724) and test (n = 1123) sets. Secondary analyses were conducted by sex, ethnicity, and race. Results: The full sample model captured 12% of the variance in both the training and test sets, suggesting good generalizability. Stimulant medications and demographic factors were most strongly associated with BMI. Lower attention problems and matrix reasoning (i.e., nonverbal abstract problem solving and inductive reasoning) and higher social problems and screen time were robust positive correlates in the primary analyses and in analyses separated by sex. Conclusions: Beyond demographics and stimulant use, this study highlights abstract reasoning as an important cognitive variable and reaffirms social problems and screen time as significant correlates of BMI and as modifiable therapeutic targets. Prospective data are needed to understand the predictive power of these variables for BMI gain.	4521/4521	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Association Between Childhood Anhedonia and Alterations in Large-scale Resting-State Networks and Task-Evoked Activation	IMPORTANCE: Anhedonia can present in children and predict detrimental clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To map anhedonia in children onto changes in intrinsic large-scale connectivity and task-evoked activation and to probe the specificity of these changes in anhedonia against other clinical phenotypes (low mood, anxiety, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD]). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were from the first annual release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study, collected between September 2016 and September 2017 and analyzed between April and September 2018. Cross-sectional data of children aged 9 to 10 years from unreferred, community samples during rest (n = 2878) and during reward anticipation (n = 2874) and working memory (n = 2745) were analyzed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Alterations in fMRI data during rest, reward anticipation, and working memory were examined, using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Functional MRI connectivity within large-scale networks, between networks, and between networks and subcortical regions were examined during rest. Functional MRI activation were examined during reward anticipation and working memory using the monetary incentive delayed and N-back tasks, respectively. RESULTS: Among 2878 children with adequate-quality resting-state fMRI data (mean [SD] age, 10.03 [0.62] years; 1400 girls [48.6%]), children with anhedonia (261 [9.1%]), compared with those without anhedonia (2617 [90.9%]), showed hypoconnectivity among various large-scale networks and subcortical regions, including between the arousal-related cingulo-opercular network and reward-related ventral striatum area (mean [SD] with anhedonia, 0.08 [0.10] vs without anhedonia, 0.10 [0.10]; t2,876 = 3.33; P < .001; q[false discovery rate] = 0.03; ln[Bayes factor10] = 2.85). Such hypoconnectivity did not manifest among children with low mood (277 of 2878 [9.62%]), anxiety (109 of 2878 [3.79%]), or ADHD (459 of 2878 [15.95%]), suggesting specificity. Similarly, among 2874 children (mean [SD] age, 10.03 [0.62] years; 1414 girls [49.2%]) with high-quality task-evoked fMRI data, children with anhedonia (248 of 2874 [8.63%]) demonstrated hypoactivation during reward anticipation in various areas, including the dorsal striatum and areas of the cingulo-opercular network. This hypoactivity was not found among children with low mood (268 of 2874 [9.32%]), anxiety (90 of 2874 [3.13%]), or ADHD (473 of 2874 [16.46%]). Moreover, we also found context- and phenotype-specific double dissociations; while children with anhedonia showed altered activation during reward anticipation (but not working memory), those with ADHD showed altered activation during working memory (but not reward anticipation). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study data set, phenotype-specific alterations were found in intrinsic large-scale connectivity and task-evoked activation in children with anhedonia. The hypoconnectivity at rest and hypoactivation during reward anticipation complementarily map anhedonia onto aberrations in neural-cognitive processes: lack of intrinsic reward-arousal integration during rest and diminishment of extrinsic reward-arousal activity during reward anticipation. These findings help delineate the pathophysiological underpinnings of anhedonia in children.	4520/4520	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Differential Relationships of Child Anxiety and Depression to Child Report and Parent Report of Electronic Media Use	Child depression and anxiety have been associated with electronic media use, but the comorbidity between the two has rarely been accounted for in analyses. We examined both child and parent reports of electronic media use in relation to parent-reported child depression and anxiety. Using survey and interview data collected for 9- to 11-year-olds from the 21-site Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, we conducted generalized linear mixed models. Our results demonstrated that electronic media use was more strongly associated with depression than anxiety, and that accounting for depression significantly reduced the relationship between electronic media use and anxiety. Different categories of electronic media showed differential relationships to anxiety and depression, with video gaming and video chatting related to anxiety, but video watching related to depression. These findings provide important data to ground theories of the mechanisms that contribute to these associations.	4520/4520	Primary Analysis	Shared
A Cross-Ethnoracial Comparison of Objective and Subjective Neighborhood Predictors of Early Adolescents’ Prosocial Behavior	Although the Family Stress Model (FSM) has been widely tested, expanded conceptualizations of stressors, intervening mechanisms, and developmental outcomes from this perspective is becoming increasingly common in order to better explain adolescent adjustment. Additionally, though extant research analyzes the utility of the FSM in African American and European American samples, little is known about the representativeness of the FSM in Latino/a samples, and cross-ethnoracial comparisons are scarce. The present study addresses these gaps by conducting cross-ethnic comparisons in a modified FSM between African American, European American, and U.S. Latino/a ethnoracial adolescents. Findings revealed that perceived neighborhood safety was indirectly associated with youth prosocial behavior through parent mental health symptoms and family conflict for African Americans, U.S. Latino/as, and European Americans. Objective neighborhood risk predicted parent mental health symptoms but was not indirectly associated with youths’ prosocial behavior. Results generally suggest that the FSM may adequately represent family processes across ethnoracial groups. The usefulness and practical implications of the FSM are discussed.	4517/4517	Secondary Analysis	Shared
ABCD Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge 2019: Test Set	The test data set for the ABCD Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge 2019 contains skull stripped and segmented T1-weighted MRIs, and volumetric brain measures of 3648 participants of the ABCD study. https://sibis.sri.com/abcd-np-challenge provides a detailed description about the processing. When using the data in publications, the Data Supplement of "Pfefferbaum et al., Altered Brain Developmental Trajectories in Adolescents After Initiating Drinking. Am J Psychiatry, 175(4), pp. 370-380, 2018" for should be cited as description of the processing pipeline. The data in this Study were derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development 1.1 Release (http://dx.doi.org/10.15154/1460410, accessed on or before November 15, 2018) and the Fast Track DICOM share in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study Collection 2573 (https://ndar.nih.gov/edit_collection.html?id=2573, accessed on or before November 15, 2018). The individual-level imaging phenotype data in this Collection was computed by a custom processing pipeline developed by the organizers of the ABCD Prediction Challenge. The imaging phenotype data may therefore differ from the values shared by the ABCD Study investigators in Release 1.1 or future releases	4516/4516	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Overlapping brain correlates of superior cognition among children at genetic risk for Alzheimer’s disease and/ or major depressive disorder	Early life adversity (ELA) tends to accelerate neurobiological ageing, which, in turn, is thought to heighten vulnerability to both Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The two conditions are putatively related, with MDD representing either a risk factor or early symptom of AD. Given the substantial environmental susceptibility of both disorders, timely identification of their neurocognitive markers could facilitate interventions to prevent clinical onset. To this end, we analysed multimodal data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (ages 9-10 years). To disentangle genetic from correlated genetic-environmental influences, while also probing gene-adversity interactions, we compared adoptees, a group generally exposed to substantial ELA, with children raised by their biological families via genetic risk scores (GRS) from genome-wide association studies. AD and MDD GRSs predicted overlapping and widespread neurodevelopmental alterations associated with superior fluid cognition. Specifically, among adoptees only, greater AD GRS were related to accelerated structural maturation (i.e., cortical thinning) and higher MDD GRS were linked to delayed functional neurodevelopment, as reflected in compensatory brain activation on an inhibitory control task. Our study identifies compensatory mechanisms linked to MDD risk and highlights the potential cognitive benefits of accelerated maturation linked to AD vulnerability in late childhood.	4499/4499	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Shared heritability of human face and brain shape	Evidence from model organisms and clinical genetics suggests coordination between the developing brain and face, but the role of this link in common genetic variation remains unknown. We performed a multivariate genome-wide association study of cortical surface morphology in 19,644 individuals of European ancestry, identifying 472 genomic loci influencing brain shape, of which 76 are also linked to face shape. Shared loci include transcription factors involved in craniofacial development, as well as members of signaling pathways implicated in brain-face cross-talk. Brain shape heritability is equivalently enriched near regulatory regions active in either forebrain organoids or facial progenitors. However, we do not detect significant overlap between shared brain-face genome-wide association study signals and variants affecting behavioral-cognitive traits. These results suggest that early in embryogenesis, the face and brain mutually shape each other through both structural effects and paracrine signaling, but this interplay may not impact later brain development associated with cognitive function.	4470/4470	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The association of child screen time with psychiatric problems: the role of genetic confounding	Importance: Children's exposure to screen time has been associated with poor mental health outcomes, yet the role of genetic factors in this association remains largely unknown. Objective: We examined (1) the longitudinal phenotypic association between child screen time and mental health outcomes and (2) the potential genetic confounding of this association. We hypothesized that genetics partially account for observed phenotypic associations. Design: Longitudinal (baseline and one-year follow-up) population-based cohort. Setting: Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development, 21 sites in the United States. Participants: This study included 4,262 children of genetically assigned European ancestry with mean age 9.9 years [SD = 0.6 years], 46.8% female. Exposure: Children’s daily screen time (in hours) was assessed both by child-report and parent-report questionnaires at baseline. Main Outcomes and Measures: Child psychiatric problems, specifically attention and internalizing problems, were measured with the parent-rated Child Behavior Checklist at the one-year follow-up. We used Genetic sensitivity analyses (Gsens), based on structural equation models using polygenic risk scores (PRS) of both exposure and outcomes, and either single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based heritability or twin-based heritability to estimate genetic confounding of associations between child screen time and attention or internalizing problems, separately. Results: We found that child screen time was positively associated with the different psychiatric problems. Further, the television time PRS was associated with child screen time (=0.18 SD, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.23); the ADHD PRS was associated with attention problems (=0.13 SD, 95% CI: 0.10, 0.16); and the depression PRS was associated with internalizing problems (=0.10 SD, 95% CI: 0.07, 0.13). These PRSs were associated with cross-traits, suggesting genetic confounding. Using PRSs and SNP-based heritability, we estimated that genetic confounding entirely accounts for the association between child screen time and attention problems, and moderately (42.7%) accounts for the association between child screen time and internalizing problems. When PRSs and twin-based heritability estimates were used, genetic confounding fully explained both associations. Conclusions and Relevance: Genetic confounding may explain a substantial part of the associations between child screen time and psychiatric problems. Potential interventions to reduce screen time could be less effective in reducing psychiatric problems than previously hypothesized.	4262/4262	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Disparities in Sleep Duration Among American Children: Effects of Race and Ethnicity, Income, Age, and Sex	Children in the United States sleep less than the recommended amount and sleep deficiencies may be worse among disadvantaged children. Prior studies that compared sleep time in children of different race/ethnic groups mostly relied on questionnaires or were limited to small sample sizes. Our study takes advantage of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM (ABCD) study to compare total sleep time using a week of actigraphy data among American children (n=4207, 9-13 y/o) of different racial/ethnic and income groups. We also assessed the effects of neighborhood deprivation, experience of discrimination, parent’s age at child’s birth, BMI, and time the child fell asleep on sleep times. Daily total sleep time for the sample was 7.45 hours and race/ethnicity, income, sex, age, BMI, were all significant predictors of total sleep time. Black children slept less than White children (≈34 min; Cohen’s d=.95), children from lower income families slept less than those from higher incomes (≈16 min; Cohen’s d=.44), boys slept less than girls (≈7 min; Cohen’s d=.18), and older children slept less than younger ones (≈32 min; Cohen’s d=.91); mostly due to later sleep times. Children with higher BMI also had shorter sleep times. Neither area deprivation index, experience of discrimination, or parent’s age at child’s birth significantly contributed to sleep time. Our findings indicate that children in the United States sleep significantly less than the recommended amount for healthy development and identifies significant racial and income disparities. Interventions to improve sleep hygiene in children will help improve health and ameliorate racial disparities in health outcomes.	4207/4207	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations among household and neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantages, resting-state frontoamygdala connectivity, and internalizing symptoms in youth	Exposure to socioeconomic disadvantages (SED) can have negative impacts on mental health, yet SED is a multifaceted construct and the precise processes by which SED confer deleterious effects are less clear. Using a large and diverse sample of preadolescents (ages 9-10 at baseline; N = 4,038; 49% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, we examined associations among SED at both household (i.e., income-to-needs and material hardship) and neighborhood (i.e., area deprivation and neighborhood unsafety) levels, frontoamygdala resting-state functional connectivity, and internalizing symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up. SED were positively associated with internalizing symptoms at baseline, and indirectly predicted symptoms one year later through elevated symptoms at baseline. At the household level, youth in households characterized by higher disadvantage (i.e., lower income-to-needs ratio) exhibited more strongly negative frontoamygdala coupling, particularly between the bilateral amygdala and medial orbitofrontal (mOFC) regions within the Frontoparietal Network. While more strongly positive amygdala-mOFC coupling was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up, it did not mediate the association between income-to-needs ratio and internalizing symptoms. However, at the neighborhood level, amygdala-mOFC functional coupling moderated the effect of neighborhood deprivation on internalizing symptoms. Specifically, higher neighborhood deprivation was associated with higher internalizing symptoms for youth with more strongly positive connectivity, but not for youth with more strongly negative connectivity, suggesting a potential buffering effect. Findings highlight the importance of capturing multileveled socioecological contexts in which youth develop to identify youth who are most likely to benefit from early interventions. Exposure to socioeconomic disadvantages (SED) can have negative impacts on mental health, yet SED is a multifaceted construct and the precise processes by which SED confer deleterious effects are less clear. Using a large and diverse sample of preadolescents (ages 9-10 at baseline; N = 4,038; 49% female) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study, we examined associations among SED at both household (i.e., income-to-needs and material hardship) and neighborhood (i.e., area deprivation and neighborhood unsafety) levels, frontoamygdala resting-state functional connectivity, and internalizing symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up. SED were positively associated with internalizing symptoms at baseline, and indirectly predicted symptoms one year later through elevated symptoms at baseline. At the household level, youth in households characterized by higher disadvantage (i.e., lower income-to-needs ratio) exhibited more strongly negative frontoamygdala coupling, particularly between the bilateral amygdala and medial orbitofrontal (mOFC) regions within the Frontoparietal Network. While more strongly positive amygdala-mOFC coupling was associated with higher levels of internalizing symptoms at baseline and 1-year follow-up, it did not mediate the association between income-to-needs ratio and internalizing symptoms. However, at the neighborhood level, amygdala-mOFC functional coupling moderated the effect of neighborhood deprivation on internalizing symptoms. Specifically, higher neighborhood deprivation was associated with higher internalizing symptoms for youth with more strongly positive connectivity, but not for youth with more strongly negative connectivity, suggesting a potential buffering effect. Findings highlight the importance of capturing multileveled socioecological contexts in which youth develop to identify youth who are most likely to benefit from early interventions.	4160/4163	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Neuroanatomical correlates of genetic risk for obesity in children	Obesity has a strong genetic component, with up to 20% of variance in body mass index (BMI) being accounted for by common polygenic variation. Most genetic polymorphisms associated with BMI are related to genes expressed in the central nervous system. At the same time, higher BMI is associated with neurocognitive changes. However, the direct link between genetics of obesity and neurobehavioral mechanisms related to weight gain is missing. Here, we use a large sample of participants (n > 4000) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development cohort to investigate how genetic risk for obesity, expressed as polygenic risk score for BMI (BMI-PRS), is related to brain and behavioral measures in adolescents. In a series of analyses, we show that BMI-PRS is related to lower cortical volume and thickness in the frontal and temporal areas, relative to age-expected values. Relatedly, using structural equation modeling, we find that lower overall cortical volume is associated with higher impulsivity, which in turn is related to an increase in BMI 1 year later. In sum, our study shows that obesity might partially stem from genetic risk as expressed in brain changes in the frontal and temporal brain areas, and changes in impulsivity.	4157/4157	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Generalization of cortical MOSTest genome-wide associations within and across samples	Genome-Wide Association studies have typically been limited to univariate analysis in which a single outcome measure is tested against millions of variants. Recent work demonstrates that a Multivariate Omnibus Statistic Test (MOSTest) is well powered to discover genomic effects distributed across multiple phenotypes. Applied to cortical brain MRI morphology measures, MOSTest has resulted in a drastic improvement in power to discover loci when compared to established approaches (min-P). One question that arises is how well these discovered loci replicate in independent data. Here we perform 10 times cross validation within 34,973 individuals from UK Biobank for imaging measures of cortical area, thickness and sulcal depth (>1,000 dimensionality for each). By deploying a replication method that aggregates discovered effects distributed across multiple phenotypes, termed PolyVertex Score (MOSTest-PVS), we demonstrate a higher replication yield and comparable replication rate of discovered loci for MOSTest (# replicated loci: 242-496, replication rate: 96-97%) in independent data when compared with the established min-P approach (# replicated loci: 26-55, replication rate: 91-93%). An out-of-sample replication of discovered loci was conducted with a sample of 4,069 individuals from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development® (ABCD) study, who are on average 50 years younger than UK Biobank individuals. We observe a higher replication yield and comparable replication rate of MOSTest-PVS compared to min-P. This finding underscores the importance of using well-powered multivariate techniques for both discovery and replication of high dimensional phenotypes in Genome-Wide Association studies.	4014/4069	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Testing whether implicit emotion regulation mediates the association between discrimination and symptoms of psychopathology in late childhood: An RDoC perspective	INTRODUCTION: Discrimination has been associated with adverse mental health outcomes, though it is unclear how early in life this association becomes apparent. Implicit emotion regulation, developing during childhood, is a foundational skill tied to a range of outcomes. Implicit emotion regulation has yet to be tested as an associated process for mental illness symptoms that can often emerge during this sensitive developmental period. METHOD: Youth aged 9-11 were recruited for the ABCD study. Associations between psychotic-like experiences, depressive symptoms, and total discrimination (due to race, ethnicity, nationality, weight, or sexual minority status) were tested, as well as associations with implicit emotion regulation measures (emotional updating working memory and inhibitory control). Analyses examined whether associations with symptoms were mediated by implicit emotion regulation. RESULTS: Discrimination related to decreased implicit emotion regulation performance, and increased endorsement of depressive symptoms and psychotic-like experiences. Emotional updating working memory performance partially mediated the association between discrimination and psychotic-like experiences, while emotional inhibitory control did not. DISCUSSION: Discrimination and implicit emotion regulation could serve as putative transdiagnostic markers of vulnerability. Results support the utility of using multiple units of analysis to improve understanding of complex emerging neurocognitive functions and developmentally sensitive periods.	4059/4059	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations Among Negative Life Events, Changes in Cortico-Limbic Connectivity, and Psychopathology in the ABCD Study	Adversity exposure is a major risk factor for psychopathology, which most frequently onsets during adolescence, and prior research has demonstrated that alterations in cortico-limbic connectivity may account in part for this association. In a sample of youth from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study (N = 4,795), we tested a longitudinal structural equation model to examine the indirect effect of adversity exposure (negative life events) on later psychopathology via changes in cortico-limbic resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC). We also examined the potential protective effects of caregiver acceptance. Generally, cortico-limbic connectivity became more strongly negative between baseline and year 2 follow-up, suggesting that stronger negative correlations may reflect a more mature pattern of rsFC. Exposure to a greater number of negative life events was associated with stronger negative cortico-limbic rsFC which, in turn, was associated with lower internalizing (but not externalizing) symptoms. The indirect effect of negative life events on internalizing symptoms via cortico-limbic rsFC was significant. Caregiver acceptance did not moderate the association between negative life events and rsFC. Our findings highlight how stressful childhood experiences may accelerate neurobiological maturation in specific cortico-limbic connections, potentially reflecting an adaptive process that protects against internalizing problems in the context of adversity.	4006/4006	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Assessment of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version for Measurement of Self-Reported Psychoticlike Experiences in Childhood	IMPORTANCE: Childhood psychoticlike experiences (PLEs) are associated with greater odds of a diagnosis of a psychotic disorder during adulthood. However, no known, well-validated self-report tools have been designed to measure childhood PLEs. OBJECTIVE: To examine the construct validity and psychometric properties of a measure of PLEs, the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief Child Version (PQ-BC). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This validation study used data from the first wave of the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a prospective longitudinal study aimed at assessing risk factors associated with adverse physical and mental health outcomes from ages 9 to 10 years into late adolescence and early adulthood. The population-based sample of 3984 children within the ABCD data set was recruited from 20 research sites across the United States. Data for this study were collected from June 1, 2016, through August 31, 2017. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: The PQ-BC Total and Distress scores were analyzed for measurement invariance across race/ethnicity and sex, their associations with measures of PLEs, and their associations with known correlates of PLEs, including internalizing and externalizing symptoms, neuropsychological test performance, and developmental milestones. RESULTS: The study analyses included 3984 participants (1885 girls [47.3%] and 2099 boys [52.7%]; mean [SE] age, 10.0 [0.01] years). The results demonstrated measurement invariance across race/ethnicity and sex. A family history of psychotic disorder was associated with higher mean (SE) PQ-BC Total (3.883 [0.352]; β = 0.061; 95% CI, 0.027-0.094) and Distress (10.210 [1.043]; β = 0.051; 95% CI, 0.018-0.084) scores, whereas a family history of depression or mania was not. Higher PQ-BC scores were associated with higher rates of child-rated internalizing symptoms (Total score: β range, 0.218 [95% CI, 0.189-0.246] to 0.273 [95% CI, 0.245-0.301]; Distress score: β range, 0.248 [95% CI, 0.220-0.277] to 0.310 [95% CI, 0.281-0.338]), neuropsychological test performance deficits such as working memory (Total score: β = -0.042 [95% CI, -0.077 to -0.008]; Distress score: β = -0.051 [95% CI, -0.086 to -0.017]), and motor and speech developmental milestone delays (Total score: β = 0.057 [95% CI, 0.026-0.086] for motor; β = 0.042 [95% CI, 0.010-0.073] for speech; Distress score: β = 0.048 [95% CI, 0.017-0.079] for motor; β = 0.049 [95% CI, 0.018-0.081] for speech). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These results provide support for the construct validity and demonstrate adequate psychometric properties of a self-report instrument designed to measure childhood PLEs, providing evidence that the PQ-BC may be a useful measure of early risk for psychotic disorders. Furthermore, these data suggest that PLEs at school age are associated with many of the same familial, cognitive, and emotional factors associated with psychotic symptoms in older populations, consistent with the dimensionality of psychosis across the lifespan.	3982/3982	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Childhood obesity, cortical structure and executive function in healthy children	The development of executive function is linked to maturation of prefrontal cortex in childhood. Childhood obesity has been associated with changes in brain structure, particularly in prefrontal cortex, as well as deficits in executive functions. We aimed to determine whether differences in cortical structure mediate the relationship between executive function and childhood obesity. We analysed MR-derived measures of cortical thickness for 2,700 children between the ages of 9-11 years, recruited as part of the NIH ABCD study. We related our findings to measures of executive function and body mass index (BMI). In our analysis, increased BMI was associated with significantly reduced mean cortical thickness, as well as specific bilateral reduced cortical thickness in prefrontal cortical regions. This relationship remained after accounting for age, sex, race, parental education, household income, birth-weight and in-scanner motion. Increased BMI was also associated with lower executive function. Reduced cortical thickness was found to mediate the relationship between BMI and executive function such that reduced thickness in the rostral medial and superior frontal cortex, the inferior frontal gyrus and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex accounted for partial reductions in executive function. These results suggest that childhood obesity is associated with compromised executive function. This relationship may be partly explained by BMI-associated reduced cortical thickness in the prefrontal cortex.	3921/3921	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Comparing personalized brain-based and genetic risk scores for major depressive disorder in large population samples of adults and adolescents	Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a polygenic disorder associated with brain alterations but until recently, there have been no brain-based metrics to quantify individual-level variation in brain morphology. Here, we evaluated and compared the performance of a new brain-based ‘Regional Vulnerability Index’ (RVI) with polygenic risk scores (PRS), in the context of MDD. We assessed associations with syndromal MDD in an adult sample (N = 702, age = 59 ± 10) and with subclinical depressive symptoms in a longitudinal adolescent sample (baseline N = 3,825, age = 10 ± 1; 2-year follow-up N = 2,081, age = 12 ± 1). Methods MDD-RVIs quantify the correlation of the individual’s corresponding brain metric with the expected pattern for MDD derived in an independent sample. Using the same methodology across samples, subject-specific MDD-PRS and six MDD-RVIs based on different brain modalities (subcortical volume, cortical thickness, cortical surface area, mean diffusivity, fractional anisotropy, and multimodal) were computed. Results In adults, MDD-RVIs (based on white matter and multimodal measures) were more strongly associated with MDD (β = 0.099–0.281, PFDR = 0.001–0.043) than MDD-PRS (β = 0.056–0.152, PFDR = 0.140–0.140). In adolescents, depressive symptoms were associated with MDD-PRS at baseline and follow-up (β = 0.084–0.086, p = 1.38 × 10−4−4.77 × 10−4) but not with any MDD-RVIs (β < 0.05, p > 0.05). Conclusions Our results potentially indicate the ability of brain-based risk scores to capture a broader range of risk exposures than genetic risk scores in adults and are also useful in helping us to understand the temporal origins of depression-related brain features. Longitudinal data, specific to the developmental period and on white matter measures, will be useful in informing risk for subsequent psychiatric illness.	3825/3825	Secondary Analysis	Shared
ABCD Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge 2019: Training Set	Training data set for the ABCD Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge 2019 containing skull stripped and segmented T1-weighted MRIs, volumetric brain measures, and residual fluid intelligence scores of 3739 participants of the ABCD study. https://sibis.sri.com/abcd-np-challenge provides a detailed description about the processing. When using the data in publications, the Data Supplement of "Pfefferbaum et al., Altered Brain Developmental Trajectories in Adolescents After Initiating Drinking. Am J Psychiatry, 175(4), pp. 370-380, 2018" for should be cited as description of the processing pipeline. The data in this Study were derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development 1.1 Release (http://dx.doi.org/10.15154/1460410, accessed on or before November 15, 2018) and the Fast Track DICOM share in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study Collection 2573 (https://ndar.nih.gov/edit_collection.html?id=2573, accessed on or before November 15, 2018). The individual-level imaging phenotype data in this Collection was computed by a custom processing pipeline developed by the organizers of the ABCD Prediction Challenge. The imaging phenotype data may therefore differ from the values shared by the ABCD Study investigators in Release 1.1 or future releases	3728/3739	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Resting State Functional Connectivity and Psychotic-Like Experiences in Childhood: Results from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Background: Psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) during childhood are associated with greater risk of developing a psychotic disorder, highlighting the importance of identifying neural correlates of childhood PLEs. Three major cortical networks- the cingulo-opercular network (CON), default mode network (DMN), and fronto-parietal network (FPN)- are consistently implicated in psychosis as well as PLEs in adults. However, it is unclear whether variation in functional connectivity is associated with PLEs in school-aged children. Methods: Using hierarchical linear models, we examined the relationships between childhood PLEs and resting-state functional connectivity of the CON, DMN, and FPN, as well as the other networks using an a priori network parcellation, using data from 3,434 9-10-year-olds in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. We examined within-network, between-network, and subcortical connectivity. Results: Decreased CON and DMN connectivity, as well as cingulo-parietal (CPAR) network connectivity, were associated with greater PLEs, even after accounting for family history of psychotic disorders, internalizing symptoms, and cognitive performance. Decreased DMN network connectivity was more strongly associated with increased delusional ideation, whereas decreased CON connectivity was more strongly associated with increased perceptual distortions. Increased CON-cerebellar and decreased CPAR-cerebellar connectivity were also associated with increased PLEs, and CPAR-cerebellar connectivity was more strongly associated with increased perceptual distortions. Conclusion: Consistent with hypotheses about the dimensionality of psychosis, our results provide evidence that neural correlates of PLEs, such as reduced functional connectivity of higher-order cognitive networks, are present even in school-aged children. Therefore, the results provide further validation for continuity of PLEs across the lifespan.	3434/3434	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations between cognition and polygenic liability to substance involvement in middle childhood: Results from the ABCD Study	Background. Cognition is robustly associated with substance involvement. This relationship is attributable to multiple factors, including genetics, though such contributions show inconsistent patterns in the literature. For instance, genome-wide association studies point to potential positive relationships between educational achievement and common substance use but negative relationships with heavy and/or problematic substance use. Methods. We estimated associations between polygenic risk for substance involvement (i.e., alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis use and problematic use) and cognition subfacets (i.e., general ability, executive function, learning/memory) derived from confirmatory factor analysis among 3,205 substance naïve children (ages 9–10) of European ancestry who completed the baseline session of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Findings. Polygenic risk for lifetime cannabis use was positively associated with all three facets of cognitive ability (Bs≥0.045, qs≤0.044). No other substance polygenic risk scores showed significant associations with cognition after adjustment for multiple testing (\|Bs\|≤0.033, qs≥0.118). Conclusions. Polygenic liability to lifetime cannabis use, but not use disorder, was positively associated with cognitive performance among substance-naïve children, possibly reflecting shared genetic overlap with openness to experience or the influence of genetic variance associated with socioeconomic status. Our lack of findings for the other polygenic scores may reflect ascertainment differences between the genome-wide association study (GWAS) samples and the current sample and/or the young age of the present sample. As longitudinal data in ABCD are collected, this sample may be useful for disentangling putatively causal or predispositional influences of substance use and misuse on cognition.	3371/3371	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Differences in the functional brain architecture of sustained attention and working memory in youth and adults	Sustained attention (SA) and working memory (WM) are critical processes, but the brain networks supporting these abilities in development are unknown. We characterized the functional brain architecture of SA and WM in 9–11-year-old children and adults. First, we found that adult network predictors of SA generalized to predict individual differences and fluctuations in SA in youth. A WM model predicted WM performance both across and within children—and captured individual differences in later recognition memory—but underperformed in youth relative to adults. We next characterized functional connections differentially related to SA and WM in youth compared to adults. Results revealed two network configurations: a dominant architecture predicting performance in both age groups and a secondary architecture, more prominent for WM than SA, predicting performance in each age group differently. Thus, functional connectivity predicts SA and WM in youth, with networks predicting WM performance differing more between youths and adults than those predicting SA.	3225/3225	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling is associated with differential network-level functional connectivity in youth	The endocannabinoid system is an important regulator of emotional responses such as fear, and a number of studies have implicated endocannabinoid signaling in anxiety. The fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) C385A polymorphism, which is associated with enhanced endocannabinoid signaling in the brain, has been identified across species as a potential protective factor from anxiety. In particular, adults with the variant FAAH 385A allele have greater fronto-amygdala connectivity and lower anxiety symptoms. Whether broader network-level differences in connectivity exist, and when during development this neural phenotype emerges, remains unknown and represents an important next step in understanding how the FAAH C385A polymorphism impacts neurodevelopment and risk for anxiety disorders. Here, we leveraged data from 3,109 participants in the nationwide Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study℠ (10.04 ± 0.62 years old; 44.23% female, 55.77% male) and a cross-validated, data-driven approach to examine associations between genetic variation and large-scale resting-state brain networks. Our findings revealed a distributed brain network, comprising functional connections that were both significantly greater (95% CI for p values = [<0.001, <0.001]) and lesser (95% CI for p values = [0.006, <0.001]) in A-allele carriers relative to non-carriers. Further, there was a significant interaction between genotype and the summarized connectivity of functional connections that were greater in A-allele carriers, such that non-carriers with connectivity more similar to A-allele carriers (i.e., greater connectivity) had lower anxiety symptoms (β=-0.041, p=0.030). These findings provide novel evidence of network-level changes in neural connectivity associated with genetic variation in endocannabinoid signaling and suggest that genotype-associated neural differences may emerge at a younger age than genotype-associated differences in anxiety.	3109/3109	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Peer and Pubertal Correlates of Conduct Problems in Girls	To address the key gaps that are necessary to accelerate innovations in the intervention and prevention of youth conduct problems, the current study capitalized on approximately 3104 10-13 year-old girls enrolled in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Our aims were twofold: (1) To test the independent association of peer risk factors (i.e., being the victim of relational and physical aggression, deviant peer affiliation) with multidimensional conduct problems (i.e., youth-, teacher-, and parent-report behavior problems, perpetration of relational and physical aggression), as well as moderation by early pubertal onset; (2) To test peer support as a buffer of predictions of conduct problems from these risk factors. We hypothesized that peer risk factors would be positively associated with conduct problems, particularly among girls with an early pubertal onset relative to average or late pubertal onset. Finally, we hypothesized that peer support would buffer predictions of conduct problems such that the association between peer risk factors and conduct problems would be weakened among girls with greater peer support compared to lower peer support.	3104/3104	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Relating neighborhood deprivation to childhood obesity in the ABCD Study®: evidence for theories of neuroinflammation and neuronal stress	Objective: We evaluated whether relationships between area deprivation (ADI), body mass index (BMI) and brain structure (e.g., cortical thickness, subcortical volume) during pre-adolescence supported the immunologic model of self-regulation failure (NI) and/or neuronal stress (NS) theories of overeating. The NI theory proposes that ADI causes structural alteration in the brain due to the neuroinflammatory effects of overeating unhealthy foods. The NS theory proposes that ADI-related stress negatively impacts brain structure, which causes stress-related overeating and subsequent obesity. Methods: Data were gathered from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study® (9-12-years-old; n=3,087, 51% male). Linear mixed-effects models identified brain regions that were associated with both ADI and BMI; longitudinal associations were evaluated with mediation models. The NI model included ADI and BMI at 9/10-years-old and brain data at 11/12-years-old. The NS model included ADI and brain data at 9/10-years-old and BMI at 11/12-years-old. Results: BMI at 9/10-years-old partially mediated the relationship between ADI and Ventral DC volume at 11/12-years-old. Additionally, the Ventral DC at 9/10-years-old partially mediated the relationship between ADI and BMI at 11/12-years-old, even in youth who at baseline, were of a healthy weight. Results were unchanged when controlling for differences in brain structure and weight across the two-years. Conclusion: Greater area deprivation may indicate fewer access to resources that support healthy development, like nutritious food and nonstressful environments. Our findings provide evidence in support of the NI and NS theories of overeating, specifically, with greater ADI influencing health outcomes of obesity via brain structure alterations.	3087/3087	Secondary Analysis	Shared
What Is the Link Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Sleep Disturbance? A Multimodal Examination of Longitudinal Relationships and Brain Structure Using Large-Scale Population-Based Cohorts	Background: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbid with sleep disturbances can produce profound disruption in daily life and negatively impact quality of life of both the child and the family. However, the temporal relationship between ADHD and sleep impairment is unclear, as are underlying common brain mechanisms. Methods: This study used data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development (n = 1601, 52% female) and the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (n = 3515, 48% female). Longitudinal relationships between symptoms were examined using cross-lagged panel models. Gray matter volume neural correlates were identified using linear regression. The transcriptomic signature of the identified brain-ADHD-sleep relationship was characterized by gene enrichment analysis. Confounding factors, such as stimulant drugs for ADHD and socioeconomic status, were controlled for. Results: ADHD symptoms contributed to sleep disturbances at one or more subsequent time points in both cohorts. Lower gray matter volumes in the middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, amygdala, striatum, and insula were associated with both ADHD symptoms and sleep disturbances. ADHD symptoms significantly mediated the link between these structural brain abnormalities and sleep dysregulation, and genes were differentially expressed in the implicated brain regions, including those involved in neurotransmission and circadian entrainment. Conclusions: This study indicates that ADHD symptoms and sleep disturbances have common neural correlates, including structural changes of the ventral attention system and frontostriatal circuitry. Leveraging data from large datasets, these results offer new mechanistic insights into this clinically important relationship between ADHD and sleep impairment, with potential implications for neurobiological models and future therapeutic directions.	3075/3075	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Investigation of Psychiatric and Neuropsychological Correlates of Default Mode Network and Dorsal Attention Network Anticorrelation in Children.	The default mode network (DMN) and dorsal attention network (DAN) demonstrate an intrinsic "anticorrelation" in healthy adults, which is thought to represent the functional segregation between internally and externally directed thought. Reduced segregation of these networks has been proposed as a mechanism for cognitive deficits that occurs in many psychiatric disorders, but this association has rarely been tested in pre-adolescent children. The current analysis used data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study to examine the relationship between the strength of DMN/DAN anticorrelation and psychiatric symptoms in the largest sample to date of 9- to 10-year-old children (N = 6543). The relationship of DMN/DAN anticorrelation to a battery of neuropsychological tests was also assessed. DMN/DAN anticorrelation was robustly linked to attention problems, as well as age, sex, and socioeconomic factors. Other psychiatric correlates identified in prior reports were not robustly linked to DMN/DAN anticorrelation after controlling for demographic covariates. Among neuropsychological measures, the clearest correlates of DMN/DAN anticorrelation were the Card Sort task of executive function and cognitive flexibility and the NIH Toolbox Total Cognitive Score, although these did not survive correction for socioeconomic factors. These findings indicate a complicated relationship between DMN/DAN anticorrelation and demographics, neuropsychological function, and psychiatric problems.	3004/3004	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Physical Activity as a Protective Factor Against Sleep Health Disparities for Gender-Diverse Youth	Introduction/Background: Gender-diverse youth are more likely than non-gender diverse peers to report shorter nighttime sleep duration (Levenson et al., 2021). Even in non-clinical samples, consequences of short sleep in adolescence are broad, including increased risk for depressive symptoms and diminished academic performance (Short et al., 2013). Physical activity, however, is associated with longer sleep duration among adolescents (Philbrook & El-Sheikh, 2016), and has been shown to decrease disparities in sleep duration for historically minoritized individuals (Gillis et al., 2020). Specific Aim: To examine physical activity as a protective factor that reduces disparities in sleep duration for gender-diverse youth. Materials and Method: A community sample of 2,978 gender-diverse (n = 89) and non-gender-diverse (n = 2,889) youth were drawn from the National Institutes of Health’s Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Participants ranged in age from 10.08 to 13.58 years (M = 11.96 years, SD = 7.73 months) with an average Tanner stage of 2.62 (SD = 0.95). Youth were coded as being gender diverse if they answered “yes” or “maybe” to the question, “Are you transgender?;” if they responded “not at all,” “a little,” or “somewhat” to the question, “How much do you feel like [your sex assigned at birth]?;” or if they responded “totally,” “mostly,” or “somewhat” to the question, “How much do you feel like [the dichotomous sex opposite to your sex assigned at birth]?” Youth wore a Fitbit Charge HR at home continuously for 21 days to provide objective assessments of physical activity and sleep. Physical activity was operationalized by average metabolic equivalents of task (METs) per minute (METs/minute), an established indicator of physical activity intensity (Maher & Olds, 2011). Sleep duration was indexed in raw hours of sleep per night on average (excluding wake minutes during the night). Results: An independent-samples t-test demonstrated that gender-diverse youth (M = 7.29 hours, SD = 43.86 minutes) slept 13.88 fewer minutes per night on average than non-gender-diverse peers (M = 7.52 hours, SD = 37.22 minutes), t(2,976) = 3.45, p = .001. Path analyses controlling for sex assigned at birth, pubertal status, and socioeconomic status revealed that physical activity moderated the association between gender diversity and sleep duration, B = 0.56, SE = 0.26, p = .03 (see Figure 1). At lower levels of physical activity, the relationship between gender diversity and shorter sleep duration remained, B = –0.29, SE = 0.07, p < .001. At higher levels of physical activity, sleep duration did not vary by gender diversity, B = 0.003, SE = 0.12, p = .98, suggestive of a protective effect of physical activity. Conclusion: Disparities in sleep duration for gender-diverse youth might be mitigated at higher levels of physical activity. Clinicians and other practitioners could utilize this information to encourage physical activity as an intervention that may lessen the downstream consequences of sleep health disparities among gender-diverse youth.	2978/2978	Primary Analysis	Shared
Sleep Is My Superpower: Sleep Quality as a Protective Factor against Behavioral Problems for Sexual-Minority Youth Facing Discrimination	Sexual-minority youth (SMY) are systematically affected by symptoms of mental illness, and SMY experiencing discrimination are placed at greater risk of developing behavior problems (Institute of Medicine Committee, 2011; Meyer, 2003). Sleep quality is known to be protective against externalizing behavior among youth generally (Kelly & El-Sheikh, 2014). Given the risk of mental illness, and possible protection of sleep, the present study tests sleep quality as a moderator of relations between discrimination and externalizing problems for SMY. A community sample of 211 SMY were drawn from the NIH-led Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study. Youth were racially diverse (60% White, 24% multiracial, 12% Latinx, 3% Black, 1% Asian) pre- and early adolescents (age: M = 11.99 years, SD = 7.34 months; Tanner stage: M = 3.20, SD = 0.80). Youth completed questionnaires in a lab setting responding dichotomously (yes/no) to the questions, “Are you gay or bisexual?” and “In the past 12 months, have you felt discriminated against because someone thought you were gay, lesbian, or bisexual?” Youth wore FitBit Charge HR devices at home for 3 weeks to provide 2 objective indicators of nighttime sleep quality: sleep latency (minutes between laying down and sleep onset) and minutes of wake after sleep onset (WASO). Parents reported on youth behavior problems using the externalizing composite (T score) of the Child Behavior Checklist (Achenbach & Rescorla, 2001), which indexes aggression and rule-breaking behavior. Separate path models testing interactions of Discrimination x Sleep Quality demonstrated that sleep latency and WASO moderated relations between discrimination and externalizing problems for SMY. Interaction plots and tests of simple slopes showed that SMY with longer sleep latency (B = 4.42, SE = 2.37, p = 0.06; Figure 1A) and more WASO (B = 4.98, SE = 2.26, p < .05; Figure 1B) were at risk for more externalizing problems when they faced discrimination. For youth with shorter latency (B = –1.75, SE = 2.47, p = .48) or less WASO (B = –2.81, SE = 2.34, p = .23), the relationship between discrimination and problem behaviors was non-significant. These promising results suggest that sleep is a health behavior which might enhance the resilience of SMY experiencing minority stress (Meyer, 2015). Practitioners supporting youth might utilize sleep hygiene interventions in order to lessen behavior problems among sexual-minority adolescents who face harm.	2978/2978	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Different patterns of intrinsic functional connectivity at the default mode and attentional networks predict crystallized and fluid abilities in childhood	Crystallized abilities are skills used to solve problems based on experience, while fluid abilities are linked to reasoning without prior knowledge. To what extent crystallized and fluid abilities involve dissociated or overlapping neural systems is debatable. Due to often deployed small sample sizes or different study settings in prior work, the neural basis of crystallized and fluid abilities in childhood remains largely unknown. Here we analyzed within and between network connectivity patterns from resting-state functional MRI of 2707 children from the ABCD study. We hypothesized that differences in functional connectivity at the default mode network (DMN) and ventral and dorsal attentional networks (VAN, DAN) explain differences in fluid and crystallized abilities. We found that stronger between-network connectivity of the DMN and VAN, DMN and DAN, and VAN and DAN predicted crystallized abilities. Within-network connectivity of the DAN predicted both crystallized and fluid abilities. Our findings reveal that crystallized abilities rely on the functional coupling between attentional networks and the DMN, whereas fluid abilities are associated with a focal connectivity configuration at the DAN. Our study provides new evidence into the neural basis of child intelligence and calls for future comparative research in adulthood during neuropsychiatric diseases.	2707/2707	Secondary Analysis	Shared
COMT Val/Met, Stressful Life Events and Externalizing Behaviors in Youth: A Longitudinal Study from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Sample	Early adolescence is a crucial time for understanding and detecting the risk factors that may influence youth externalizing/disruptive behaviors and disorders. Previous literature reported evidence that risk factors for disruptive behaviors include COMT Val158Met polymorphism and environmental influences. An unanswered question is whether there is a change in these risk factors over stages of youth development. This longitudinal study examines the interaction effect of Val158Met and stressful life events (SLE) on youth externalizing behaviors from ages 9-11. Participants were 2363 children of European ancestry recruited as part of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study. Repeated measures linear mixed models were used to examine the effect of the interaction between Val158Met and SLE on disruptive behaviors over development. Externalizing behaviors were analyzed at both baseline and two-year follow-up. Both Val158Met genotype and SLE scores demonstrated significant main effects on disruptive behaviors in youth, and those effects were consistent at both time points. GxE did not statistically influence externalizing behaviors. Youth who carried the Val allele and/or were exposed to higher SLE had increased externalizing behavior scores. To our knowledge, this is the first study to longitudinally examine the interaction effects of Val158Met and SLE on externalizing behaviors in youth. The results highlight the importance of understanding the genetic and environmental factors underlying externalizing behaviors, and may lead to novel treatments and preventive strategies. Future studies should examine our hypothesis over a longer time period to further examine the effects of development, when data on new ABCD assessment time points become available.	2363/2363	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Associations Between Dimensions of Parent and Child Emotion Regulation: a Bayesian Gaussian Graphical Model	Background: Research on the association between parent (PER) and child emotion regulation (CER) have focused on overall emotion regulation (ER) as opposed to specific dimensions. Using a network analysis approach, the current study explores the cross-sectional and conditional [in]dependencies between dimensions of PER and CER. Method: This study applied a Bayesian Gaussian Graphical model (BGGM) using data from the ABCD Study. The 36-item Difficulties with ER Scale (DERS) was used to assess PER and CER. Results: Between PER and CER, decisive evidence for positive associations were found between child lack of emotional clarity and parent limited access to emotion regulation strategies and between many dimensions of ER within PER and CER. Discussion: Findings illuminate potential for ER interventions that focus on helping children understand emotions and equipping parents with skills to regulate negative emotions. Future research efforts should focus on expanding these relations beyond cross-sectional data.	2300/2300	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Large-scale functional brain networks of maladaptive childhood aggression identified by connectome-based predictive modeling	Disruptions in frontoparietal networks supporting emotion regulation have been long implicated in maladaptive childhood aggression. However, the association of connectivity between large-scale functional networks with aggressive behavior has not been tested. The present study examined whether the functional organization of the connectome predicts severity of aggression in children. This cross-sectional study included a transdiagnostic sample of 100 children with aggressive behavior (27 females) and 29 healthy controls without aggression or psychiatric disorders (13 females). Severity of aggression was indexed by the total score on the parent-rated Reactive-Proactive Aggression Questionnaire. During fMRI, participants completed a face emotion perception task of fearful and calm faces. Connectome-based predictive modeling with internal cross-validation was conducted to identify brain networks that predicted aggression severity. The replication and generalizability of the aggression predictive model was then tested in an independent sample of children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Connectivity predictive of aggression was identified within and between networks implicated in cognitive control (medial-frontal, frontoparietal), social functioning (default mode, salience), and emotion processing (subcortical, sensorimotor) (r = 0.31, RMSE = 9.05, p = 0.005). Out-of-sample replication (p < 0.002) and generalization (p = 0.007) of findings predicting aggression from the functional connectome was demonstrated in an independent sample of children from the ABCD study (n = 1791; n = 1701). Individual differences in large-scale functional networks contribute to variability in maladaptive aggression in children with psychiatric disorders. Linking these individual differences in the connectome to variation in behavioral phenotypes will advance identification of neural biomarkers of maladaptive childhood aggression to inform targeted treatments.	2290/2290	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Homotopic local-global parcellation of the human cerebral cortex from resting-state functional connectivity	Resting-state fMRI is commonly used to derive brain parcellations, which are widely used for dimensionality reduction and interpreting human neuroscience studies. We previously developed a model that integrates local and global approaches for estimating areal-level cortical parcellations. The resulting local-global parcellations are generally referred to as the Schaefer parcellations. However, the lack of homotopic correspondence between left and right Schaefer parcels limits their use for brain lateralization studies. Here, we extend our previous model to derive homotopic areal-level parcellations. Using resting-fMRI and task-fMRI across diverse scanners, acquisition protocols, preprocessing and demographics, we show that the resulting homotopic parcellations are as homogeneous as the Schaefer parcellations, while being more homogeneous than five publicly available parcellations. Further investigation suggests that homotopic parcels assigned to different large-scale networks exhibit lower homotopic correlations. Homotopic parcels with greater language and motor activation lateralization also exhibit weaker homotopic correlations. Finally, the homotopic parcellations agree with the boundaries of a number of cortical areas estimated from histology and visuotopic fMRI, while capturing sub-areal (e.g., somatotopic and visuotopic) features. Overall, these results suggest that the homotopic local-global parcellations represent neurobiologically meaningful subdivisions of the cerebral cortex and will be a useful dimensionality reduction tool for future studies. Multi-resolution parcellations estimated from 1479 participants are publicly available (https://github.com/ThomasYeoLab/CBIG/tree/master/stable_projects/brain_parcellation/Yan2023_homotopic).	2262/2262	Secondary Analysis	Shared
The role of neurobiology in the association between pubertal timing and depression risk in early adolescence: A registered report	Background Earlier pubertal timing (PT) is associated with higher rates of depressive disorders in adolescence. Neuroimaging studies report brain structural associations with both pubertal timing and depression. However, whether brain structure mediates the relationship between PT and depression remains unclear. Methods The current registered report examined associations between PT (indexed via perceived pubertal development), brain structure (cortical and subcortical metrics, and white matter microstructure) and depressive symptoms (DS) in a large sample (N = ~5,000) of young adolescents (aged 9-13 years) from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We used three waves of follow-up data when the youth were aged 10-11 years, 11-12 years, and 12-13 years, respectively. We used generalised linear-mixed models (H1) and structural equation modelling (H2 & H3) to test our hypotheses. Hypotheses We hypothesised that earlier PT at Year 1 would be associated with increased DS at Year 3 (H1), and that this relationship would be mediated by global (H2a-b) and regional (H3a-g) brain structural measures at Year 2. Global measures included reduced cortical volume, thickness, surface area and sulcal depth. Regional measures included reduced cortical thickness and volume in temporal and fronto-parietal areas, increased cortical volume in the ventral diencephalon, increased sulcal depth in the pars orbitalis, and reduced fractional anisotropy in the cortico-striatal tract and corpus callosum. These regions of interest were informed by our pilot analyses using baseline ABCD data when the youth were aged 9-10 years. Results Earlier pubertal timing was associated with increased depressive symptoms two years later. The magnitude of effect was stronger in female youth and the association remained significant when controlling for parental depression, family income, and BMI in females but not in male youth. On the other hand, our hypothesised brain structural measures did not mediate the association between earlier pubertal timing and later depressive symptoms. Conclusion The present results demonstrate that youth, particularly females, who begin puberty ahead of their peers are at an increased risk for adolescent-onset depression. Future work should explore additional biological and socio-environmental factors that may affect this association so that we can identify targets for intervention to help these at-risk youth.	1890/1890	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A pattern of cognitive resource disruptions in childhood psychopathology	The Hurst exponent ( H ) isolated in fractal analyses of neuroimaging time-series is implicated broadly in cognition. Within this literature, H is associated with multiple mental disorders, suggesting that H is transdimensionally associated with psychopathology. Here, we unify these results and demonstrate a pattern of decreased H with increased general psychopathology and attention-deficit/hyperactivity factor scores during a working memory task in 1,839 children. This pattern predicts current and future cognitive performance in children and some psychopathology in 703 adults. This pattern also defines psychological and functional axes associating psychopathology with an imbalance in resource allocation between fronto-parietal and sensory-motor regions, driven by reduced resource allocation to fronto-parietal regions. This suggests the hypothesis that impaired working memory function in psychopathology follows from a reduced cognitive resource pool and a reduction in resources allocated to the task at hand.	1839/1839	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A localized morphometrics approach to imaging-derived brain phenotypes for genotype-phenotype associations	Quantitative global or regional brain imaging measurements, known as imaging-specific or -derived phenotypes (IDPs), are commonly used in genotype-phenotype association studies to explore the genetic architecture of neurological diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease) and psychiatric disorders (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder). The use of whole medical images as IDPs has been explored in recent studies, utilizing either a voxel-wise or global approach via principal component analysis. However, limitations exist with multiple testing and the inability to isolate high variation regions within the principal components using either approach. To address these limitations, this study proposes a principal component analysis-like localized approach for dimensionality reduction methodology utilizing diffeomorphic morphometry. This approach reduces dimensionality while preserving spatial information and allows for the inclusion of locality in the analysis. It can be used to explore morphometric changes across specific components of interest and to identify more specific morphometric features associated with genome regions. The feasibility of this approach was demonstrated by applying it to three disorders - ADHD, OCD, and depressive disorder - with subjects from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. The results indicate that this approach can identify more specific morphometric features associated with genome regions.	1766/1766	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A fully convolutional neural network for explainable classification of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder	Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity, which affects an estimated 10.2% of children and adolescents in the United States. However, correct diagnosis of the condition can be challenging, with failure rates up to 20%. Machine learning models making use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have the potential to serve as a clinical decision support system to aid in the diagnosis of ADHD in youth to improve diagnostic validity. The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate an explainable deep learning model for automatic ADHD classification. 254 T1-weighted brain MRI of youth aged 9-11 were obtained from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, and the Child Behaviour Checklist DSM-Oriented ADHD Scale was used to partition subjects into ADHD and non-ADHD classes. A fully convolutional neural network (CNN) adapted from a state-of-the-art adult brain age regression model was trained to distinguish between the neurologically normal children and children with ADHD. Saliency voxel attribution maps were generated to identify brain regions relevant for the classification tasks. The proposed model achieved an accuracy of 71.1%, sensitivity of 68.4%, and specificity of 73.7%. Saliency maps highlighted the orbitofrontal cortex, entorhinal cortex, and amygdala as important regions for the classification, which is consistent with previous literature linking these regions to significant structural differences in youth with ADHD. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study applying explainability methods such as saliency maps to the classification of ADHD using a deep learning model. The proposed deep learning classification model has the potential to aid clinical diagnosis of ADHD while providing interpretable results.	1576/1576	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Pubertal Timing and Functional Neurodevelopmental Alterations Independently Mediate the Effect of Family Conflict on Adolescent Psychopathology	This study tested the hypothesis that early life adversity (ELA) heightens psychopathology risk by concurrently altering pubertal and neurodevelopmental timing, and associated gene transcription signatures. Analyses focused on threat (family conflict/neighbourhood crime) and deprivation-related ELAs (parental inattentiveness/unmet material needs), using longitudinal data from 1514 biologically unrelated youths in the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Typical developmental changes in white matter microstructure corresponded to widespread BOLD signal variability (BOLDsv) increases (linked to cell communication and biosynthesis genes) and region-specific task-related BOLDsv increases/decreases (linked to signal transduction, immune and external environmental response genes). Increasing resting-state (RS), but decreasing task-related BOLDsv predicted normative functional network segregation. Family conflict was the strongest concurrent and prospective contributor to psychopathology, while material deprivation constituted an additive risk factor. ELA-linked psychopathology was predicted by higher Time 1 threat-evoked BOLDSV (associated with axonal development, myelination, cell differentiation and signal transduction genes), reduced Time 2 RS BOLDsv (associated with cell metabolism and attention genes) and greater Time 1 to Time 2 control/attention network segregation. Earlier pubertal timing and neurodevelopmental alterations independently mediated ELA effects on psychopathology. Our results underscore the differential roles of the immediate and wider external environment(s) in concurrent and longer-term ELA consequences.	1514/1514	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Comparison Between Gradients and Parcellations for Functional Connectivity Prediction of Behavior	Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) is widely used to predict behavioral measures. To predict behavioral measures, representing RSFC with parcellations and gradients are the two most popular approaches. Here, we compare parcellation and gradient approaches for RSFC-based prediction of a broad range of behavioral measures in the Human Connectome Project (HCP) and Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) datasets. Among the parcellation approaches, we consider group-average “hard” parcellations (Schaefer et al., 2018), individual-specific “hard” parcellations (Kong et al., 2021a), and an individual-specific “soft” parcellation (spatial independent component analysis with dual regression; Beckmann et al., 2009). For gradient approaches, we consider the well-known principal gradients (Margulies et al., 2016) and the local gradient approach that detects local RSFC changes (Laumann et al., 2015). Across two regression algorithms, individual-specific hard-parcellation performs the best in the HCP dataset, while the principal gradients, spatial independent component analysis and group-average “hard” parcellations exhibit similar performance. On the other hand, principal gradients and all parcellation approaches perform similarly in the ABCD dataset. Across both datasets, local gradients perform the worst. Finally, we find that the principal gradient approach requires at least 40 to 60 gradients to perform as well as parcellation approaches. While most principal gradient studies utilize a single gradient, our results suggest that incorporating higher order gradients can provide significant behaviorally relevant information. Future work will consider the inclusion of additional parcellation and gradient approaches for comparison.	1476/1476	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Subcortical Gray Matter Microstructure and Volume in the Developing Brain	Using baseline (ages 9-10) and two-year follow-up (ages 11-12) data from monozygotic and dizygotic twins enrolled in the longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development(SM) Study, we investigated the genetic and environmental contributions to microstructure and volume of nine subcortical gray matter regions. Microstructure was assessed using diffusion MRI data analyzed using restriction spectrum imaging (RSI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) models. The highest heritability estimates (estimate [95% confidence interval]) for microstructure were found using the RSI model in the pallidum (baseline: 0.859 [0.818, 0.889], follow-up: 0.835 [0.787, 0.871]), putamen (baseline: 0.859 [0.819, 0.889], follow-up: 0.874 [0.838, 0.902]), and thalamus (baseline: 0.855 [0.814, 0.887], follow-up: 0.819 [0.769, 0.857]). For volumes the corresponding regions were the caudate (baseline: 0.831 [0.688, 0.992], follow-up: 0.848 [0.701, 1.011]) and putamen (baseline: 0.906 [0.875, 0.914], follow-up: 0.906 [0.885, 0.923]). The subcortical regions displayed high genetic stability (rA = 0.743-1.000) across time and exhibited unique environmental correlations (rE = 0.194-0.610). Individual differences in both gray matter microstructure and volumes can be largely explained by additive genetic effects in this sample.	1466/1466	Secondary Analysis	Shared
A morphometrics approach for inclusion of localised characteristics from medical imaging studies into genome-wide association studies	Medical images, such as magnetic resonance or computed tomography, are increasingly being used to investigate the genetic architecture of neurological diseases like Alzheimer's disease, or psychiatric disorders like attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. The quantified global or regional brain imaging measures are commonly known as imaging-specific or -derived phenotypes (IDPs) when conducting genotype-phenotype association studies. Inclusion of whole medical images rather than derived tabular data as IDPs has been done by either a voxel-wise approach or a global approach of whole medical images via principal component analysis. Limitations with multiple testing and inability to isolate high variation regions within the principal components arise with either of these approaches. This work proposes a principal component analysis-like localised approach of dimensionality reduction using diffeomorphic morphometry allowing for the selection of distances to model more regional effects.The main benefit of the proposed method is that it can can reduce the dimensionality of the problem considerably in comparison to the medical image's variability it is describing while grouping spatial information potentially lost in dimensionality reduction techniques like principal component analyses. Moreover, the approach not only allows to include locality in the analysis but can also be used as a generative model to explore the morphometric changes across an axis of particular components of interest. To demonstrate the feasibility of this pipeline for inclusion in a multivariate genome-wide association study, it was applied to 1,359 subjects from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study for traits related to attention-deficit disorder. The results show that the proposed method can identify more specific morphometric features associated with genome regions.	1359/1359	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Cortical Thickness in Bilingual and Monolingual Children: Relationships to Language Use and Language Skill	There is a growing body of evidence based on adult neuroimaging that suggests that the brain adapts to bilingual experiences to support language proficiency. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study is a useful source of data for evaluating this claim during childhood, as it involves data from a large sample of American children. Using the baseline ABCD Study data collected at ages nine and ten, the goal of this study was to identify differences in cortical thickness between bilinguals and monolinguals and to evaluate how variability in English vocabulary and English use within bilinguals might explain these group differences. We identified bilingual participants as children who spoke a non-English language and were exposed to the non-English language at home. We then identified a matched sample of English monolingual participants based on age, sex, pubertal status, parent education, household income, non-verbal IQ, and handedness. Bilinguals had thinner cortex than monolinguals in widespread cortical regions. Within bilinguals, more English use was associated with greater frontal and parietal cortical thickness; greater English vocabulary was associated with greater frontal and temporal cortical thickness. These findings replicate and extend previous research with bilingual children and highlight unexplained cortical thickness differences between bilinguals and monolinguals.	1356/1356	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Acculturative orientations among Hispanic/Latinx caregivers in the ABCD Study: Associations with caregiver and youth mental health and youth brain function	Background: Population-based neuroscience studies offer opportunities to examine important but understudied sociocultural factors, such as acculturation. Acculturation refers to the extent to which an individual retains their cultural heritage and/or adopts the receiving society’s culture. Acculturation is not only particularly salient among Hispanic/Latinx immigrants to the US, and their children, but has been linked to increased vulnerability to substance use, depression, and suicide. Methods: Using a family systems framework, we investigated how caregivers’ cultural orientation impacts their mental health, as well as the mental health and brain function of their children, among first- and second-generation Hispanic/Latinx caregivers in the ABCD Study. Results: We identified two profiles of caregiver acculturation: bicultural (i.e., retains heritage culture while adopting US culture) and detached (i.e., discards heritage culture and rejects US culture). Bicultural caregivers exhibited fewer mental health problems compared to detached caregivers; further, intergenerational effects were observed as youth exhibited differences in mental health across caregiver profiles. In addition, youth with bicultural caregivers displayed increased resting-state brain activity (i.e., fALFF and ReHo) in the left insula; however, differences in long-range functional connectivity were not significant. Conclusions: This work indicates that caregiver acculturation is an important familial and environmental factor linked to significant differences in youth mental health and insula activity. Future work should examine neurodevelopmental changes across adolescence to determine whether localized, corticolimbic brain effects are ultimately translated into long-range connectivity differences.	1158/1158	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Multimodal Ensemble Deep Learning to Predict Disruptive Behavior Disorders in Children	Disruptive behavior disorders (DBDs) are the most common reason for adolescent referral to mental health services. The early diagnosis of DBDs is crucial as they can increase the risk of substance use disorders and antisocial personality disorder. However, the diagnosis of DBDs is challenging due to other similar symptoms for anxiety, depression, and chronic stress. In this study, a multimodal ensemble deep-learning model was used to identify individuals with DBDs. The study participants included 419 girls; 681 boys, age 108 to 131 months who were enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. Children were grouped based on the presence of DBDs (n=550) and the absence of DBDs (n=550), based on the scores from the child behavior checklist and schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children–present and lifetime version for DSM-5. A 3D convolutional neural network deep learning model was used to classify children with and without DBDs. The diffusion, structural, functional magnetic resonance imaging data were used as the input data. The model achieved a 72% accuracy in classifying children with DBDs with a 70% sensitivity and 72% specificity. In addition, the discriminative power of the classifier was investigated by delineating significant regions involved in the classification of DBDs using a class activation map. The results show multimodal ensemble model can be used successfully in classifying participants with DBDs, and the class activation map can be utilized to identify neuroimaging phenotypes of DBDs.	1100/1100	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Predicting multilingual effects on executive function and individual connectomes in children: An ABCD study	While there is a substantial amount of work studying multilingualism’s effect on cognitive functions, little is known about how the multilingual experience modulates the brain as a whole. In this study, we analyzed data of over 1,000 children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to examine whether monolinguals and multilinguals differ in executive function, functional brain connectivity, and brain–behavior associations. We observed significantly better performance from multilingual children than monolinguals in working-memory tasks. In one finding, we were able to classify multilinguals from monolinguals using only their whole-brain functional connectome at rest and during an emotional n-back task. Compared to monolinguals, the multilingual group had different functional connectivity mainly in the occipital lobe and subcortical areas during the emotional n-back task and in the occipital lobe and prefrontal cortex at rest. In contrast, we did not find any differences in behavioral performance and functional connectivity when performing a stop-signal task. As a second finding, we investigated the degree to which behavior is reflected in the brain by implementing a connectome-based behavior prediction approach. The multilingual group showed a significant correlation between observed and connectome-predicted individual working-memory performance scores, while the monolingual group did not show any correlations. Overall, our observations suggest that multilingualism enhances executive function and reliably modulates the corresponding brain functional connectome, distinguishing multilinguals from monolinguals even at the developmental stage.	1075/1075	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Decomposing complex links between the childhood environment and brain structure in school-aged youth	Childhood experiences play a profound role in conferring risk and resilience for brain and behavioral development. However, how different facets of the environment shape neurodevelopment remains largely unknown. Here we sought to decompose heterogeneous relationships between environmental factors and brain structure in 989 school-aged children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study. We applied a cross-modal integration and clustering approach called ‘Similarity Network Fusion’, which combined two brain morphometrics (i.e., cortical thickness and myelin-surrogate markers), and key environmental factors (i.e., trauma exposure, neighborhood safety, school environment, and family environment) to identify homogeneous subtypes. Depending on the subtyping resolution, results identified two or five subgroups, each characterized by distinct brain structure-environment profiles. Notably, more supportive caregiving and school environments were associated with greater myelination, whereas less supportive caregiving, higher family conflict and psychopathology, and higher perceived neighborhood safety were observed with greater cortical thickness. These subtypes were highly reproducible and predicted externalizing symptoms and overall mental health problems. Our findings support the theory that distinct environmental exposures are differentially associated with alterations in structural neurodevelopment. Delineating more precise associations between risk factors, protective factors, and brain development may inform approaches to enhance risk identification and optimize interventions targeting specific experiences.	989/989	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Adolescent Neurodevelopment and Psychopathology: The Interplay between Adversity Exposure and Genetic Risk for Accelerated Brain Ageing	In adulthood, stress exposure and genetic risk heighten psychological vulnerability by accelerating neurobiological senescence. To investigate whether molecular and brain network maturation processes play a similar role in adolescence, we analysed genetic, as well as longitudinal task neuroimaging (inhibitory control, incentive processing) and early life adversity (i.e., material deprivation, violence) data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (N = 980, age range: 9-13 years). Genetic risk was estimated separately for Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD), two pathologies linked to stress exposure and allegedly sharing a causal connection (MDD-to-AD). Adversity and genetic risk for MDD/AD jointly predicted functional network segregation patterns suggestive of accelerated (GABA-linked) visual/attentional, but delayed (dopamine [D2]/glutamate [GLU5R]-linked) somatomotor/association system development. A positive relationship between brain maturation and psychopathology emerged only among the less vulnerable adolescents, thereby implying that normatively maladaptive neurodevelopmental alterations could foster adjustment among the more exposed and genetically more stress susceptible youths. Transcriptomic analyses suggested that sensitivity to stress may underpin the joint neurodevelopmental effect of adversity and genetic risk for MDD/AD, in line with the proposed role of negative emotionality as a precursor to AD, likely to account for the alleged causal impact of MDD on dementia onset.	980/980	Secondary Analysis	Shared
T1w/T2w Ratio and Cognition in 9-to-11-Year-Old Children	Childhood is a period of extensive cortical and neural development. Among other things, axons in the brain gradually become more myelinated, promoting the propagation of electrical sig-nals between different parts of the brain, which in turn may facilitate skill development. Myelin is difficult to assess in vivo, and measurement techniques are only just beginning to make their way into standard imaging protocols in human cognitive neuroscience. An approach that has been proposed as an indirect measure of cortical myelin is the T1w/T2w ratio, a contrast that is based on the intensities of two standard structural magnetic resonance images. Although not initially intended as such, researchers have recently started to use the T1w/T2w contrast for between-subject comparisons of cortical data with various behavioral and cognitive indices. As a complement to these earlier findings, we computed individual cortical T1w/T2w maps using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study (N = 960; 449 females; aged 8.9 to 11.0 years) and related the T1w/T2w maps to indices of cognitive ability; in contrast to previous work, we did not find significant relationships between T1w/T2w values and cognitive performance after correcting for multiple testing. These findings reinforce existent skepticism about the applicability of T1w/T2w ratio for inter-individual comparisons.	960/960	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Large-Scale Investigation of White Matter Structural Differences in Bilingual and Monolingual Children: An ABCD Data Study	Emerging research has provided valuable insights into the structural characteristics of the bilingual brain from studies of bilingual adults; however, there is a dearth of evidence examining brain structural alterations in childhood associated with the bilingual experience. This study examined the associations between bilingualism and white matter organization in bilingual children compared to matched monolingual peers leveraging the large-scale data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (ABCD; Casey et al., 2018). Bilingual children (ages 9-10) were identified from the participants in the ABCD data and rigorously matched to a group of monolingual peers. Multiple regression models for selected language and cognitive control white matter pathways revealed significantly lower fractional anisotropy values in bilinguals compared to monolinguals across established dorsal and ventral language network pathways bilaterally (i.e., the SLF and IFOF) and right-hemispheric pathways to areas related to cognitive control and short-term memory (i.e., cingulum and parahippocampal cingulum). These findings suggest a pattern of white matter development in childhood that differs from that previously observed in adulthood. Relative to the enhanced fractional anisotropy (FA) as shown in adult bilinguals, findings suggest a protracted development of white matter pathways associated with language and cognitive control during language learning in childhood. Findings underscore the need for large-scale longitudinal investigation of white matter development in bilingual children to understand neuroplasticity associated with the bilingual experience during this period of heightened language learning.	892/892	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Lifestyle Factors Counteract the Neurodevelopmental Impact of Genetic Risk for Accelerated Brain Aging in Adolescence	Background The transition from childhood to adolescence is characterised by enhanced neural plasticity and a consequent susceptibility to both beneficial and adverse aspects of one’s milieu. Methods To understand the implications of the interplay between protective and risk-enhancing factors, we analysed longitudinal data from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development study (N = 834; 394 female). We probed the maturational correlates of positive lifestyle variables (friendships, parental warmth, school engagement, physical exercise, healthy nutrition) and of genetic vulnerability to neuropsychiatric disorders (Major Depressive Disorder, Alzheimer’s Disease, Anxiety Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Schizophrenia), and further sought to elucidate their implications for psychological well-being. Results Genetic risk factors and lifestyle buffers showed divergent relationships with later attentional and interpersonal problems. These effects were mediated by distinguishable functional neurodevelopmental deviations spanning the limbic, default mode, visual and control systems. Specifically, greater genetic vulnerability was associated with alterations in the normative maturation of areas rich in dopamine (D2), glutamate and serotonin receptors, and of areas with stronger expression of astrocytic and microglial genes, a molecular signature implicated in the brain disorders discussed here. Greater availability of lifestyle buffers predicted deviations in the normative functional development of higher density GABA-ergic receptor regions. The two profiles of neurodevelopmental alterations showed complementary roles in protection against psychopathology, which varied with environmental stress levels. Conclusions Our results underscore the importance of educational involvement and healthy nutrition in attenuating the neurodevelopmental sequelae of genetic risk factors. They also underscore the importance of characterising early life biomarkers associated with adult-onset pathologies.	843/843	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Harmonization Benchmarking Tool for Neuroimaging Datasets	An open source tool was developed to streamline the evaluation and comparison of various harmonization techniques. To demonstrate the effectiveness of the tool, it was applied to co-registered fractional anisotropy images derived from ABCD Study diffusion MRI data. The extent of site effects was measured on a sample of the ABCD data before and after applying ComBat harmonization, and before and after applying a simpler harmonization technique.	836/836	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Distinguishing Remitted Bipolar Disorder from Remitted Unipolar Depression in Pre-Adolescent Children: A Neural Reward Processing Perspective	Bipolar disorder (BD) is often misdiagnosed as unipolar depression (UD), highlighting the need to identify clinically useful markers to differentiate them. To provide insights into this endeavor, the current study will employ functional magnetic resonance imaging and conduct region-of-interest (ROI; ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex), whole-brain, and connectivity analyses to examine the similarities and differences between children with BD, children with UD, and healthy controls (HCs) in brain activation patterns and functional coupling between brain regions within the context of reward processing, as evoked by the Monetary Incentive Delay task. The current study represents the first examination of neural reward processing in preadolescent children with remitted BD or UD. We aim to (a) test whether preadolescent children with remitted BD or UD display abnormal patterns of neural activation and connectivity in response to reward, relative to HCs and (b) compare remitted UD and BD directly with each other to evaluate whether they can be distinguished by neural activation and connectivity during reward processing	826/826	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Distinct Structural Brain Network Properties in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is among the most prevalent, inheritable, and heterogeneous childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorders. The etiological heterogeneity of ADHD in terms of both biological and environmental risk factors may explain differences in neural correlates, outcomes, cognitive, behavioral as well as developmental trajectories. Children with a hereditary background of ADHD have a higher risk of having ADHD and persistent impairment through symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity into adulthood, suggesting familial-specific neuropathological substrates in ADHD. However, the alterations in morphological brain network in children with familial vs. non-familial ADHD remain poorly understood. The objective of this study is to assess the topology properties of structural brain network in children with familial vs. non-familial ADHD, as well as matched controls. The structural brain network was constructed for each group using graph theoretic technique with cortical and subcortical brain regions as nodes and correlations between volume of each pair as edges, while controlled for age, sex, handedness, IQ and Estimated Intracranial Volume using regression analysis. Compared to controls, ADHD probands showed significantly increased nodal global efficiency in left caudal middle frontal, left posterior cingulate and right insula nodes and significantly increased betweenness centrality in left caudal middle frontal and right insula nodes. Among the ADHD subgroups, children with familial ADHD showed significantly decreased betweenness centrality in right superior frontal gyrus and increased nodal global efficiency (in right precuneus), strength (in left paracentral region) and rich club strength (in right precuneus and left paracentral region). Our results first time in the field provide evidence of familial-specific structural brain network alterations in ADHD, that may contribute to distinct clinical/behavioral symptomology and developmental trajectories in children with familial-ADHD. These findings have potentials to assist the development of targeted diagnosis and treatment/intervention strategies in affected children.	748/748	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Longitudinal assessment of brain structure and behavior in youth with rapid weight gain: Potential contributing causes and consequences	Objective: Independent of weight status, rapid weight gain has been associated with underlying brain structure variation in regions associated with food intake and impulsivity among pre-adolescents. Yet, we lack clarity on how developmental maturation coincides with rapid weight gain and weight stability. Methods: We identified brain predictors of two-year rapid weight gain and its longitudinal effects on brain structure and impulsivity in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive DevelopmentSM Study®. Youth were categorized as Healthy Weight/Weight Stable (WSHW, n=527) or Weight Gainers (WG, n=221, >38lbs); 63% of the WG group were healthy weight at 9-to-10-years-old. Results: A five-fold cross-validated logistic elastic-net regression revealed that rapid weight gain was associated with structural variation amongst 39 brain features at 9-to-10-years-old in regions involved with executive functioning, appetitive control, and reward sensitivity. Two years later, WG youth showed differences in change over time in several of these regions and performed worse on measures of impulsivity. Conclusions: These findings suggest that brain structure in pre-adolescence may predispose some to rapid weight gain and that weight gain itself may alter maturational brain change in regions important for food intake and impulsivity. Behavioral interventions that target inhibitory control may improve trajectories of brain maturation and facilitate healthier behaviors.	748/748	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Overlap between latent behavioral executive control and functional neural networks in middle childhood	Middle childhood corresponds with a honing and differentiation of functional neural networks, including task-positive frontoparietal and dorsal attention networks (DAN) and the task-negative default mode network (DMN). Studies using confirmatory factor analysis of executive control (EC) tasks also have described changes in the latent structure of EC during this developmental period. The extent to which growth in latent EC corresponds with the segregation of task-positive and negative neural networks is unclear. Our hypothesis was that the level of segregation (anticorrelation) of task-positive and negative networks would correlate specifically with children’s latent EC. We randomly selected 493 representative 9 to 10 year-olds from the ABCD study wave 1 (n = 439 with usable resting state data). Cognitive tasks included the NIH Toolbox Flanker, Dimensional Card Sort, Picture Vocabulary, Oral Reading, Picture Sequence and List Sorting subtests and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning-delayed test. Across two resting state fMRI runs, we characterized functional connectivity using seeds in medial prefrontal (DMN), right inferior parietal (DAN), right dorsolateral prefrontal (frontoparietal), and right anterior insular (salience) cortex and extracted fisher-transformed correlations representing children’s average connectivity in resulting clusters. Cognitive tasks were modeled as a ‘g’ factor and an executive control/attention factor. Children with higher within-DMN connectivity showed higher within-DAN, frontoparietal, and salience connectivity. DMN connectivity and age also corresponded with higher levels of anticorrelation with the DAN seed. Importantly, higher DAN and SAL anticorrelations were linked to latent EC independent of 'G' and covariates, although path strength dissipated after additional control for motion during scanning. Findings indicate that the divergence of neural networks that support outward and inwardly directed attention may be uniquely tied to children’s EC and provide a starting point for charting the relation of network anticorrelations to adolescent trajectories of self-regulation.	741/741	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Substance use onset in high-risk 9–13 year-olds in the ABCD study	Aim A key aim of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development℠ (ABCD) Study is to document substance use onset, patterns, and sequelae across adolescent development. However, substance use misreporting can obscure accurate drug use characterization. Hair toxicology provides objective historical substance use data but is rarely used in studies of youth. Here, we compare objective hair toxicology results with self-reported substance use in high-risk youth. Methods A literature-based substance use risk algorithm prioritized 696 ABCD Study® hair samples from 677 participants for analysis at baseline, and 1 and 2-year follow-ups (spanning ages 9–13). Chi-square and t-tests assessed differences between participants' demographics, positive and negative hair tests, risk-for-use algorithm scores, and self-reported substance use. Results Hair testing confirmed that 17% of at-risk 9–13 year-olds hair samples had evidence of past 3-month use of one (n = 97), two (n = 14), three (n = 2), or four (n = 2) drug classes. After considering prescribed medication and self-reported substance use, 10% had a positive test indicating substance use that was not reported. Participants with any positive hair result reported less sipping of alcohol (p < 0.001) and scored higher on the risk-for-use algorithm (p < 0.001) than those with negative toxicology results. Conclusions 10% of hair samples from at-risk 9–13 year-olds tested positive for at least one unreported substance, suggesting underreporting in high-risk youth when participating in a research study. As hair testing prioritized youth with risk characteristics, the overall extent of underreporting will be calculated in future studies. Nonetheless, hair toxicology was key to characterizing substance use in high-risk youth.	676/676	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Sex-specific Factors that Predict Early Substance Initiation in the ABCD Sample	Objective: Studies addressing childhood risk factors for the development of substance use disorders (SUDs) have focused mostly on males. Few studies have examined the risk for early substance use in males or females. We generated sex-specific subgroups defined by environmental, cognitive, and behavioral characteristics, to identify predictors of substance use at age 9-10. Method: A machine learning approach identified risk factors in males (n = 371) and females (n = 281), that predict drug or alcohol use at age 9-10 among subjects in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. First, twenty-nine variables with “low importance” (< 50% importance) were excluded by Random Forest analysis (RF). Then, the remaining candidate predictors were entered in Classification and Regression Trees (CART) analysis. CART was used to identify risk factors and their synergistic interactions, classifying children into “user” and “non-user” groups, independently for males and females. Results: CART analysis identified negative urgency, lack of perseverance, abstract reasoning, sensation seeking, and reward sensitivity as the most useful predictors for males, while abstract reasoning and family history of SUDs were the best predictors for females. Conclusions: The machine learning model identified different factors for males and females to classify them as substance “users” or “non-users”. While several personality and cognitive variables were crucial to classify males as “users”, for females the only optimal classifiers were abstract reasoning and familial SUD. These results suggest that the predictive utility of risk factors is largely unique to each sex.	649/649	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Reward processing in preadolescents with bipolar disorder: An fMRI study	Introduction: Reward processing dysfunction has long been implicated in adults with bipolar disorder. Nevertheless, little research has been conducted to examine whether such dysregulation also occurs in preadolescents with bipolar disorder. Methods: The current study will employ functional magnetic resonance imaging and conduct region-of-interest (ventral striatum and orbitofrontal cortex), whole-brain, and connectivity analyses to examine the similarities and differences in reward-related brain activation patterns, evoked by the Monetary Incentive Delay task, between 169 preadolescents with remitted bipolar disorder and 245 preadolescent healthy controls without personal and family history of Axis I disorders. Results: We hypothesize that activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the striatum would be elevated in preadolescents with remitted bipolar disorder during reward processing, relative to healthy controls. We also predict aberrant connectivity between the PFC and the striatum in response to reward in preadolescents with remitted bipolar disorder, relative to healthy controls. Conclusions: Early-onset bipolar disorder is often associated with remarkably long treatment delays and a persistently pernicious course of illness, underscoring the significance of studying mood disorders during this developmental period. Owing to the paucity of research and data on preadolescent bipolar disorder, accurate diagnosis in this population is challenging. Identifying objective markers of preadolescent bipolar disorder has the potential to enhance our ability to diagnose pediatric bipolar disorder accurately. Besides, early accurate diagnosis may improve our ability to intervene with appropriate treatments that may lead to a more benign course of bipolar disorder in adolescence and adulthood.	604/604	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Diffusion Deep Learning for Brain Age Prediction and Longitudinal Tracking in Children Through Adulthood	Deep learning (DL)-based prediction of biological age in the developing human from a brain magnetic resonance image (MRI) (“brain age”) may have important diagnostic and therapeutic applications as a non-invasive biomarker of brain health, aging, and neurocognition. While previous deep learning tools for predicting brain age have shown promising capabilities using single-institution, cross-sectional datasets, our work aims to advance the field by leveraging multi-site, longitudinal data with externally validated and independently implementable code to facilitate clinical translation and utility. This builds on prior foundational efforts in brain age modeling to enable broader generalization and individual’s longitudinal brain development. Here, we leveraged 32,851 T1-weighted MRI scans from healthy children and adolescents aged 3 to 30 from 16 multisite datasets to develop and evaluate several DL brain age frameworks, including a novel regression diffusion DL network (AgeDiffuse). In a multisite external validation (5 datasets), we found that AgeDiffuse outperformed conventional DL frameworks, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 2.78 years (IQR:[1.2-3.9]). In a second, separate external validation (3 datasets), AgeDiffuse yielded an MAE of 1.97 years (IQR: [0.8-2.8]). We found that AgeDiffuse brain age predictions reflected age-related brain structure volume changes better than biological age (R2=0.48 vs R2=0.37). Finally, we found that longitudinal predicted brain age tracked closely with chronological age at the individual level. To enable independent validation and application, we made AgeDiffuse publicly available and usable for the research community.	30/586	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Automated temporalis muscle quantification and growth charts for children through adulthood	Lean muscle mass (LMM) is an important aspect of human health. Temporalis muscle thickness is a promising LMM marker but has had limited utility due to its unknown normal growth trajectory and reference ranges and lack of standardized measurement. Here, we develop an automated deep learning pipeline to accurately measure temporalis muscle thickness (iTMT) from routine brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). We apply iTMT to 23,876 MRIs of healthy subjects, ages 4 through 35, and generate sex-specific iTMT normal growth charts with percentiles. We find that iTMT was associated with specific physiologic traits, including caloric intake, physical activity, sex hormone levels, and presence of malignancy. We validate iTMT across multiple demographic groups and in children with brain tumors and demonstrate feasibility for individualized longitudinal monitoring. The iTMT pipeline provides unprecedented insights into temporalis muscle growth during human development and enables the use of LMM tracking to inform clinical decision-making.	30/585	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Latent Profiles of Sleep Patterns in Adolescence: Associations with Behavioral Health Risk	Purpose: The present study characterized sleep profiles in a national longitudinal sample of early adolescents and examined whether profiles predicted later behavioral problems. Methods: Three waves of data (2016-2021) were obtained from the Adolescent Behavior and Cognitive Development study, including 3,326 participants with both weekday and weekend sleep data measured by Fitbit wearables (age range 10.58 to 13.67; 49.3% female). Latent profile analysis was utilized to identify sleep profiles using multiple sleep indicators (duration, latency, efficiency, wake minutes, wake counts, midpoint). We then explored whether demographic predictors predicted profile membership and tested the latent sleep profiles’ predictive utility of internalizing and externalizing symptoms. Results: Four profiles were identified: average sleep (40.39%), high duration & high wakefulness (28.58%), high efficiency, low duration & low wakefulness (16.86%), and low duration & low efficiency (14.17%). Participants with older age, males, higher BMI, and advanced pubertal status were more likely to be classified in the low duration & low efficiency profile than average group. Participants with lower income, minority identification, older age, and higher BMI were more likely to be classified in the high efficiency, low duration & low wakefulness than the average group. Participants with lower parental education and males were more likely to be in the high sleep duration & high wakefulness than the average group. The low duration & low efficiency group had the highest attention problems, social problems, and rule-breaking behaviors. Conclusion: Our findings highlight unique sleep patterns in early adolescence and their prospective links with internalizing and externalizing problems. Keywords: sleep, risk, internalizing problems, externalizing problems, latent profile	500/500	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Altered hippocampal microstructure and function in children who experienced Hurricane Irma.	Hurricane Irma was the most powerful Atlantic hurricane in recorded history, displacing 6 million and killing over 120 people in the state of Florida alone. Unpredictable disasters like Irma are associated with poor cognitive and health outcomes that can disproportionately impact children. This study examined the effects of Hurricane Irma on the hippocampus and memory processes previously related to unpredictable stress. We used an innovative application of an advanced diffusion-weighted imaging technique, restriction spectrum imaging (RSI), to characterize hippocampal microstructure (i.e., cell density) in 9- to 10-year-old children who were exposed to Hurricane Irma relative to a non-exposed control group (i.e., assessed the year before Hurricane Irma). We tested the hypotheses that the experience of Hurricane Irma would be associated with decreases in: (a) hippocampal cellularity (e.g., neurogenesis), based on known associations between unpredictable stress and hippocampal alterations; and (b) hippocampal-related memory function as indexed by delayed recall. We show an association between decreased hippocampal cellularity and delayed recall memory in children who experienced Hurricane Irma relative to those who did not. These findings suggest an important role of RSI for assessing subtle microstructural changes related to functionally significant changes in the developing brain in response to environmental events.	423/423	Primary Analysis	Shared
ABCD Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge 2019: Validation set	Validation data set for the ABCD Neurocognitive Prediction Challenge 2019 containing skull stripped and segmented T1-weighted MRIs, volumetric brain measures, and residual fluid intelligence scores of 415 participants of the ABCD study. https://sibis.sri.com/abcd-np-challenge provides a detailed description about the processing. When using the data in publications, the Data Supplement of "Pfefferbaum et al., Altered Brain Developmental Trajectories in Adolescents After Initiating Drinking. Am J Psychiatry, 175(4), pp. 370-380, 2018" for should be cited as description of the processing pipeline. The data in this Study were derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development 1.1 Release (http://dx.doi.org/10.15154/1460410, accessed on or before November 15, 2018) and the Fast Track DICOM share in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study Collection 2573 (https://ndar.nih.gov/edit_collection.html?id=2573, accessed on or before November 15, 2018). The individual-level imaging phenotype data in this Collection was computed by a custom processing pipeline developed by the organizers of the ABCD Prediction Challenge. The imaging phenotype data may therefore differ from the values shared by the ABCD Study investigators in Release 1.1 or future releases	414/415	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Greater radiologic evidence of hypothalamic gliosis predicts adiposity gain in children at risk for obesity	Accumulating evidence from animal models of diet-induced obesity demonstrate that a cellular inflammatory reaction, named reactive gliosis, occurs in response to high-fat diet feeding in a key brain region for energy homeostasis, the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Using MRI, it is possible to detect evidence of gliosis in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH), which encompasses the arcuate nucleus. MRI evidence of MBH gliosis has been found in humans with obesity but longitudinal data examining weight gain are lacking. We investigated, in a large pediatric population, if MBH gliosis is associated with baseline or change over 1year in body adiposity. Study 1 included 169 9-11-year-old children enrolled in the ABCD Study with baseline T2-weighted MRI images and anthropometrics from baseline and 1-year follow-up study visits. Signal ratios compared T2 signal intensity in MBH and 2 reference regions (amygdala [AMY] and putamen) as a measure of MBH gliosis. Study 2 included 238 children from the ABCD Study with overweight or obesity to confirm initial findings in an independent sample. In Study 1, MBH/AMY T2 signal ratio was positively associated with BMI z-score (β=4.27 P<0.001). A significant interaction for the association of MBH/AMY signal ratio with change in BMI z-score suggested relationships differed by baseline weight status. Study 2 found that higher MBH/AMY signal ratios associated with increase in BMI z-score for children with overweight (β=0.58 P=0.01), but not those with obesity (β=0.02 P=0.91). Greater evidence of hypothalamic gliosis by MRI predicts adiposity gain in young children at risk of obesity.	407/407	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Functional network disruptions in youth with concussion using the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development study	Concussion is associated with mental health problems in youth. However, directionality remains unclear, and no objective clinical marker has been identified to assist with psychiatric diagnoses and intervention. The objective of this study was to compare psychological (emotional and behavioural) outcomes and functional neuroimaging between youth with concussion, youth with anxiety, and (age- and sex-)matched comparison youth. Using archival data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) dataset, between-group differences were examined in emotional and behavioural profiles, and brain function. Further, groups were analyzed to determine if brain function predicted emotional and behavioural profiles. The ABCD study is an American multi-site, 10-year longitudinal study on brain health and child development, in which children ages 9-10 years complete data collection annually on a variety of measures. Participants in the current study were 12 years-old in three mutually exclusive groups: youth with concussion (study group; n = 117), youth with clinical anxiety (control group 1; n =108), and age- and sex-matched youth (control group 2; n = 117) at year-2 follow-up. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) examined functional connectivity, using network-region average correlates (network (frontoparietal network (FPN); region (amygdala (left and right hemispheres)). Caregiver-reported Child Behavioral Checklist (internalizing and externalizing problem scales) were used to evaluate emotional and behavioural profiles). Both functional connectivity and emotional and behavioural profiles group differences were analyzed using ANCOVA. Significant differences were observed amongst all groups (concussion, anxiety control, and matched-comparison control) for both emotional and behavioural profiles; however, only the anxiety group had a clinically relevant score, specifically for emotional profiles. Significant between-group differences in resting state MRI were also observed, in which positive FPN-amygdala (left and right) connectivity was significantly lower in youth with concussion compared to the other groups. Functional connectivity did not significantly predict emotional or behavioural profiles within any groups. In summary, this study found reduced FPN-amygdala connectivity in youth with concussion compared to those with anxiety and matched comparison controls, and indicates brain disruption exclusively following concussion. More research must be conducted expanding the number of cognitive and mental health measures, in addition to brain networks, to identify a brain-emotion/behaviour relationship in concussion populations that can facilitate clinical decision-making.	342/342	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Working Memory related Neurofunctional Correlates associated with Frontal Lobe in Children with Familial vs. Non-Familial Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder	Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with high prevalence, heritability, and heterogeneity. Children with a positive family history of ADHD have heightened risk of ADHD emergence, persistence, and executive function deficits (especially in working memory). The objective of this study is to investigate working memory related function-al brain activation patterns in children with ADHD (two subgroups of with vs. without positive family histories (ADHD-F vs. ADHD-NF)) and match controls. Voxel-based and region-of-Interest (ROI) analysis were conducted on 2-back task-based fMRI data of 362 subjects including 186, 96 and 80 children in groups of controls, ADHD-NF, and ADHD-F, respectively. Relative to controls, both groups of ADHD-NF and ADHD-F had significantly reduced activation in left inferior frontal gyrus (triangular) (IFG-T). Further analyses found that the group of ADHD-F, but not ADHD-NF, demonstrated significant positive association of left IFG-T activation with task reaction time, negative association of right IFG-T with ADHD symptomatology, and negative association of the IFG-T activation laterality index with inattention symptom score. These results suggest that working memory-related functional alterations in bilateral IFG-T may play a distinct role in ADHD-F. Our findings have potential to assist tailored diagnosis and targeted interventions in children with familial ADHD.	319/319	Secondary Analysis	Shared
In utero exposure to maternal diabetes or hypertension and childhood hypothalamic gliosis	In utero exposure to diabetes (DM) or hypertension (HYP) is associated with child obesity. These maternal conditions alter the in utero milieu and may predispose offspring to obesity via an effect on the brain. Cellular inflammation (gliosis) in the mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH) has been associated with child and adult obesity and type 2 diabetes in adults. We evaluated the brain MRI’s of offspring exposed to DM or HYP during gestation for evidence of MBH gliosis. This case-control study included a subsample of 304 child participants (9-11y) in the NIH ABCD study. Baseline T2-weighted MRI scans were analyzed for evidence of MBH gliosis (high MBH T2 signal) based on the mean bilateral MBH/Amygdala (AMY) T2 signal ratio. Putamen (PUT)/AMY and MBH/PUT were negative and positive control ratios, respectively. Findings from 49 children exposed to DM and 53 exposed to HYP (by pregnancy survey) were contrasted to 204 age- and sex-matched controls (healthy pregnancy). Baseline, 1y and 2y follow-up anthropometrics were available. At baseline, groups did not differ on age, sex, race, and socioeconomic status. DM group had more Hispanic children and higher birth weight than controls and HYP. Offspring exposed to DM or HYP had higher BMI z-score, % of BMI 95th percentile, and waist/height ratio than controls at all time points (all P<0.01). Overall model showed significant group differences on MBH/AMY signal ratio (F(2,294):355, P=0.03, adjusted for site, age, sex and ethnicity). Specifically, compared to controls, DM-exposed offspring, but not HYP, had higher MBH/AMY signal ratio (DM β:0.05, P=0.02; HYP β:0.03, P=0.11). The results persisted when further adjusted for baseline BMI z-score (DM β:0.04, P=0.03). Results were replicated with the positive control ratio, but not the negative control ratio. DM-exposed offspring have greater evidence of MBH gliosis, independent of body adiposity. This could represent one pathway by which the in utero environment may impact offspring’s future metabolic health.	306/306	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Resilience to Adversity in Children Living in Perceived Unsafe Neighborhoods	Introduction. Living in unsafe neighborhoods due to violence and crime is a source of early life adversity that is associated with neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities. Some children exhibit substantial resilience to such adversities but the neural dynamics of resilience in this context are not well understood. This study examined the neural activation patterns in children who reported living in either perceived high or low crime neighborhoods. Methods. The study participants included 153 boys; 127 girls, age 108-131 months who were enrolled in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The sample was grouped according to whether they resided in neighborhoods that were perceived “safe” (n=140) or “unsafe” (n=140) from crime. The unsafe group was further subdivided into low- (n=80) and high-resilient (n=60) groups, based on five ABCD Study measures that are known to play a role in behavioral development. Brain activation patterns were measured during a monetary incentive delay task and compared among subgroups. Group differences were tested using FSL FMRIB’s Local Analysis of Mixed Effects corrected for multiple comparisons. A cluster threshold of Z > 2.3 and a family-wise error corrected cluster significance threshold of p < 0.01 were used. Results: Children living in unsafe neighborhoods showed an increased activation during large loss anticipation and reduced activation during large loss outcome when compared to children living in safe neighborhoods. Children with low resilience showed reduced activation in several regions that are part of the reward circuit during large loss outcome, and children with high resilience revealed brain activation closer to children living in safe neighborhoods. Conclusions: The results reveal the detrimental effects of living in unsafe neighborhoods on brain activity and the protective effect of resilience determinants. Neural correlates of large loss outcome and large loss anticipation may serve as predictors for risk or resilience to health outcomes.	280/280	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Resilience to Adversity in Reward Networks in Children Living in Unsafe Neighborhoods	Living in an unsafe neighborhood, where crime and/or community violence frequently occurs, is a source of early life adversity and associated neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities. Some children exhibit substantial resilience to such adversities but the neural dynamics of resilience are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to examine neural activation patterns in children living in either high or low crime neighborhoods.	280/280	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Change in Striatal Functional Connectivity Networks Across Two Years Due to Stimulant Exposure in Childhood ADHD: Results from the ABCD Sample	Widely prescribed as the first choice of treatment for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), stimulants (methylphenidate and amphetamines) have been studied for their long-term effects on the brain in prospective designs that carefully control dosage and adherence. It is unknown whether those findings generalize to real-world conditions such as community-based treatment, which is marked by intermittent exposure and polypharmacy. To fill this gap, we capitalized on the observational design of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study to examine effects of stimulant exposure on modulation of large-scale bilateral cortical networks’ resting-state functional connectivity (rs-FC) with 6 striatal regions (left and right caudate, putamen, and nucleus accumbens) across two years in children with ADHD. Out of 11,878 children, 179 met criteria for an ADHD diagnosis at baseline and high-quality imaging data at baseline and the two-year timepoint. Bayesian hierarchical logistic regressions revealed that change in rs-FC over the two-year period of multiple striatal-cortical networks associated with executive functions and a visuo-motor network predicted stimulant exposure. These networks did not overlap with those that predicted non-stimulant exposure. Of these networks, change selective to stimulant exposure was limited to rs-FC with the putamen, specifically frontoparietal and visual networks, implicating motor control. 23% of stimulant-exposed children did not meet criterion for ADHD at the two-year timepoint, and they were distinguished by change in rs-FC between left putamen and frontoparietal network. Thus, while stimulant exposure for a two-year period under real-world conditions modulated striatal-cortical functional networks broadly, therapeutic effects of that exposure were limited in scale, to network connections relevant to motor control in a small subset of children.	179/179	Secondary Analysis	Shared
DISTINCT TOPOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE FUNCTIONAL REWARD SYSTEM IN PREADOLESCENT BINGE EATING	Introduction: Few studies have considered the neural underpinnings of binge eating disorder in children, despite clinical and subclinical symptom presentation occurring in these age groups. Symptom presentation at this age is of clinical relevance, as early onset of binge eating is linked to negative later health outcomes. Studies in adults have highlighted dysfunction in the frontostriatal reward system as a potential candidate for binge eating etiology, although the exact nature of such dysfunction is currently unclear. Methods: Data from 83 (mean age 9.9 years) high-risk binge eating children (57% girls) and 123 (mean age 10.0 years) control children (52% girls) were acquired from the 4.0 baseline release of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Task-based graph theoretic techniques (GTT) were used to analyze data from anticipation trials of the monetary incentive delay task. Network and nodal properties were compared between groups. Results: Group differences in nodal properties including efficiency, betweenness centrality and degree were found in several nodes, including but not restricted to nodes of the frontostriatal reward network. Conclusion: Children at high-risk of BED show distinct functional reward network properties compared to matched control children. These results suggest dysregulation in the reward system in preadolescent children at high-risk of BED, and for the first time quantify such dysregulation in terms of network-wide properties during anticipation of monetary reward.	159/159	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Personalized Large-scale Functional Networks in ABCD Children	The spatial topography of large-scale functional networks on the cerebral cortex varies substantially across individuals, particularly in the higher-order association cortices. The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study aims to understand how environmental and genetic factors shape neurodevelopmental trajectories that impact mental health outcomes in a cohort of children. However, personalized functional network topography in ABCD children has been scarcely examined.	100/100	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Passive Sensing of Preteens’ Smartphone Use: An Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Cohort Substudy	Background: Concerns abound regarding childhood smartphone use, but studies to date have largely relied on self-reported screen use. Self-reporting of screen use is known to be misreported by pediatric samples and their parents, limiting the accurate determination of the impact of screen use on social, emotional, and cognitive development. Thus, a more passive, objective measurement of smartphone screen use among children is needed. Objective: This study aims to passively sense smartphone screen use by time and types of apps used in a pilot sample of children and to assess the feasibility of passive sensing in a larger longitudinal sample. Methods: The Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study used passive, objective phone app methods for assessing smartphone screen use over 4 weeks in 2019-2020 in a subsample of 67 participants (aged 11-12 years; 31/67, 46% female; 23/67, 34% White). Children and their parents both reported average smartphone screen use before and after the study period, and they completed a questionnaire regarding the acceptability of the study protocol. Descriptive statistics for smartphone screen use, app use, and protocol feasibility and acceptability were reviewed. Analyses of variance were run to assess differences in categorical app use by demographics. Self-report and parent report were correlated with passive sensing data. Results: Self-report of smartphone screen use was partly consistent with objective measurement (r=0.49), although objective data indicated that children used their phones more than they reported. Passive sensing revealed the most common types of apps used were for streaming (mean 1 hour 57 minutes per day, SD 1 hour 32 minutes), communication (mean 48 minutes per day, SD 1 hour 17 minutes), gaming (mean 41 minutes per day, SD 41 minutes), and social media (mean 36 minutes per day, SD 1 hour 7 minutes). Passive sensing of smartphone screen use was generally acceptable to children (43/62, 69%) and parents (53/62, 85%). Conclusions: The results of passive, objective sensing suggest that children use their phones more than they self-report. Therefore, use of more robust methods for objective data collection is necessary and feasible in pediatric samples. These data may then more accurately reflect the impact of smartphone screen use on behavioral and emotional functioning. Accordingly, the ABCD study is implementing a passive sensing protocol in the full ABCD cohort. Taken together, passive assessment with a phone app provided objective, low-burden, novel, informative data about preteen smartphone screen use.	67/67	Primary Analysis	Shared
A Midsagittal-View Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of the Growth and Involution of the Adenoid Mass and Related Changes in Selected Velopharyngeal Structures	Purpose: The adenoids, or pharyngeal tonsils, consist of a pad of lymphoid tissue, located on the posterior pharyngeal wall of the nasopharynx. During childhood, the adenoid pad serves as a contact site for the soft palate to assist with velopharyngeal closure during oral speech. During adenoidal involution, most children are able to maintain appropriate velopharyngeal closure necessary for normal speech resonance. The purpose of this study is to determine age related trends of normal adenoid growth and involution from infancy through adulthood. Methods/Description: Lateral view magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to analyze velopharyngeal variables among 270 participants, between 3 months and 34 years of age. The velopharyngeal measures of interest included velar length, effective velar length, pharyngeal depth, adenoid height, adenoid thickness, adenoid depth, and adenoid area. Participants were divided into four age groups for statistical comparison. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p<.05) in all linear and area measurements between the four age groups. Adenoid depth reached peak growth at age 4, whereas adenoid height and adenoid thickness peaked at 8 years of age. Qualitatively, adenoid growth progresses in an anterior and inferior direction whereas involution occurs in a posterior and superior direction. Conclusions: This study contributes to the knowledge of time specific changes across an age span for adenoid growth and involution and presents a visualization of the shape and growth trends of adenoids. A new sequence of involution is reported beginning first with adenoid depth, followed by adenoid height at a slightly faster rate than adenoid thickness.	19/42	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Effective Velopharyngeal Ratio: A More Clinically Relevant Measure of Velopharyngeal Function	Purpose: Velopharyngeal (VP) ratios are commonly used to study normal VP anatomy and normal VP function. An effective VP (EVP) ratio may be a more appropriate indicator of normal parameters for speech. The aims of this study are to examine if the VP ratio is preserved across the age span or if it varies with changes in the VP portal and to analyze if the EVP ratio is more stable across the age span. Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to analyze VP variables of 270 participants. For statistical analysis, the participants were divided into the following groups based on age: infants, children, adolescents and adults. ANOVAs and a Games Howell Post Hoc Test were used to compare variables between groups. Results: There was a statistically significant difference (p < .05) in all measurements between the age groups. Pairwise comparisons reported statistically significant adjacent group differences (p < .05) for velar length, VP ratio, effective velar length, adenoid depth, and pharyngeal depth. No statistically significant differences between adjacent age groups was reported for the EVP ratio. Conclusions: Results from this study report the EVP ratio was not statistically significant between adjacent age groups, while the VP ratio was statistically significant between adjacent age groups. This study suggests that the EVP ratio is more correlated to VP function than the VP ratio and provides a more stable and consistent ratio of VP function across the age span.	19/42	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Growth Effects on Velopharyngeal Anatomy From Childhood to Adulthood	Purpose: The observed sexual dimorphism of velopharyngeal structures among adult populations has not been observed in the young child (4- to 9-year-old) population. The purpose of this study was to examine the age at which sexual dimorphism of velopharyngeal structures become apparent and to examine how growth trends vary between boys and girls. Method: Static 3-dimensional magnetic resonance imaging velopharyngeal data were collected among 202 participants ranging from 4 to 21 years of age. Participants were divided into 3 groups based on age, including Group 1: 4–10 years of age, Group 2: 11–17 years of age, and Group 3: 18–21 years of age. Nine velopharyngeal measures were obtained and compared between groups. Results: Significant sex effects were evident for levator length (p = .011), origin to origin (p = .018), and velopharyngeal ratio (p = .036) for those in Group 2 (11–17 years of age). Sex effects became increasingly apparent with age, with 7 of 9 variables becoming significantly different between male and female participants in Group 3. Boys, in general, displayed a delayed growth peak in velopharyngeal growth compared to girls. Conclusion: Results from this study demonstrate the growth of velopharyngeal anatomy with sexual dimorphism becoming apparent predominantly after 18 years of age. However, velopharyngeal variables displayed variable growth trends with some variables presenting sexual dimorphism at an earlier age compared to other velopharyngeal variables.	19/42	Secondary Analysis	Shared
One-Year Predictions of Delayed Reward Discounting in the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study	Delayed reward discounting (DRD) refers to the extent to which an individual devalues a reward based on a temporal delay and is known to be elevated in individuals with substance use disorders and many mental illnesses. DRD has been linked previously with both features of brain structure and function, as well as various behavioral, psychological, and life-history factors. However, there has been little work on the neurobiological and behavioral antecedents of DRD in childhood. This is an important question, as understanding the antecedents of DRD can provide signs of mechanisms in the development of psychopathology. The present study used baseline data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development Study (N = 4,042) to build machine learning models to predict DRD at the first follow-up visit, 1 year later. In separate machine learning models, we tested elastic net regression, random forest regression, light gradient boosting regression, and support vector regression. In five-fold cross-validation on the training set, models using an array of questionnaire/task variables were able to predict DRD, with these findings generalizing to a held-out (i.e., “lockbox”) test set of 20% of the sample. Key predictive variables were neuropsychological test performance at baseline, socioeconomic status, screen media activity, psychopathology, parenting, and personality. However, models using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-derived brain variables did not reliably predict DRD in either the cross-validation or held-out test set. These results suggest a combination of questionnaire/task variables as antecedents of excessive DRD in late childhood, which may presage the development of problematic substance use in adolescence.	1/1	Secondary Analysis	Shared
Replicability of the neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive personality traits in the ABCD study	While the neuroanatomical correlates of impulsivity in youths have been examined, there is little research on whether those correlates are consistent across childhood/adolescence. The current study uses data from the age 11/12 (N = 7083) visit of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study to investigate the replicability of previous work (Owens et al, 2020) the neuroanatomical correlates of impulsive personality traits identified at age 9/10. Neuroanatomy was measured using structural and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging and impulsive personality was measured using the UPPS-P Impulsive Behavior Scale. Replicability was quantified using three Open Science Collaboration replication criteria, intraclass correlations, and elastic net regression modeling to make predictions across timepoints. Replicability was highly variable among traits: the neuroanatomical correlates of positive urgency showed substantial similarity between ages 9/10 and 11/12, negative urgency and sensation seeking showed moderate similarity across ages, and (lack of) premeditation and perseverance showed substantial dissimilarity across ages. In all cases, effect sizes between impulsive traits and brain variables were small. These findings suggest that, even for studies with large sample sizes and the same participant pool, the replicability of brain-behavior correlations across a two-year period cannot be assumed. This may be due to developmental changes across the two timepoints or replication failure. These results also highlight an array of neuroanatomical structures that may be important to impulsive personality traits across development from childhood into adolescence.	1/1	Secondary Analysis	Shared

* Data not on individual level

helpcenter.collection.associated-studies-tab

Collection - Associated Studies

Clicking on the Study Title will open the study details in a new internet browser tab. The Abstract is available for viewing, providing the background explanation of the study, as provided by the Collection Owner.

Primary v. Secondary Analysis: The Data Usage column will have one of these two choices. An associated study that is listed as being used for Primary Analysis indicates at least some and potentially all of the data used was originally collected by the creator of the NDA Study. Secondary Analysis indicates the Study owner was not involved in the collection of data, and may be used as supporting data.

Private v. Shared State: Studies that remain private indicate the associated study is only available to users who are able to access the collection. A shared study is accessible to the general public.

Frequently Asked Questions

How do I associate a study to my collection?

Studies are associated to the Collection automatically when the data is defined in the Study.

Glossary

Associated Studies Tab

A tab in a Collection that lists the NDA Studies that have been created using data from that Collection including both Primary and Secondary Analysis NDA Studies.

Contact NDA Help Desk

Edit

Choose File:	Select File
File Type:
Description:

Exemption Type*
From Date*
To Date*
Reason*	Characters Remaining:

Disclaimer

Filter Cart

Frequently Asked Questions

Glossary